1. esckIþEføgGMNrKuN
Cabzm´sUmRkabfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇRKb;RBHGgÁ EdlCamøb;d¾RtCak;sMrab;BuT§sanikCn
RKb;rUb nigCamUldæanRKwHd¾sMxan; sMrab;EfrkSakarBarCatiExμrRKb;sm½ykal.
´sUmelIkhtßafVaybgÁM elak«Buk Gñkmþay CaGñkmanKuNd¾elIslub)anpþl;kMeNIteGay´ekItmk
CaCatiExμr. sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNdl;elakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs; Edl)anpþl;cMeNHdwgdl;´
nigkulbuRt kulFItaExμrRKb;rUb RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;Gs;elak elakRsI CnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; Edl)an
GanesovePAenH nigCYy]btßmÖKaMRT.
esovePA emdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 2 Edl´cgRkgeLIgenH edIm,I]TÞisdl; RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig
RBHmhakSRt emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr vir³CnExμr TaMgGs; EdlxitxMdwknaMRbeTsExμrknøgmkGs;BIkmøaMg
kaycitþ edIm,IEfrkSakarBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr TWkdIExμr eGay)ansuxsuPmgÁl rIkcMerInrugerOg
sMrab;kUnecAExμr RKb;CMnan;rs;enA CaBiess ´sUmbYgsYgdl;vtßús½kásiTi§TaMgGs; EdlmanenAkñúgTwkdIExμrCYy
eGayesovePAenH pSBVpSay RCYtRCabdl;citþ KMnit R)aCJa RbCaCatiExμr kulbuRt kulFItaExμrTaMgGs;enARKb;Tws
TITaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs.
esovePAenHCakarrYmcMENkd¾tictYcsþÜcesþIg kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusS pþl;cMeNHdwgbEnßm
dl;bgb¥Ún sisS nisSit GñksikSaRsavRCav RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; GMBIKMnitemdwknaMrbs;bNþaRbeTs
GPivDÆn_mYycMnYn edIm,ITajykRTwsþIl¥² bTBiesaFn_sMxan;² nigKMnitfμI² mkGnuvtþn_kñúgkardwknaMRbeTsExμreyIg
CaBiess tamry³esovePAenH GacbgðajpøÚvdl;GñkesñhaCatiExμr kUnExμr RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; h‘anegIbeLIg
karBar rMedaH Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBI GaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI nig
rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCab£sKl;bBaðaelIbBaðaTaMgLayEdlkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr
sBVéf¶ edIm,IeGayRbeTsExμr CatiExμreyIgrIkcMerInrugerOgdUcRbeTsdéTenAkñúgBiPBelak.
´sgÇwmfaesovePAenH nwgCYybMPøWdl;bgb¥Ún sisS nisiSt CMnan;eRkay nigGs;elak elakRsI
EdlmanbMNgcg;køayCaemdwknaMl¥ sMrab;sgÁmCatiExμr k¾dUcCasMrab;dwknaMtambNþasßab½nepSg²TaMgkñúgÉkCn
rdæ nigeRkArdæaPi)al. ´yl;fa karsresrGacminTan;)anRKb;RCugeRCayenAeLIyeT enAmanxVHcenøaH xusqÁg
xøH²edayRbkarepSg²Caminxan Et´rIkrayTTYlnUvmtiriHKn;Eklm¥RKb;Ebbya:gGMBIelakGñkGan.
cugbBa©b;enH ´sUmpþaMepJIGs;elakGñkGan sUmGanesovePAenHeGaycb;RKb;Gtßn½y edIm,IykmkKit
RtiHriHBicarNa TukCabTBiesaFn_ RTwsþI cMeNHdwg ykeTAdwknaMRbeTsExμr eGay)anCaplRbeyaCn_Bit²
CUnsgÁmCatiExμr RbCaBlrdæExμr )anrIkcMerIn suxsuPmgÁl rYcBIPaBRkIRk nigmansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljCaExμr.
´sUmCUnBrdl;Gs;elak GñkGanTaMgGs; eFIVkic©karGIV²RKb;ya:g)ansMerceCaKC½ydUckarb:gR)afña nigCYbEt
BuT§BrTaMgR)aMRbkar KW Gayu vNѳ sux³ Bl³ nig bdiPaN³ kMubIXøagXøateLIy.
eFIVenAva:sIunetan éf¶TI 09 Ex mkra qñaM 2009
bNÐit s FmμrgSI
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
i rkSasiTi§

2. GarmÖkfa
esovePAemdwknaMCatiExμrPaK 2 Edlbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrkMBugGanenAkñúgédenH KWCakUnesovePAtUcmYy
sMrab;bMPøWpøÚvdl;RBHetCKuN sisS nisSit GñkesñhaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm nigkulbuRtkulFItaExμr eGay)an
yl;dwgbEnßmGMBIkardwknaM edIm,ICYyRCMuERCg kñúgkargarCYyrMedaHRbeTsCatimatuPUmiExμr eGayrYcputBIEpnkar
yYnkumμúynisþ ¬NÐÜcin¦ EdlkMBugEtRtYtRtaTaMgExμreRkam nigRbeTsExμrnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. ExμrRKb;rUbman
EtkarQWcab; BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; EtkarQWcab;enH enAEtKrelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæExμrdEdl. eday
RbCaBlrdæExμr mindwgriHrkviFImYyNa eFIVya:gdUcemþc edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða EdlkMBugEtekItmaneLIgenHeGaycb;
nigrYcputBIekñobrbs;kumμúynisþyYn edIm,IeGayExμrTTYl)ansuxekSmkSanþeLIy. ExμreyIgmanEtkmøaMgcitþ EtxVH
kmøaMgR)aCJa tamyuT§saRsþelak s‘un s‘U ebIeyIgcg;ykQñHsRtUv eyIgRtUvykQñHxagyuT§saRsþ. ehtu
dUecñHehIy GñkniBn§xitxMcgRkgesovePAenHeLIgTukCak,Ünxñat KWkñúgeKalbMNgrYmcMENkpSBVpSay dl;kul
buRtkulFItaExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμrBIRKb;mCÄdæan eGay)anyl;dwgxøH² GMBIrebobdwknaM edIm,IcUlrYmcMENk
rMedaHRbeTsCatieyIg eGaymanÉkraCüPaB snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj ]tþmPaB rugerOg kñúgnamCaExμr
minRBmsøab;dUcBs; rs;dUckEgáb dUcsBVéf¶enHeLIy. kUnExμrTaMgGs;RtUvdwgfa vasnaGnaKtCatiExμr KWsißtenA
elIkNþab;édrbs;RBHetCKuNRKb;RBHGgÁ sisS nisSit bgb¥Ún CnrYmCatiExμrTaMGs; EdlmanesovePAGan
enAkñúgédenHehIy. ebIelakGñk)anyl;ehIy eXIjehIy sUmrYmcMENk lHbg; KaMRT minfatic b¤eRcIn tam
lT§PaBenaHCatieyIgnigrs;esμImuxCatisasn_déT minRBmsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs dUcyYnRtYtRtaExμr
sBVéf¶ tamry³ h‘un Esn eRbICa kUnGuk nigykeQμaHesþc sIhnu CarnaMg eGayExμreyIgs¶b;citþ yl;xusfa
RbeTsExμrmansuxsniþPaB vaeFIVeGayExμremIleXIj manLan luy vILa CaerOgGs©arü EtKYreGayGaNit
GasUrQamExμreBkéRk EdlenAEthUr enAEtRkIRk nigKYreGaysEgVkdl;QamExμrEdl)ansøab; enAelIsmrPUmi
nigGñksøab; kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüknøgmk. CnrgeRKaHExμrsBVéf¶ rs;enArgTukçevTna KμanGñkrkyutþiFm’
KμanGñkykcitþTukdak; EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnsuxcitþbUCaCivit nigeFIVGIVRKb;ya:g edIm,IeKaledAFMbMputrbs;va KWyk
TwkdIExμr eRBaHTwkdIExμrsMxan;Cagvtßú nigsmÖar³TaMgGs;enaH KWBYkvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; mkdeNþImyk
plRbeyaCn_BIExμr nigRtYtRtakñúgRksYgsMxan;dUcCa b:UlIs Tahan RksYgkarbreTs ehIyyYnbegIátsmaKmn_
19 extþRkug nigecjcUlmincaM)ac;manTidæakar edIm,IbBa¢ÚnCnCatiyYnbnþicmþg² mktaMgTIlMenAelITwkdIExμr TIbMput
ExμrkøayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn dUcman cam nig ExμreRkam Ca]TahrN_Rsab;.
3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
ii rkSasiTi§

3. TsSn³GñkniBn§
´mankaresaksþay nigxVl;xVayya:gxøaMg cMeBaHvasnaGnaKtRbeTsCati vasnakulbuRtkulFItaExμr
CMnan;eRkay sþayTwkdI ekrþ×dMENldUntaEdlxitxMksagTuk buBVbursExμr)anbUCalHbg;QamRss; sac;Rss;
edIm,IEfrkSaTwkdITuksMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;enH. RseNaHBUCsasn_ExμrEdlFøab;l,IrnÞWkñúgelak minKYrFøak;kñúgsßanPaB
dUcsBVéf¶ RtUvcMNuHbreTs RtYtRtaemIlgayeLIy. lT§plEdlyYn)anGnuvtþl,icklneya)aye)akR)as;
cMeBaHCatiExμr BIGtItkal nigbc©úb,nñ edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatixøÜn nigsMerceKalbMNgcugeRkayrbs;shB½n§
NÐÚcin KWyYnRtYtRtaTwkdINÐÚcinTaMgmUl Edlman Exμr Lav camCaedIm. minEtb:ueNÑaH yYn)aneFIVeGay
CatiExμrrgTukçevTna søab;rgÁal KμankIþemtþatamliTi§kumμúynisþ minfaExμreRkam b¤Exμrbc©úb,nñ EdlmanQamC½r
ExμrEtmYyeLIy. yYnlabBN’eGayExμrvegVg kab;smøab;RbCaBlrdæExμr eFIVeGayExμrhinehacexøacpSar eday
eRbICnBalelμaPGMNac h‘un Esn CakUnGuk. cugeRkayyYnbBa¢ÚnCnCatixøÜnmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr edayEkøg
bnøMxøÜn eFIVCaExμrfμI. edIm,IpþÜlrMelIgCatisasn_mYyeGayexSay yYn)aneRbIRKb;yuT§saRsþ eRbImenaKmn_
kumμúynisþbMBak;bMb:nExμr edIm,IbMpøajFnFanmnusS kab;sMlab;GñkR)aCJ GñkecHdwg bBaØvnþExμr GñkesñhaCati
¬sm½y b:ul Bt¦ edaybnSl;TukenAGñkTn;exSay GñkecHtictYc edIm,IyYngayRsYlbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_
kumμúynisþbEnßm bEgVrTisedAbMerIneya)ay ¬plRbeyaCn_¦ eGayxøÜneTAvij. karsMlab;GñkecHdwg Gñk
esñhaCatiExμr edayecaTfaRkumExμresrI ¬briva¦ enHsreGayeXIjfaTaMg sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CaCn
Edllg;menaKmn_kumúμynisþ yYn cin ePøcKitfaGñksøab;RbmaNCit 3 lannak; CaCatiExμr manQamC½rCaExμr
BYkeKbnþkab;smøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr KμanseNþasRbNI dUcsRtUvrbs;xøÜnKμanemtþa. kareFIVEbbenH eRBaH sIhnu
nig h‘un Esn xøac)at;bg;GMNac raCblø½gÁ EdlyYnelIkeGay. rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH etIExμr)anTTYl
plRbeyaCn_GIVxøHBIyYn eRkAEtBImanbBaðaminecHcb;; eFIVTukçbukemñjExμr kab;smøab;ExμrCabnþbnÞab; ecaTExμr
GñkesñhaCati edIm,Ismøab; cab;dak;KukCaedIm. BYkeKeFIVdUckalEdl sIhnu ecaTExμr ln; nl; sirImt³ RBab
nÞ sm sarI sIg g:ukfaj; EdlCaGñkesñhaCatiedjyYn faCaGñkk,t;CatieTAvij b:uEnþ cMeBaHCnCatiyYn
eBl sIhnu cab;)an ehIyElgeGayRtLb;eTARbeTsyYnvij kalBI sIhnu CYyyYneyokkug¬1964-1970¦
cMENk h‘un Esn GnuBaØat eGayyYncUlmkTwkdIExμr kat;TwkdIExμreGayyYn ¬45 PaKryénépÞdIExμrsBVéf¶
RtUv)aneFIVsm,Tan eGayRkumh‘unyYn EdlmankugRta 99 qñaM¦ eKyl;famink,t;Cati lk;CatieT EteKfavaCa
cMNgmitþPaBevotNam km<úCaeTAvij . etITegVIEbbenHcat;TukfaCaemdwknaM eFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr
b¤sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn ebIeFIVsMrab;plRbeyaCn_yYn eyIgGaccat; TukfaCaCnk,t;CatiExμr)anEdr b¤eT?
karRsavRCavcgRkgesovePAenHeLIg eTaHbICaCIvit´RtUvsøab; edayBYk h‘un Esn k¾eday k¾´min
xøacsøab; ´suxcitþlHbg;CIvit edIm,ICatiExμrrs; RtUvEtsresrkarBittamkarsikSaRsavRCav BIbNþaRbeTseCOn
elOnmYycMnYndUcCashrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWrub cin Cb:un kUer: EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNaceCOnelOn
PaKeRcInCaPasaGg;eKøs rYmCamYybTBiesaFn_rbs;´xøH EdlFøab;)anqøgkat; edIm,IEksRmYlCaPasarExμr
eGaygayGan sRmYldl;karRsavRCavrbs;RBHetCKuN sisS nisSit nigRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA. esovePAenHqøúH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
iii rkSasiTi§

4. bBa©aMgsgÁmExμrbcú©úb,nñ eFobeTA niwgRbeTsdéT mkbgðajpøÚv pþl;CaKtisMrab;RtiHriHBicarNa etIeyIgRtUv
edaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCatirbs;eyIg tamviFINa? edIm,ICYyRbCaCatiExμreGayrYcputBITukçevTna nwgeGayrIkcMerIn
dUcRbeTsdéT. ebIeyIgemIleXIjGIVEdlfμI GacEkERbeGayeq<aHeTArkvDÆnPaB enaHeyIgRtUvEtpøas;bþÚrEkERb
edayminTukeGayenAdEdlnUvGIVEdleyIgemIleXIjfa eFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;eTAkñúgPaBGnþray søab;Cati
)at;bg;siT§i )at;bg;GFibetyüenaHeLIy.
GayuCivitRbeTsCati mansar³sMxan;CagGayuCivitrbs;eyIgxøaMgNas; ehtudUecñH GIVEdlCakarRsavRCav
cgRkgesovePAenH edaykaremIleXIjsgÁmExμr CatiExμrkMBugEtFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUv
Etha‘nniyay h‘aneFIV nigsamKÁIKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,ICatiExμr sasna RbCaCatiExμr TwkdIExμr nigkUnecAExμr
CMnan;eRkay kMueGayrgTukçevTna dUceyIgbc©úb,nñenH RtUvbreTsemIlgayemIlefakcMeBaHCatieyIg. eyIgman
TwkdIkMeNIt manCatisasn_mYyEdr EtRtUvXøatq¶ayBITwkdIkMeNItCaTIRsLaj;rbs;eyIg mkrs;enARbeTseK
)ansuxEtmñak;Ég RkumRKYsar EtebIeyIgRkeLkemIleTAkñúgRbeTsExμr CatiExμrTaMgmUl EdlmanRbCaBlrdæExμr
rab;lannak; KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj rgTukçevTna Qwcab;BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ edaysarEtBYkemdwknaM
mYycMnYntUc EdlGtμaniym GviC¢a elμaPGMNac niglaPskáar³ EdlyYnerobcMpþl;GMNaceGay etIeyIgsuxcitþ
RTaMemIlTukçevTnaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;enaH EdlmanQamC½rCaExμrdUceyIg b¤mYyya:gNa. eyIgRtUvKitfa
ebIeTaHCaRtUvsøab;edayRbkarNamYyk¾eday k¾søab;edaykIþsb,ayrIkray nigmanemaTnPaB BIeRBaHeyIg)an
eFIVKuNRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatieyIgbnþicbnþÜcEdr eFIVedIm,ICatiExμr sMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay eGayyl;dwgGMBI
bBaðaRbeTsCatixøÜn. dUcCasmþIrbs; RbFanaFibtIGaemrikeQμaH cn xinDI )anmanRbsasn_fa {cUrGñkkMuKitfa
Cati)anpþl;GIVxøHdl;Gñk EtGñkRtUv Kitfa eyIgmñak;²)aneFIVGIVxøHCaRbeyaCn_dl;CatieyIg ehIyb¤enA?}.
cugbBa©b;enH ´sUmpþaMepJIdl;Gs;elakGñkGanTaMgGs; xitxMRsavRCavGanesovePAeGayeRcInCaerog
rhUt sþab;viTüúBt’manepSg²RbcaMéf¶ GegátemIlBIRKb;sßankarN_ eronBIRKb;TIkEnøg sþab;BIRKb;mnusS minfa
mnusScas;ekμg mitþP½RkeLIy ykmkRtiHriHBicarNa EtRKUTI1Edll¥ KWesovePAl¥. ebIeyIgGanesovePA
minRtUvGanEtRkbxageRkAeLIy eyIgRtUvGanGtßn½yxagkñúgeGaycb; l¥itl¥n;eTIbyl;dwgkan;EteRCA. cMENk
kareronsURt KWeronKμanTIbBa©b;eLIy eronrhUtdl;cugbBa©b;énCivit. GIVEdleyIgGaceFIV)anenAéf¶enH eyIgRtUv
eFIVenAéf¶enH eyIgminRtUvbeNþaycaMéf¶Es¥keLIy. ral;kic©karTaMgLayEdleFIV RtUvEtykKm<Irk,Ünxñat RtwmRtUv
mkeFIVCaeKal. ral;eBleFIVGIVmYyRtUvKitBIplcMeNj plRbeyaCn_GtibrmaCanic© etIkic©karenaH manRbeyaCn_
sMrab;xøÜnÉg sMrab;sgÁmCati sMrab;RbeTsCatieyIg nigsMrab;BiPBelakb¤eT?. ebIkic©karNa EdlKμanRbeyaCn_
kMucMNayeBlevlatRbeyaCn_eFIVvaeTot. RbeTsCatirIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKlHbg;plRbeyaCn_tUc cab;yk
plRbeyaCn_FM dUcCaRBHBuT§suxcitþlHbg;esckþIsux GMNacCaesþcEpndI lHbg;kamtNða edIm,IEsVgrkFm’CYy
mnusSelakpgEdr. eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUvKitKUrplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM xøaMgCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl ¬tUc¦
mann½yfa plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrTaMgmUl EdleyIgmanedImkMeNIt CaExμr manTwkdI RbCaBlrdæExμr vtßúmantMél
epSg²dUcCa éRBeQI Er: R)asaTGgÁrvtþCaedIm.l. TaMgGs;enHmantMélCagCiviteyIgmñak;xøaMgNas; eRBaHfa
eyIgekItmkehIyrEmgsøab;eTAvij éf¶NamYyminxaneLIy KμannNamñak;eCosputBIesckþIsøab;eLIy. dUecñH
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
iv rkSasiTi§

5. eyIgminRtUvxøacesckþIsøab;eLIy eyIgRtUvEtnaMKñarYbrYmsamKÁIKñaeLIg eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμrTaMgmUl edIm,IeGay
RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlkMBugrgcaMGñkmanbuNümkCYyseRgÁaH )ansuxsanþedaysareyIg eTIbCatiExμreyIgecosput
BIkaremIlgay emIlefak BICatisasn_déT)an.
CamYyKñaenHEdr ´sUmGMBavnav dl;Gs;elakGñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs; EdlmanbMNgcg;CYyCatiExμr
CYye)aHBumÖesovePAenH b¤ftcMlgEckcaypSBVpSaydl;RbCaBlrdæExμrenAkñúgRbeTs tamlT§PaBEdlGac
eFIV)anedIm,IeGayBYkKat;yl;dwgbEnßm manqnÞ³ rYmcMENkCYyCatiExμreyIgeGayrs;eLIgvij.
sUmGrRBHKuN nig GrKuN¡¡¡¡¡
3C3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
v rkSasiTi§

6. matika
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ------------------------------------------------------------------i
GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
TsSn³GñkniBn§ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
CMBUkTI 1
begIátckçúvis½y
I.GgÁkardwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
1-begIátRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña ---------------------------------------------3
k-eKalbMNgrYm ------------------------------------------------------ 6
x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------7
K-PaBs¥itrmYt --------------------------------------------------------7
X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc ------------------------------------------------ 8
2-begIátrcnasm<½n§ nigkarEbgEckParkic© tYnaTI -------------------------------------- 9
k-GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþ ------------------------------------------------ 9
x-GMNacEbgEckFnFan ------------------------------------------------ 9
K-GMNacEtgtaMg nig bBaÄb;kargar ---------------------------------------- 9
X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA --------------------------------10
3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM ---------------------------------------------------------10
4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al ------------------------------------------------------ 12
k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y---------------------------------- 12
x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y ------------------------------------------------ 12
K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov -------------------------------------------- 12
X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar ---------------------------------------------- 13
g-c,ab; nig nitiviFI---------------------------------------------------- 13
c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü ----------------------------------------------------14
q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar ----------------------------------------------------14
C-crnþBt’man nig TMnak;TMng---------------------------------------------14
Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man --------------------------------------------15
j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú nigParkic©KNenyü-----------------------------------15
6-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl--------------------------------------------------------- 16
k-KN³kmμkar ------------------------------------------------------ 17
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
vi rkSasiTi§

7. x-karRbCMu --------------------------------------------------------- 17
K-GCJakNþal ------------------------------------------------------ 18
II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------------- 18
1-begIátc,ab; lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg ---------------------------------------------19
2-TMnYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------19
3-témøRkmsIlFm’ nigqnÞ³ ----------------------------------------------------19
4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym -------------------------------------------20
III.dMeNIrkar----------------------------------------------------------------------20
1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM --------------------------------------------------- 21
k-begIátdMNak;kargar------------------------------------------------- 22
x-begIátlkç½x½NÐkargar------------------------------------------------ 22
K-begIátRbB½n§kargar ------------------------------------------------- 22
X-crwklkçN³GgÁkardwknaM -------------------------------------------- 22
2-karbBa¢a --------------------------------------------------------------- 23
k-eKalbMNg ------------------------------------------------------ 23
x-TwsedA---------------------------------------------------------- 23
K-eKaledA ---------------------------------------------------------24
X-ebskkmμ --------------------------------------------------------24
g-karelIkTwkcitþ -----------------------------------------------------24
3-karRKb;RKg -------------------------------------------------------------26
4-karRtYtBinitü-------------------------------------------------------------26
IV.karRbNaMgRbECg ---------------------------------------------------------------26
1-h‘anRbfuy------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2-karvaytMél ------------------------------------------------------------28
3-tRmUvkar ---------------------------------------------------------------28
V.ÉkeTs -----------------------------------------------------------------------29
1-CMnajviC¢aCIv³-------------------------------------------------------------29
2-kareCaKC½y -------------------------------------------------------------29
3-KMnit -------------------------------------------------------------------29
4-karTMnak;TMng ------------------------------------------------------------29
5-CMnaj nigkarbuinRbsBV----------------------------------------------------- 30
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
vii rkSasiTi§

8. 6-karBüakrN_ ------------------------------------------------------------ 30
7-karéqñRbDit------------------------------------------------------------- 30
8-GBÖnþr³jaN ------------------------------------------------------------ 31
9-karpþÜcepþIm-------------------------------------------------------------- 31
10-KMnitfμI---------------------------------------------------------------- 31
CMBUkTI 2
sßankarN_RbeTsExμr
I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg ---------------------------------------------- 33
1-emdwknaMl¥ -------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü ---------------------------------------------------- 35
3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ --------------------------------------------------------- 37
4-sm,ÚrFnFan ------------------------------------------------------------ 38
5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs ------------------------------------------------- 38
6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg ---------------------------------------------- 38
7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl ----------------------------------------- 38
karsnñidæan---------------------------------------------------------------- 39
II>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH ----------------------------------------------------40
1-kMesayemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------40
k-neratþm sIhnu -----------------------------------------------------41
x-ln; nl; ----------------------------------------------------------44
K-b:ul Bt ----------------------------------------------------------45
X-h‘un Esn---------------------------------------------------------47
2-neya)aydwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------48
k-sgÁmraRsþniym ----------------------------------------------------48
x-saFarN³rdæExμr ----------------------------------------------------50
K-km<úCaRbCaFibetyü -------------------------------------------------51
X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa ¬yYnkan;kab;¦ ------------------------------56
g-RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ------------------------------------------------60
g-1-briyakasneya)ay -----------------------------------------62
g-2-KNbkSneya)ay-------------------------------------------62
g-3-kat;eTasExμrRkhm------------------------------------------64
g-4-CemøaHdIFIø --------------------------------------------------66
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
viii rkSasiTi§

9. g-5-GMeBIBukrlYy -----------------------------------------------67
g-6-R)asaTRBHvihar --------------------------------------------68
3-kareRCotERCkBIbreTs ¬sRgÁam¦---------------------------------------------69
k-karQøanBanrbs;esom------------------------------------------69
x-karQøanBanrbs;yYn -------------------------------------------70
4-ExμrmineGaytMélelICatixøÜnÉg----------------------------------------------- 71
5-KitRbeyaCn_buKÁlFMCagRbeyaCn_Cati ----------------------------------------- 72
CMBUkTI 3
begIátkarpøas;bþÚr
I.begIátyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------------74
1-ebskkmμ ---------------------------------------------------------------74
2-eKalbMNg --------------------------------------------------------------75
k-pøas;bþÚremdwknaM nigrcnasm<½n§ ------------------------------------------75
x-pøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaM -----------------------------------------------75
K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg ------------------------------------------------76
X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay---------------------------------------- 77
g-karBarkareRCotERCkBIbreTs----------------------------------------- 77
c-KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl -------------------------------- 77
II-eRCIserIsyuT§saRsþ nig]bkrN_ ---------------------------------------------------- 78
k-neya)ay ---------------------------------------------------------------79
x-eXasna ----------------------------------------------------------------79
K-hirBaØvtßú ----------------------------------------------------------------79
X-kgT½B -----------------------------------------------------------------80
g-karTUt ------------------------------------------------------------------80
III.Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic s‘un sU‘ -------------------------------------------------80
1-eronRbyuT§ ------------------------------------------------------------- 81
2-bgðajpøÚv --------------------------------------------------------------- 81
3-Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv--------------------------------------------------------- 81
4-sÁal;sßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 81
5-KitEpnkarcaj; ---------------------------------------------------------- 81
6-begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y ---------------------------------------------------82
7-dutqnÞ³ -----------------------------------------------------------------82
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
ix rkSasiTi§

10. 8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg--------------------------------------------------------82
9-ÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña------------------------------------------------------- 83
10-eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt ------------------------------------------------- 83
IV.vaytMélyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------- 83
CMBUkTI 4
begIátGñkGnuvtþn_tam
I.karP¢ab;TMnak;TMng-----------------------------------------------------------------86
1-begðIbBITsSn³------------------------------------------------------------86
2-bgðajckçúvis½y -----------------------------------------------------------86
3-pSBVpSayckçúvis½y --------------------------------------------------------86
4-bgðajeKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA --------------------------------------------86
5-bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yuT§saRsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA -------------------------------- 87
6-bgðajBIplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an ----------------------------------------- 87
II>ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------- 87
1-cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; ----------------------------------------------------- 87
2-ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg----------------------------------------------88
3-minEkxøÜn lak;kMhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT -----------------------------------------88
4-sresIrkEnøgsaFarN³ riHKn;CaÉkCn-------------------------------------------88
5-bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal;------------------------------------------------------88
6-eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg --------------------------------------------------------88
III>ktþaEdleFIVeGaymanTi§BlkñúgkardwknaM -----------------------------------------------88
1-karbBa©úHbBa©Úl -----------------------------------------------------------88
2-karcrcar----------------------------------------------------------------89
3-karesBKb; --------------------------------------------------------------89
4-kartMrg;Tws --------------------------------------------------------------89
IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; --------------------------------------------------------89
1-eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg------------------------------------------------------89
2-CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm’ ----------------------------------------------------90
3-GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßPaBCanic©------------------------------------------------90
4-riyabfviC¢man -----------------------------------------------------------90
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
x rkSasiTi§

11. V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl ------------------------------------------------------------91
1-bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ ----------------------------------------------------91
2-niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; --------------------------------------------------91
3-manxnþI Gt;Fμt; -----------------------------------------------------------91
4-begIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ ----------------------------------------------------------91
5-kMuRbEkk tmat; eQøaH-------------------------------------------------------92
6-Tajkarsnñidñan -----------------------------------------------------------92
7-elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; ------------------------------------------------92
8-begIátTMnak;TMngl¥ ---------------------------------------------------------92
9-pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar----------------------------------------------------- 93
10-eRbITi§BlRkum --------------------------------------------------------- 93
11-nimitþrUbEdlman ---------------------------------------------------------94
12-minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay ------------------------------94
13-sMueGayeKcUlrYm --------------------------------------------------------94
14-eRbIGñkEdlmanTi§Bl ¬RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü eGayeKCYyeXasnaeGayeyIg¦---94
15-eRbITi§Bl smaKm GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot»kaseXasna ----------------------94
16-RtUveKarB eGaytMéleTAelInimitþrUbenAkEnøgenaH edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenO nigTukcitþ --------94
17-bBa¢ak;BIeKalbMNgrYmKña---------------------------------------------------94
18-erobcMKMeragCamun --------------------------------------------------------95
19-niyaysareLIgvij nUveKalsMxan;² -------------------------------------------95
20-eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl¥ nigeBlsmrmü-------------------------------------------95
21-bgðajTWkcitþTaMgsgxag---------------------------------------------------95
22-eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; -------------------------------------------96
23-ecHeRbITi§BlEdlman nigRbCaRbiyPaB---------------------------------------97
CMBUkTI 5
I.GMNacemdwknaM -------------------------------------------------------------------98
1-GMNacmenayiTi§-----------------------------------------------------------98
2-GMNacKuNFm’------------------------------------------------------------ 99
3-GMNacTMnak;TMng --------------------------------------------------------- 99
4-GMNacbgçitbgçM --------------------------------------------------------- 100
5-GMNacÉkeTs---------------------------------------------------------- 101
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
xi rkSasiTi§

12. 6-GMNaceyag ----------------------------------------------------------- 101
7-GMNacRsbc,ab; -------------------------------------------------------- 102
8-GMNacBt’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 102
9-GMNachirBaØvtßú --------------------------------------------------------- 103
10-GMNaceGkULÚsIu ------------------------------------------------------- 103
II>tYnaTIemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------- 103
1-GñknaMBakü ------------------------------------------------------------ 103
2-Gñkcrcar bBa©úHbBa©Úl ---------------------------------------------------- 103
3-GñkbeRgon hwVkhat; nigGñkelIkTwkcitþ --------------------------------------- 104
4-GñkbegIátRkumkargar ----------------------------------------------------- 104
5-GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum ------------------------------------------------------ 105
6-GñkedaHRsaybBaða ------------------------------------------------------ 105
7-GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------ 106
8-GñksMruHsMrYl bRgYbbRgYm ------------------------------------------------- 106
9-GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ --------------------------------------------------------- 107
10-GñkerobcMxñatKMrU ------------------------------------------------------- 107
III.ktþanaMeGaymanTi§BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknaM ---------------------------------------- 107
1-PaBs¥itrmYt ----------------------------------------------------------- 107
2-kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; -------------------------------------------------------- 107
3-EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnusS kargar nigcrwklkçN³---------------------------- 108
4-rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc©³ ------------------------------------------- 108
5-eqøIytbedayriyabfviC¢man----------------------------------------------- 108
6-bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH --------------------------------------- 108
7-snñidæan b¤KitcMNucl¥bMputcMeBaHGñkdéT --------------------------------------- 108
8-EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun eTIbbgðajGñkdéTCaeRkay -------------------------------- 108
9-citþTUlay esμaHRtg; ------------------------------------------------------ 109
10-mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y --------------------------------------- 109
11-RBmTTYlkMhus nig sMueTas ---------------------------------------------- 109
12-eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV ------------------------------------------ 109
13-CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs -------------------------------------------- 109
14-GñkdéTmanTi§BlelImun------------------------------------------------- 110
15-riyabfviC¢manRKb;sßankarN_ -------------------------------------------- 110
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
xii rkSasiTi§

13. 16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneBlniyay -------------------------------------------- 110
17-minRtUvman³ ---------------------------------------------------------- 110
18-niyayPasamantkáviC¢aRtwmRtUv nigGarmμN_l¥ --------------------------------- 110
19-pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB --------------------------------------------- 110
20-esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² --------------------------------------------------- 111
esckþIsniñdæan ------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
3C3
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
xiii rkSasiTi§

14. CMBUkTI 1
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
xiv rkSasiTi§

15. begIátckçúvis½y
karbegIátckçúvis½yCaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;emdwknaM eBlEdleyIgcab;epþImeFIVCaemdwknaM cab;epþIm
dMeNIrkardwknaMenaH. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbegIáteGaymanckçúvis½yCamun karbegIátckçúvis½yenH edIm,IeGayeyIg
eCOCak; ehIyeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAtamTisedAmYyBitR)akd nig)ansMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA tamlT§plEdl
cg;)an. eyIgCaemdwknaMCatiExμrmñak;²mantYnaTIkatBVkic© CaGñkEfrkSakarBar nigEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_BitR)akd
sMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA plRbeyaCn_BitR)akdsMrab;RbeTsCati RbkbedaysmFm’ nigyutþiFm’ . karbegIát
ckçúvis½yRtUvEp¥kelIkarsikSavaytMélTinñn½y sßankarN_Cak;Esþg viPaKelIRbvtþisaRsþ nigRBwtþikarN_bc©úb,nñ
bBaðaEdlkMBugekItman GBÖnþr³jaN esckIþsgÇwm nigkarBüakrN_ sMrab;vasnaGnaKtRbeTsCati. karsikSa
BIRbvtþisaRsþ karsikSaBIGtItkal mansar³RbeyaCn_ya:gxøaMg eRBaHGtItkalenHehIy CakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMg
nigCapøÚv EdlbgðajeGayeyIgdwgGMBIcMNucxVHxat cMNucl¥ ktþaeCaKC½y b¤braC½y GaRkk;b¤l¥ KYbpSMnigkar
emIleXIjbBaðanabc©úb,nñkal eFIVeGayeyIgGacEsVgrkedImehtu ¬bBaða¦BitR)akd ¬sc©³¦ edIm,IelIkykb£s
Kl;bBaðaenaHmkedaHRsayeGay)ancb;CasßaBr. kalNaeyIgdwgBIb£sKl;bBaðaBitR)akd EdlkMBugekItman
enAkñúgRbeTsExμr vaCaKnøwHsMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña EsVgrkviFIedaHRsayeGaycMbBaða eTIbbBaðaenaHRtUvbBa©b;.
karedaHRsaybBaðaCYyCatienH eRbobdUcCaRKUeBTü EdlBinitüBüa)alGñkCm¶W edaysÁal;emeraKBitR)akd
sÁal;eraKsBaØac,as; eTIbRKUeBTüBüa)alGñkCm¶wenaHCasHes,Iy. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvRkeLkemIlKMrUdwknaMrbs;
RBHBuT§eFobeTAnigkardwknaMsgÁmmnusSnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlkardwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁmanckçúvis½ymYyBitR)akd.
RBHGgÁsuxcitþlHbg;RTBüsm,tþi yss½ká laPskáar³ RbBn§kUn edIm,IEsVgrkehtuBitR)akd EdlnaMeGay
mnusSmanTukç bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁTteXIjeTBnimitþ 4 ya:g KwmnusScas;Cra mnusSQW mnusSsøab; nig GñkbYs.
RBHGgÁ)anyagcUléRBedIm,IsikSarkviFImkCYyseRgÁaHmnusSelak eGayrYcputGMBITukçevTnaTaMgenH ¬pøÚvrMlt;
Tukç¦ cugbBa©b;RBHGgÁrkeXIjmaKa’mYy KWpøÚvrMlt;esckþITukç. RBHGgÁ)anrkeXIjfa TukçekItecjmkBI GviC¢a.
ya:gNamij cMeBaHRbeTsExμreyIgvij ebIeyIgnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaða bBaðaenaHmincb;eLIy GIVEdleyIg
emIleXIjbc©úb,nñCacugbBaða EdlCapl)annwgkMBugekItmankñúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eyIgemIleXIjEtpl ¬GaRkk;¦
etIehtu¬edImbBaða¦BitR)akdenAÉNa? ehtuEdlnaMeGaymanplGaRkk;enAÉNa?. edImehtu KW KMnit edImehtuKW
EpnkaryuT§saRsþ dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIleGayeXIjyuT§saRsþrbs;sRtUv edIm,IeGaydwgc,as; GMBIedImcmbBaða
EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁmExμr minecHcb;. ¬sUmGanehtupledImbBaða GMBIkarviPaKyuT§saRsþneya)ayrbs;
kumμúynisþyYn nig h‘un Esn enAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 1 ¦. GaRs½yehtuenH emdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUv
sikSaGtItkaleGay)anc,as; BinitütamdansßankarN_ RBwtþikarN_eBlbc©úb,nñ nignaMeGayeyIgGacBüakrN_
dwgfanwgmanGIVekIteLIgenAeBlGnaKt. müa:gvijeTot ckçúvis½yCaktþaCMrujTwkcitþmYyya:gxøaMg dl;buKÁlwk
smaCikGñkeRkam»vaT eGaykan;EtxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkarRbNaMgRbECgKñaya:gsRsak;sRsaM tMrg;tamTisedA
eTArkeKaledArYmEtmYy. srubmk ckçúvis½yKWCaGVIEdleyIgemIleXIjBI GtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGnaKt
kal.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
1 rkSasiTi§

16. I.GgÁkardwknaM (Organization)
GgÁkardwknaMRtUvkMNt;ckçúvis½yeGayc,as;las; sMrab;karpøas;bþÚr. eyIgGacpøas;bþÚr eFVIeGaymankar
rIkcMerInlUtlas; nigeFIVeGayRbesIreLIg kalNaGgÁkardwknaMmanemdwknaMEdlmanckçúvis½yc,as;las;. GgÁkar
dwknaMl¥xøaMg CaGgÁkardwknaMEdlmaneKalbMNgFM ehIyyUrGEgVg. cMeBaHkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM eyIgRtUverobcM
eGay)anc,as;las;BI eKalbMNg eKaledA TwsedA ebskkmμ yuT§saRsþ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; kll,ic FnFan
edIm,IFanakareCaKC½y. kareCaKC½yenH CakmøaMgmYymanTi§BlbMputsMrab;GgÁkardwknaMeTAelIriyabfGñk
eRkam»vaT BIeRBaHfa FmμCatiénmnusSEtgEtQrxagGñkQñH KμannrNamñak;cg;enAxagGñkcaj;enaHeT. GgÁkar
dwknaMEdldwknaMeTArkPaBeCaKC½y qab;rh½s kan;EtRbesIr EtebIGgÁkardwknaMGUsbnøayyUr vaGaceFIVeGayGñk
eRkambgÁab;Føak;Twkcitþ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg Gs;kmøaMg xatbg;eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi nigGacbraC½y)an. karerobcM
eGaymanyuT§saRsþQñHrbs;GgÁkardwknaMenH RtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyEdlskásmnigsñaédrbs;buKÁlwk eFIV
eGaybuKÁlwk smaCikTaMgLayTukcitþ eCOCak; nigmankmøaMgcitþ ebþCJacitþeFIVkic©karenaH edayKμanenOyht;.
RtUvcaMfa emdwknaMminGaceFIVGIV²mñak;ÉgsMercdl;eKaledAtamckçúvis½yeLIy ebIKμankarcUlrYmBIGñkeRkambgÁab;
b¤KμankarKaMRTcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr.
karbegIátGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RkumkargarRtUverobcMdak;eQμaHGgÁkardwknaMenaH eGaysmRsbtamckçú
vis½y dUcCa KNbkS rNsirS shB½n§ shPaB shrdæ shCIB sm<½n§ KN³kmμkar KN³kmμaFikar GgÁkar
smaKm rdæaPi)al clna.l. erobcMEsVgrknimitþsBaØasMKal;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM EdlmanGtßn½yRKb;RKan;
¬LÚkU¦. eQμaHnignimitþsBaØaenH eFIVya:gNaeGay xøI xøwm c,as;las; gayGan gayyl; gaycaM gayB¤ EbøkBIeK
ehIymanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; gayRsYlGacTak;TajcMNab;GarmμN_KaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæTUeTA. bnÞab;mk eyIg
RtUvEsVgrkTItaMg TIsñak;kar b¤mUldæanc,as;las;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargar. eyIgRtUvBicarNa fa
etIeyIgKYrdak;TItaMgenATINa? kEnøgNa? EdlmaneRbobelIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg manskþanuBl eRbobxag
citþsaRsþ eRbobxagneya)ay sMbUrFnFansmÖar³ bec©kviTüa gayTMnak;TMngBt’man gayTak;TajkmøaMgKaMRT
mank,ÜnxñatKm<IyuT§saRsþeRcInminecHrIgs¶Üt briyakasl¥ ¬GakasFatu ekþA RtCak; esIm s¶Üt ePøog Føak;Twkkk
eRKaHFmμCati¦.l. eyIgRtUvdwknaMRkumkargar erobcMEpnkar edayBicarNanUvsMNYrmYycMnYn etIRtUvbegIát
GgÁkardwknaMGIV? maneQμaHGIV? nimitþsBaØaGIV? edIm,IbMeBjebskkmμGIV? maneKaledAGIV? eFIVya:gem:c
edIm,IeCaKC½y? GgÁkardwknaMenaHmanmUldæanenAÉNa?. bnÞab;mk emdwknaMnigRkumkargarEdlerobcMGgÁkar
dwknaMeFIVya:gNaeGaymanlkçN³ rs;revIk Tn;Pøn; Etrwgbwug Gacbt;EbntamkaleTs³ rhUt)ansMerc
tamckçúvis½y . kñúgkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM emdwknaM b¤RkumkargarRtUvsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIKUrRbkYtRbECg
nigsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIxøÜneyIg sÁal;eGayc,as;GMBIsßankarN_CMuvij munniwgeyIgcab;epþImQaneCIgecj
RbkYtRbECg ebIniyayBITahanvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;faQñHsin munnigecjc,aMgeFIVsRgÁam. cMENk
GñkvinieyaKTunvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;fa)ancMeNjsin eTIbeFIVvinieyaKTun. ebIeyIgdwgc,as;faeyIgQñHenaH
eyIgRtUvecjmuxeFIVkarRbkYt EtebIeyIgmindwgc,as;faeyIgQñHeT mincaM)ac;ecjRbkYteLIy.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
2 rkSasiTi§

17. 1-begáItRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña (Team work with the same willing)
karbegIátRkumkargareTA)anluHRtaEtmanckçúvis½y karebþCJacitþ karTukcitþKña eFIVeGayRkumxitxMrYmKña
nigmanEpnkaryuT§saRsþBitR)akdedIm,IsMercckçúvis½y. karbegIátRkumenH mincaM)ac;xVl;fa eyIgCamnusSminqøat
min)aneronx<s; ehIyKitfaeyIgminGacbegáItRkumkargar)anenaHeLIy EtGIVEdleyIgman KWxøÜnrbs;eyIg nig
eKalkarN¾mYycMnYnEdlerobrab;xagelICakareRsc sMrab;karbegáItRkumkargar. karerobcMbegIátRkumkargarRtUv
eFIVtamckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaM edayeRCIserIsRkumEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;l¥elIseKbg¥s; RkumEdl
manÉkeTs ehIyFanafamansmtßPaB eFIVkic©karsMercdl;eKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. RkumEdlmanqnÞ³EtmYy
manqnÞ³l¥ CalkçN³RkumemdwknaMEdlxøaMg. karbegIátRkumkargareRbobRbdUceTAnwgRkumkILa)al;Tat;mYy Edl
xøaMgBUEkehIymansmtßPaBelgTaMgGs;Kña edIm,IRbkYtCamYyRkumkILa)al;Tat;epSg²eTot mñak;²enAkñúgRkumRtUv
xitxMelgTaMgGs;Kña eKaledAEtmYyKt;KW Tat;)al;bBa©ÚlTI. cugbBa©b; ebIRkumNamYymanBnÞúeRcInCag RkumenaH
manC½yCMn³ ehIyTTYl)anBanrgVan;. cMENkkardwknaMRbeTsCati RkumdwknaMGgÁkarsßab½nNamYy manlkçN³
dUcKña eTaHCakardwknaMRkumtUc b¤kardwknaMRkumFMk¾eday eGayEtRkumkargarenaH EbgEckkargarc,as;las;
maneKalbMNgEtmYy dUckILa)al;Tat;enaH RBmTaMgRkumkargarxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkargarrYmKña RkumenaHR)akd
CaTTYl)aneCaKC½y . dUcenH ebIsinCaeyIgbegIátRkumkargarsMrab;eFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr RkumkargarenaH
RtUvkarerIs edIm,ImkbMerI Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr dUcFøab;)anerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAPaK1 rYcmkehIy.
RkumemdwknaMenHRtUveGaytMélelICnesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd EdlmanlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM edIm,ImkdwknaM
RbeTsCati CYyrMedaHRbeTseyIg eGaymansSr³PaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd RbCaBlrdæman
esckþIsux rYcputBIPaBRkIRk GyutiþFm’ GMeBIBukrlYyepSg². RkumEdlRtUveRCIserIs RtUvmansmtßPaBxøaMgxag
neya)ay esdækic© eyaFa c,ab; bec©kviTüa BaNiC¢kmμ ksikmμ eTscrN_ b:UlIs TUrKmnaKmn_ Bt’man .l.
buKÁlTaMgenHKWCaGñkEdlh‘anniyay h‘aneFIVskmμPaBRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,ICatirs;kñúgyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eRkam
GgÁkardwknaMEtmYy eRkamemdwknaMEtmñak;. bnÞab;mkRkumRtUvbegIátTisedA viFIsaRsþ KMnit EpnkaryuT§saRsþ
meFüa)ay FnFan edIm,IsMercckçúvis½yenaH. müa:geTot kareFIVkargarCaRkumenH minRtUvecaTRbkan;fa
GñkenHxus GñkenaHRtUveLIy EtebICYbbBaða RtUvelIkbBaðamkedaHRsay tamk,Ünc,ab; tameKalkarN_ eday
minedaHRsaybBaðatamkareRbIGarmμN_eLIy. RkumkargarbzmEdlpþl;GTiPaB CabuKÁlmanmanlkçN³ 8
cMNucdMbUgdUcxageRkam³
1-GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd ¬ExμrsuT§¦
2-esμaHRtg;cMeBaHCati nig GgÁkardwknaM
3-køahan muHmut
4-TTYlxusRtUvral;kic©kar
5-R)akdniym hμt;ct;kargar
6-lHbg;x<s; ¬eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCIvit¦
7-smtßPaB ¬cMeNHdwg nig bTBiesaFn_ eTBekaslü¦
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
3 rkSasiTi§

18. 8-KuNFm’ ¬RBhμvihaFm’ nig TsBiFFm’¦citþTUlay
RkumkargarsMedAelIRkumkargarEdlmaneKalbMNgrYmKña manCMnajepSg²Kña EtGacbMeBjkargar
KñaeTAvijeTAmk. eKsegáteXIjRkumkargar EbgEckCaeRcInRbePTepSg²Kña dUcCa RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar
RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg RkumkargarkMNt;Etmñak;Ég Rkum
kargarq¶ay². emdwknaMminRtUvKitxøÜnÉgfa CaGñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtRta nigcg;eFIVCaemeKeLIy. smaCikRkum
RtUvebþCJaya:geRCAedIm,IkarlUtlas;smaCikRkum edayCYyGPivDÆn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigkareCaKC½y nigCaRkum
kargarmYymanGtßRbeyaCn¾ sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM.
1-1-GtibrimaFnFanmnusSrbs;GgÁkardwknaM (Maximum of Human Resource in the Organization)
edIm,IBRgIksmaCikeGaymancMnYneRcIn smaCikcas;²RtUvCYybeRgonsmaCiknImYy² smaCikfμI²rbs;
RkumkargareGayecHkargar eGayecHdwknaM nigCYysmaCikd¾éTeTotTaMgGs;eGayrIkcMerInbnþ. KμancMeNHdwg
kargar kic©kar nig eKalbMNgNa RbesIrCagcMeNHdwgdwknaMrbs;buKÁlmñak;²enaHeT.
KYrkt;cMNaM RkumkargarPaKeRcIn minEmnCaRkumkargarBitR)akd BIeRBaHkarRbmUlpþMúTMnak;TMng EtCamYy
nig ecAhVay. buKÁlnImYy²RbNaMgRbECgCamYynigGñkdéTeTotsMrab;GMNac kitüanuPaB nigtMENg min
RbkYtRbECg edIm,IsMerceKaledA. karCECkBiPakSa sikSaGMBIbBaða b¤eFIVKMerag minRtUvRbKl;eGaybuKÁlNamYy
b¤RkumNamYy EtRtUveFIVkaredayRkumkargarTaMgGs;Kña. RkumkargarEdlkMNt;fal¥bMput KWCaRkumEdlsgÇwm
elIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜnÉg Gacbt;EbnlμmEdlGacpøas;bþÚredIm,IeGayeKalbMNgrbs;eKpÞal; KWeKalbMNgrYm
)ansMerc. RkumkargarRtUverobcMk,Ünc,ab; kardwknaMedIm,ICYyeGaysMerceKalbMNg nigkarGnuvtþn¾. Rkumkargar
RtUvepþatelIkarrIkcMerInkargar nigkareFIVskmμPaB karGnuvtþn_ eRbIRKb;]bkrN_ edIm,IdwknaMTaMgGs;Kña dUcCakar
beRgon karRbwkSa nigkarGegátCaedIm . enAkñúgkargar eyIgGaceRbIkarTMnak;TMngFmμta dUcCa bgðajkareKarB
EføgGMNrKuN nigelIktMekIgsñaédrbs;eK. GarmμNrbs;emdwknaMRkumRtUvbgðajBIkarebþCaJcitþ PkIþPaB emaTnPaB
nigTukcitþenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk. eyIgRtUvbegIátsaxatamtMbn;sMxan;² nigpþl;GMNaceGayBYkeKsMerccitþ.
CYnkal eyIgRtUvbþÚrevnKña epÞreGaysmaCikxøÜn edIm,IeFIVkarsMrbsMrYl b¤dwknaMGgÁRbCMuepSg². CaFmμta GgÁkar
dwknaMvaytémø emdwknaMtamskmμPaB nigriyabf. b:uEnþ meFüa)ay Edll¥bMputedIm,IvaytémøPaBCaGñkdwknaM
enaH GaRs½yelIkarbMpusKMnitBIRkumdwknaMEdlenACMuvijemdwknaM.
1-FatupSMénRkumkargar
emdwknaM
eKalbMNgRkumkargar
karcUlrYmbegIát eFIVskmμPaB edayRkumTaMgGs;Kña
2-kMritRkumkargar
eFIVviPaKTan Tinñ½y nigcMeNHdwg
rYmcMENkkñúgdMeNIrkarsMerccitþ nig QaneTArkÉkcänÞ
eFIVkarsMerccitþ
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
4 rkSasiTi§

19. eFIVkic©karsMerccitþkargarEdleKdak;eGay
3-karTMnak;TMng
ebIkcMhr esμaHRtg; nigkarbþÚrBt’man manRbsiTæPaBrvagsmaCikRkum.
karTukcitþ
karebIkTUlay kñúgkarriHKn; nigTukcitþKña
KMnitrbs;kmμsiTæ
PaBs¥itrmYtedayeKebþCJaedIm,IGaNtþiEdleKyl; nigGtþsBaØaNRkumkargar.
1-2-RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar (Functioning Team)
karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkardwknaMenH CaFmμtaeKepþatelIemdwknaMpøÚvkar eTaHbICaRkumkargareFIVkarenA
kñúgmuxgarCak;lak;enHk¾eday. RkumkargarmankarelIkTwkcitþya:gxøaMg RbsinebIkardwknaMepþatelIeKaledArYm
cat;TukeKaledArYmCasar³sMxan;. smaCikeCOCak;faRkummansmtßPaBGacsMerceKaledA. Rkumkargarnig
GnuvtþkargarxøaMgCagmun eBlEdlsmaCikRkumdwgtYnaTIc,as; nigmanCMnajc,as;las;Cagmun. karGnuvtþ
yuT§saRsþ EdlRkumkareFIV faetImanRbsiT§PaBb:unμancMeBaHkargarEdleFIV?. kardwknaMEdlBak;B½n§nigkarGnuvtþ
yuT§saRsþenHmandUcCa eFIVEpnkarBIrebobEdleRbIbuKÁlwk nigEbgEckFnFaneGaymanRbsiT§PaB eFIVEpnkar
Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþeGaymanRbsiT§PaB cUlrYmCamYyGñkÉkeTsedIm,IeFIVEpnkarRbtibtþikarsMrab;Rkum naMRkum
kargareGayeronGnuvtþn_ RbmUlBt’manGMBIyuT§saRsþEdleKGnuvtþn_manRbsiT§PaBBIRkumepSg²eTot.
karTukcitþ nigshRbtibtþikargareTAvijeTAmk CaktþasMxan;. eTaHbICaRkummaneTBekaslübiunRbsBV
erobcMl¥ya:gNak¾eday k¾GacbraC½y)anEdr ebIsinCaxVHkarTukcitþKña PaBs¥itrmYt nigshRbtibtþikar
BIsmaCikenAkñúgRkumenAeBlGnuvtþn_ebskkmμ. CaBiess karshRbtibtþikarmansar³sMxan; eBlRkumtMrUveGay
pþl;Bt’man smÖar³ FnFan nigkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk eFIVkarCamYyKñaenAkñúgry³eBlyUr nigkñúgsßanPaBlM)ak.
karKaMRTxagneya)ay nigFnFan. karGnuvtþn_RkumeTA)an GaRs½yelImanFnFanEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eFIVkar.
FnFanEdlBak;B½n§enaH manmUlniFifvika ]bkrN_ smÖar³ rbs;rbreRbIR)as;sMrab;eFIVkar.
1-3-RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar (Mixed Function Team)
tamkarsegátRkumkargarEdleFIVkarcMruHmuxgar mantYnaTIsMxan;² dUcCa edaHRsaybBaða cat;Ecg
KMeragkar b¤begIáteKalneya)ay. tYnaTITaMgenaH manbegIátckçúvis½y erobcM karcUlrYm kareFIVEpnkar. begIát
ckçúvis½ypþl;eGaymaneKaledArYmmYy erobcMCYyeGayRkumEfrkSackçúvis½y karcUlrYmBIsgÁm CYyeGayman
PaBs¥itrmYtépÞkñúg nigEpnkarxageRkA CYyeGaykarsMerccitþRkumCamYyKUrRbkYtRbECgxageRkA. eyIgGac
niyayfaCaRkumkargarma:RTIs RkumkargarenHrYmman Rkumkargar Rkummuxgar kmøaMgkic©kar RkumedaHRsay
bBaðaKN³kmμkar nigRkumKMeragkarBiessCaedIm . RkumkargareFIVkic©kar GaRs½yelIkic©RbwgERbgrYmKña. Rkum
kargarenHmancMnYntic mansmaCikcMnYn BI 2 eTA 25 nak; kEnøgxøHmanBI 5 nig 9 nak;. CMnajmñak;Gac
pþl;famBlenAeBlEdlRkumkargarmanKMnitEbøkKña b¤manKMnitepSgKña nigmanCMnajeRcInmuxdak;bBa©ÚlKañ.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
5 rkSasiTi§

20. 1-4-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg (Self Management Team)
enHRtUvkMNt;eKaledAeGayc,as; nigGTiPaBedIm,IeFIVkar sMerccitþkargar sMrbsMrYlkic©xitxMRkumkargar
TaMgmUl nigpþl;karvaykartMélkarrIkcMerInRkum nigEktMrUvkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ. kargarRtUvEtCakargarman
RbeyaCn_ kargarEdlmann½y mansar³sMxan;. RkumkargarenH CaRkumEdlmanmnusScMnYnticCaGñkeFIVkargar
nigmansiTi§sMerckargar. cMENkkarpþl;rgVan;epSg² RtUvpþl;CaRkum ehIytMrUveGaybuKÁlGPivDÆn_CMnajrbs;eK
tamRkumtMrUveGayeFIV. RtUvmankarKaMRTBIneya)ay BIfñak;dwknaMxagelI rYmTaMgkarEbgEckFnFan GMNacsmrmü
EdlRbKl;eGay edIm,IeFIVkargareGaymanRbsiT§PaB. smaCikRtUveroneGayecHBIrebobsþab; nigrebobTMnak;
TMngmanRbsiT§PaB .
1-5-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;Ecgmñak;Ég (Single Management Team)
CaGñkerobcMbøg;kargaredayxøÜnÉg eFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg. CaGñkmanKMnitdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg
TaMgkarpþÜcepþIm eFIVskmμPaB skmμbþÚrpþac; edayminrgcaMbBa¢a b¤manGñknaMeFIVenaHeLIy CakardwknaMEdlekIteLIg
BIqnÞH. dUcenHcab;taMgBIkarerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ karGnuvtþn_eFIVskmμPaB nigkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM
TaMgRsugEtmþg. emdwknaMCaGñkcab;epþImeFIVkic©karTaMgGs; eFIVedayPaBeCOCak; eFIVedaymankmøaMgcitþ.
etIemdwknaMRtUveFIVxøHeTot? emdwknaMGacR)ab;GñkepSgGMBIskmμPaBRkum nigsñaéd dwknaMRbCMuviPaKdMeNIrkareRbI
nimitþsBaØaedIm,IsMKal;Rkum begIánelIkTwkcitþedIm,IkarshRbtibtþieTAvijeTAmk.
1-6-Rkumkargarq¶ay² (Distanced Team)
CaRkumkargarEdlenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþdac;edayELkBIKña ehIykMr)anCYbKñapÞal; EteKGacCYbKñaeday
TMnak;TMngtamkMuBüÚT½r bec©kviTüaTUrKmnaKmn_ dUcCa GIutaENt GIuEml vIDIGU TUrs½BÞéd .l. Rkumkargar
enHbegIáteLIgsMrab;kargarCak;lak; dUcCakarsMerccitþCayuT§saRsþ edaHRsaybBaðarYmKña eFIVEpnkarelI
RBwtþkarN_fμI² sMrbsMrYlskmμPaBkñúgcMeNamGñkEbk)ak;kñúgGgÁkardwknaM RkumkargaenHekItmanedaysarEt
bec©kviTüa eFIVeGaymanPaBgayRsYledIm,IcUlrYmtamviFIepSg²EdleKRtUvkar.
k-eKalbMNgrYm (Common Goals)
bnÞab;BIerobcMRkumkargarEdll¥ehIy RkumkargarRtUvCYbRbCMuedIm,IEsVgrkcMNucrYmmYy EdlmaneKal
bMNgrYmKña ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña sMrab;eFIVdMeNIreTATaMgGs;Kña. eKalbMNgrbs;Rkumkargar CaeKalbMNg
rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an CaeKalbMNgrbs;CatiExμrTaMgmUl. TaMgemdwknaMRkum TaMgRkumkargar CatMNag
eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr CatMNageGayCatiExμr CatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr. eKalbMNgrYmenH eFIVeGay
fñak;elInigfñak;eRkammanKMnitdUcKña manqnÞ³dUcKña yl;eXIjdUcKña vaCaktþamYYynaMeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHQaneTA
rkeCaKC½yya:gR)akd minfaGgÁkardwknaMenaHtUc b¤FM b¤RbeTsenaHtUc b¤FMeLIy.
dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;énsgÁm man RBHsgÇ nisSit bBaØvnþ yuvCn yuvnarI
kmμkr ksikr BaNiC¢kr mRnþIraCkarRKb;RbePT GgÁkarRKb;sßab½n eTaHCars;enATINak¾eday TaMgkñúgRbeTs nig
eRkARbeTskþI maneKalbMNgrYmKñaEtmYy KWeFIVya:gNaeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr rYcputBIGaNaniKmn_
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
6 rkSasiTi§

21. kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI¬lYclak;¦ nig rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn edIm,IeGayCatiExμrTaMgmUlman sSr³PaB
vibulPaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd ]tþmPaB dUcRbeTsnanakñúgBiPBelak.
x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ (Adjust to Situation )
sßankarN_CaGñkkMNt;eGayeyIgerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþTaMgLay minEmnEpnkarkMNt;sßankarN_eT.
dUcenHGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RtUvkMNt;erobcMbnÞat;neya)ay erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayRsbeTAtamsßankarN_
. eyIgCaemdwknaMneya)ay CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGayuCIvit Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr RtUvsÁal;
sßankarN_neya)ayGnþrCati neya)aytMbn; nigneya)aykñúgRbeTseGay)anc,as; edIm,IerobcMGgÁkardwknaM
eGaymanlkçN³elceFøaeLIgRsbtamsßankarN_enaH nigCakþIsgÇwmdl;RbCaBlrdæExμrRKb;rUb.
]TahrN_dUcCa enAqñaM 1930 CaqñaM Edlmanvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak edayplitplelIsesckþIRtUvkar
eBlenaHelak r:UEsVl CaesdæviTU)anecjmkeFIVCaRbFanaFibtIGaemrik edaHRsayvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak
)aneCaKC½y RbCaBlrdæGaemrik)ane)aHeqñateGayelakCab;CaRbFanaFibtIGaemric 4 GaNtþiCab;Kña EdlCa
RbFanaFitI1rUbdwknaMshrdæGaemrikyUrCageK edIm,ICakartbsñgsgKuNelak.
enAeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 Cb:un Galøwm:g; GIutalI eFIVsRgÁamedIm,IvatTIRKb;RKgBiPBelak eBlenaH
RkummçageTot r:UsIu )araMg Gg;eKøs )aneRbIkmøaMgT½Btbtvij nigRtUvbBa©b;eRkayBIGaemrikcUlkñúgsRgÁam
ehIyTMlak;RKab;EbkelITIRkugrbs;Cb:un 2 RKab;enATIRkug hIr:UsIuma: nig Naga:saKI ehIy)anbBa©b;sRgÁamelak.
eRkayBIbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 GgÁkarshRbCaCatibegIáteLIg enAqñaM 1945 RbkaseGayRbeTs
nImYy²sMerceCaKvasnaedayxøÜnÉg eBlenaHeKeXIjman mhatμak;Kn§I TamTarÉkraCüBIGg;eKøs )ansMercenAqñaM
1947. RbeTsepSg²eTot dUcCa siugkarBYr ma:eLsIu NÐÚensIu hVwliBinTamTarBI hULg; nig B½rTuykal;.
cMENkenANÐÚcinvij hU CImij )aneFIVsRgÁamrMedaHxøÜnecjBIGaNanIKm)araMg rhUt)anQñH)araMgenAeDonebonPU
)araMgcuHsn§isBaØaRbKl;ÉkraCüenA éf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954 enATIRkughSWENv. GkuslEtExμreRkam RtUvyYn)an
RtYtRtabnþ cab;taMgBI)araMgkat;TwikdIeGayyYn éf¶TI 4 mifuna 1949 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ .
kalBIéf¶TI 7 mkra qñaM 1979 Caéf¶EdlyYn)anEkERbneya)ayTmøak;kumμúynisþcas; QøanBanExμr
elIkBYYkkumμúynisþfμI eFIVsRgÁamrvagGñkts‘U nig yYn nigRkumGay:gyYn h‘un Esn rhUtdl;mankarekob
sgát;BIRbeTsmhaGMNac dUcCa Gas‘an cin nig Gaemrik eGaydkkgT½BecjenAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIemrbs;xøÜn
shPaBsUevotRtUvdYlrlM ehIyerobcMeGaymankic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIseLIgenAéf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM1991
Exμrxat yYncMeNj. cMENkbc©úb,nñenH etIeyIgRtUveFIVya:gdUcemþcedIm,IeGayRtUvnigsßankarfμIenH?
K-PaBs¥itrmYt (Cohesion)
PaBs¥itrmYtrbs;RkumdwknaMenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM s¥itrmYtCamYykargar s¥itrmYtCamYyshesvik Rkum
kargarmann½yfa CaRkumkargarmYy EdlsamKÁIKña ÉkPaBKña ecHCYyKña eTAvijeTAmk søab;rs;TaMgGs;Kña minrt;
ecalKña ts‘UBüayam Gt;Fμt;TaMgGs;KñakñúgeKalbMNgrYmEtmYy rhUt)aneCaKC½ydl;TIbBa©b;. CaRkummYyEdl
sÁal;Parkic© tYnaTIxøÜnÉgc,as; ehIyxitxMeFIVkargartamtYnaTIerog²xøÜn. karTMnak;TMngkargarBIfñak;eRkam
eTAfñak;elI BIfñak;elImkfñak;eRkammindac;. eFIVesckþIraykarN_BIlT§plkargar TMnak;TMngkargar Epñkrdæ)al
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
7 rkSasiTi§

22. karpþl;Bt’manepSg²dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmk karcuHRtYtBinitü karCYbRbCMuKñaedIm,IbegIátEpnkarEdlmanlkçN³
rs;revIk sVahab; mutRsYc begIáncMNab;GarmμN_sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwk. eFIVya:gNaeGayemdwknaMkMBUl
kNþal nigfñak;eRkam manskmμPaBskmμmindac; minrGak;rGYl nigQb;e)aHbg;kargarecalBak;kNþalTI edIrxus
TwsedA nigeKalbMNgrYmCaedIm. PaBs¥itrmYtenH eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNa dUcCa «Buk nig kUn b£dUcCa Rcva:k;.
X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc (Firm and Decisive)
GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsCatimYyrwugbwugmaMmYneTA)an GaRs½yelIRbCaBlrdæenaHrwgbwugmaMmYn EdlekItecj
mkBI TI 1-emdwknaMl¥ 2-neya)aydwknaMl¥ 3-RbB½n§RKb;RKgl¥ 4-sßanPaBhirBaØvtßúminecHrIgs¶Üt¬esdækic©¦
5-bec©kviTüaTMenIb 6-sμartIbuKÁlwkrwgbwug eFIVkarecjBIqnÞ³BitR)akd 7-vin½yl¥ nigmanktþabnÞab;bnSMCaeRcIn
eTot. edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHmanlMnwgeTA)an RtUverobcMeFIVya:gNaeGaymantulüPaBKñarvagGMNacTaMg
3 GñkbBaØtþi GñkRbtibtþi nigtulakar. kalNaGgÁkardwknaM b¤ RbeTseFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab; eKarBc,ab;
manyutþiFm’ mansIlFm’ CaRbeTsnitirdæBitR)akd enHCacMNucmYYyrwgbwugmaMmYn. GMNacTaMgbIenHesIμKña dac;
edayELkepSgBIKña mineRkamcMNuHGMNacNamYy. kMNt;GaNtþiemdwknaMRtwmEt 2 GaNtþi edIm,Ipþl;»kas
dl;GñkepSg²eFIVkarRbNaMgRbECg elIkTwkcitþGñkCMnan;eRkayeGaymanTwkcitþcUlrYm dwknaMtamKMnitfμI²pg.
ktþaTaMgenHGaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHrwugmaM)an eRBaHmñak;²xitxMeFIVkaredIm,IbeBa©jsmtßPaBeGayeKeXIj
ehIyKitfaéf¶NamYy eKnwgman»kasmkdwknaMdUcKñaEdr.
GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvKitplRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_saFarN³ plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM c,ab;karBar
GñkTn;exSay c,ab;karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ minEmnsMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤plRbeyaCn_Rkum
dUcsPaKNbkSRbCaCn bMerIEtplRbeyaCn_KNbkS eFIVtambBa¢aCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn Etmñak;ÉgenaHeT.
cMENkGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;RtUveKarBc,ab; RtUveFIVtamc,ab; minRtUveyaKyl; xøacGñkFM GñkmanGMNac eFIV)abEt
RbCaBlrdætUctacenaHeT RtUveFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab;EdlmanCaFrman edayKμanelIkElgbuKÁlNamñak;eLIy.
RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;mansiTi§esμIKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GCaJkNþalCaGñk
vinicä½ykargar tulakarCaGñkkat;kþIedayÉkraCü RtwmRtUvyutþiFm’ RtYtBinitüdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTArbs;GñkRbtibtþi
FanaedaHRsaybBaðavivaT edayEp¥kelIkc,ab; tlMeGog edIm,IFanakarTukcitþ yutþiFm’enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM
eCOCak;BIsaFarN³Cn BIRbCaBlrdæExμr. GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsEdlmanlkçN³rwgbwugmaMmYn eTaHCaGgÁkar
dwknaM enaHtUck¾eday k¾GacRbkYtRbECg ykC½yCMnHelIGgÁkardwknaMEdlFM)anEdr eGayEtGgÁkardwknaMenaH
manEpnkarl¥ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RbeTsRb‘uyeN EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic TwkdItUc Etrs;enAedayÉkraCü
nigsb,Úrsb,ayeTotpg edayKμanRbeTsNaemIlgay QøanBaneLIy. ekaHTIm½rCaRbeTsmYytUc EdlGac
erIbMr:HrYcxøÜnecjBIGaNaniKmn_ NÐÚensIufμI²enAqñaM 2001 . kardwknaMminsMedAelImankmøaMgtic b£eRcIn mankmøaMg
FMb¤tUceLIy eGayEtRkumkargar GgÁkardwknaMmanlkçN³rwgbwug maMmYn k¾GacmaneCaKC½yelIGgÁkardwknaMFMEdr.
GgÁkardwknaMEdlmanemdwknaMxøaMg eTaHCakUnecAxageRkamexSay k¾GaceFIVeGayGñkeRkam»vaTxøaMg)an EtebI
emdwknaMexSay eTaHbIGñkxageRkamxøaMgya:gNak¾eday k¾minGacdwknaMxøaMg)anEdr. ]TahrN_ dUcCam¢úlEdl
CavtßúmYytUc EteyIgGacykvamkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anCaeRcIn GaRs½yeTAtameTBekaslürbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
8 rkSasiTi§

23. EteyIgkMuemIlgaymú¢ltUcfaminGacsmøab;stVFM dUcCaeKa RkbI dMrI esHeGayesaH eBlEdlm¢úlenaHmanCatiBis
eTaHbICastVdMrIFMb:uNÑa k¾m¢úlGaceFIVeGaydMrIenaHsøab;)anEdr enHCaPaBrwgbwugmaMmYnrbs;m¢últUcenaH. cMENk
kaMbitvij eTaHCakaMbitFMmandgeRsabmasb:uNÑak¾eday EtebImuxkMabitenaHminmuteT minGacykeTAeRbIR)as;
CaRbeyaCn_)aneLIy eRBaHminGackab;GIVmut EtebIkaMbitmuteTaHCadgeFIVBIeQIk¾eday k¾kaMbitenaHmantMél
GacykeTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anEdr edaysarkaMbitenaHmut. ebImnusSvij CabuKÁlEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVGIVmYy
BitR)akd.
2-begIátrcnasm<½n§ nigkarEbgEckParkic© tYnaTI (Establish Structure and Delega tion)
karbegIátrcnasm<½n KWedIm,IEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUvkargareGayc,as;las;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. ebI
eyIgmin)anEbgEckkargarc,as;las; eFIVeGaykic©karmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;enAGgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGaybuKÁlwk
minsÁal; Parkic© tYnaTIeFIVkargar GaceFIVeGayEbk)ak;Kña ehIykargarminGacdMeNIrkareTAya:grlUneLIy.
eyIgRtUvkMNt;muxgar tYnaTI TMhMkargarkñúgkarsMerccitþ karEbgEckFnFannImYy² dUcCaRbFanmanmuxgareFIVxøH?
manParkic©GIVxøH? cMENkGnuRbFan GKÁelxaFikareFIVxøH? smaCiktamkariyal½ynImYy² nigbuKÁlwkepSg²eTot
edayerobcMmnusSeGayRtUvkargar tamcMeNHdwg CMnaj bTBiesaFn_ nigeTBüekaslü. karbegIátrcnasm<½n§
RtUvBicarNafa etIRbePTrcnasm<½n§EbbNamYyEdleyIgRtUvykmkGnuvtþn_ edIm,IeGaykargarelOn man
RbsiT§PaB l¥RbesIrCagmun. rcnasm<½n§GacEckecjCa rcnasm<½n§EbbPUmisaRsþ¬GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamtMbn;
tamTIVb tamtMbn; tamRbeTs tamPUmiPaK tamextþ Rsuk XMu PUmi¦ rcnasm<½nEbbmuxgar ¬tamÉkeTs
rbs;buKÁlwk¦ rcnasm<½n§tamRbePTRbCaBlrdæ¬RBHsgÇ nisSit RsþI kmμkr RKUbeRgon mU:tUDub .l.¦
eyIgGacniyayepSgfa rcnasm<½nEbgEckecjCa EbbExSedk¬mñak;TTYlxusRtUveFIVkareRcInmux¦ ExSQr
¬mñak;TTYlxusRtUvEtmYymux BIelIdl;eRkam¦ Ebbma:RTIs ¬bBa©ÚlKña tamParkic© nigtYnaTI¦.
k-GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþ (Authorities of Decision Process)
edIm,IeGayc,as;las; GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþenH eKRtUverobcMcgRkgenAkñúgc,ab; manc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ
c,ab;tamRksYgepSg² raCRkwtü Rkwtü Rkm saracr RbkasCaedIm. cMENkÉenAtamGgÁkardwknaMtUc²vij
eKEckenAkñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³ c,ab;bBa¢aépÞkñúg b£bMramepSg². etIsßab½nRbtibtþimanGMNacsMerccitþelIGIVxøH? TMhM
b:unμan? RbFan GnuRbFan nig GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamEpñknImYy².
x-GMNacEbgEckFnFan (Financial Divided Authorities)
edIm,IEbgEckFnFaneGaymansmFm’ yutþiFm’ etIGñkNamanGMNackñúgkarEbgEckFnFanenH.
etIGñkNamansiTi§sMerckñúgkarcMNayFnFan? etIkarEbgEckFnFanmanKMeragRtwmRtUvb£mYyya:gNa? etIkar
EbgEckFnFanenH tamEpnkaryuT§saRsþ KMeragrbs;GñkRbtibtþikar sMeNIrCaGñksMerc?
K-GMNacEtgtaMg nigbBaÄb;kargar (Authorities of Assignment and Dismiss)
eyIgRtUvEbgEck kMNt;eGayc,as;las;enAkñúgc,ab; dUcCac,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ c,ab;lkçnþik³CaedIm.
etInNamansiTi§eRCIserIs EtgtaMgbuKÁlwk tMeLIgbuNüskábuKÁlwk nignNaCaGñkmansiTi§bBaÄb;kargarbuKÁlwk
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
9 rkSasiTi§

24. eBlbuKÁlwkmankMhus b¤RbRBwtþpÞúyBIc,ab; bTbBa¢aepSg²Edl)ankMNt;. karEtgtaMgb¤bBaÄb;kargarbuKÁlwk
RtUveFIVCasaFarN³ edIm,Ipþl;dMNwg ENnaMbuKÁlwkenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMeGayTTYldMNwgpg.
X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA (Authorities for Achieving the goals)
kareRCIserIskargar edIm,IRbKl;GMNacTTYlxusRtUveGayGñkeRkambgÁab;Gnuvtþn_kargar RtUveFIVtam
eKalbMNgrbs;kargar dUcerobrab;CUnsegçbxageRkam. munnwgRbKl;kargareGayGñkeRkambgÁab; emdwknaMRtUv
BicarNadUcxageRkam?
1-vaCakic©karEdlGñkeRkambgÁab;eFIV)anl¥CageyIg ¬kargarÉkeTs¦
2-vaCakic©karEdlRbBaJab; EtminEmnGaTiPaBx<s;
3-vaCakargarEdlTak;TgGaCIBrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;
4-vaCakargarEdlRsYlpg nig Bi)akpg
5-kic©karBi)aklμm
etIeyIgRtUvRbKl;kargarya:gdUcemþc?
1-bBa¢ak;karTTYlxusRtUveGayc,as;
2-FanafaGñkeRkambgÁab;RBmTTYlykkarTTYlxusRtUv
3-pþl;dMNwgdl;GñkepSgeTot ebIeKcg;dwg
4-erobcMeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;TTYlBt’mancaM)ac;
5-pþl;karKaMRT nigCMnYy Etminykkic©karmkeFIVCMnYs
6-kMhusTukCabTBiesaFn_eronsURt
3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM (Choose Leader)
kareRCIserIsemdwknaMrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmYy CaBiesskarerIsemdwknaMfñak;Cati manParkic©sMxan;bMput
sMrab;GgÁkarsßab½n sMrab;RbeTsCatienaH eRBaHfa ebIeyIgeRCIserIsemdwknaMl¥ GgÁkardwknaMRbeTsCati
nwg)ansux snþiPaB suPmgÁl rIkcMerInrugerOg EtebIeyIgerIsemdwknaMxus eFIVeGayRbeTsCatienaHedIrfyeRkay
Føak;cuHCaedIm. cMeBaHkarerIsemdwknaMsMrab;dwknaMRbeTsExμr ritEtmansar³sMxan;sMrab;BlrdæExμrTUeTA EdlRtUvEt
ykcitþTukdak; BIeRBaHfaemdwknaMCati eRbobbIdUcCaGñkebIkLan EdleyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaBlrdæExμr rab;lan
nak;enACiHxageRkay ebIsinCaerIsemdwknaMxus erIsemdwknaMEdlGatμaniym elaPln;EtGMNac buNüs½ká
RTBüsm,tþi eRbobdUcCaerIsGñkebIkLan EdlminecHebIkLan dUcCaBYk h‘un Esn etIvasnarbs;CatiExμr
vasnarbs;eyIgCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;KñaeTACaya:gNa? dUcbkSBYk h‘un Esn min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGay
RbCaBlrdæExμr min)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eFIVeGay)at;bg;TwkdI RbCaBlrdæRkIRklM)akevTna
GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’ bkSBYk lYcRTBüsm,tþiCatimkeFIVRTBübuKÁl suxelIKMnrTukçraRsþExμr sb,ayelITwkEPñk
RbCaBlrdæExμr etIBYkenHsmeFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr EdlCaEm: Ca« enaH)anEdrb¤eT? h‘un Esn EdleRbI
GMNacpþac;kar minbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr EteRbIEl,gq<inEPñkeGayeKyl;fa
RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñke)aHeqñateGayKNbkSRbCaCn. tamkarBit lT§ple)aHeqñatCakarerobcMbMP½nþrbs;BYk
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
10 rkSasiTi§

25. kumμúynisþpþac;kar EdlmanyYnenAeRkayxñgEtb:ueNÑaH. eyIgRtUvdwgfa kareRCIserIsemdwknaM KWCakareRCIserIs
tMNagrbs;eyIg edIm,IedIrtYCMnYseyIg karBarplRbeyaCn_ EsVgrkplRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμrTaMgmUl ehIyEbg
EckFnFaneGaymansmFm’ eTAdl;CnrYmQamExμrTaMgGs;. eyIgCaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;RtUvykcitþTukdak;
tamdanTegIVrbs;emdwknaM eyIgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvTaMgGs;Kña cMeBaHkareRCIserIsemdwknaM RtUvsÁal;c,as;fa etI
emdwknaMNaEdlmansmtßPaBdwknaMeGayCatirIkcMerIn CaemdwknaMesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd . eyIgRtUvmanlkçNH
viinicä½yeGayRtwmRtUv munnwgeyIgerIsbuKÁlNamñak;mkeFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr edayEp¥kelI]tþmKti yutiþFm’
stism,CBaس minlk;]tþmKti edIm,IEtluybuNüs½ká EtecalCatiExμrTaMgmUleGayFøak;cuH. emdwknaMminbMerI
plRbeyaCn_Cati k,t;Cati lk;Cati dUcBYk h‘un Esn eyIgRtUvEtedaHdUrecjCadac;xat. kareRCIserIs
emdwknaMEdll¥ sMrab;fñak;Cati nigGgÁkardwknaMRtUveRCIserIs nigvaytMélBIRKb;mCÄdæanCMuvij 360 dWeRk dUcCa
saFarN³Cn vaytMélxøÜnÉg emdwknaMpÞal; GñkeRkam»vaT shesvikRkumkargar. shrdæGaemrik eKman
lkçxNÐsMrab;buKÁl EdlGaceFIVCaRbFanaFibtI)an eKRbkYtRbECgKñaenAkñúgbkSnImYy²sin bkSRbCaFibetyü
nig bkSsarFarNrdæ EtmaneKalbMNgrYmKña eFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatieKdUcKña. kareRCIserIsvaytMélRtUv
eFIVtameKalkarN_ edaymin)aneFIVtamEtGarmμN_ edays¥b; b£RsLaj;bkSBYkniymeLIy. BinitüemIlsñaéd
EdlecjBIkarxitxMeFIVkargar. KN³kmμkarerobcMe)aHeqñatRtUvmanyutþFm’ ÉkraCü CaGCJakNþal minsßiteRkam
Ti§BlGñkneya)ayNamYyeLIy.
eyIgRkeLkemIlkare)aHeqñat erIsemdwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrfμI²vij enAéf¶TI 27 Exkkáda qñaM 2008
RKan;EtkarerobcMqakelçanedIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr mtisaFarN³ nigmtiGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH minEmn
CalT§plecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT EtvaCakarerobcMrYcCaeRsceday KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn
EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgRtYtRtaelI. KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn )aneFIVrebobenH
taMgBIeRkayrdæRbharenA éf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 dUcCakare)aHeqñat qñaM 1998 qñaM2003 knøgmk.
vaCakarerobcMKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn b:ueNÑaH eRBaHfaKN³kmμkarCatierobcMkare)aHeqñat eFIVtam
bBa¢aKN³bkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn RbB½n§eXasnaminÉkraCü. h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYn ebIsinCa h‘un Esn
mineFIVtamyYn vasnadUc Eb:n suvNÑ EdlRtUv say b‘Ufg h‘un Esn XubXitCamYyyYncab;yk
eTAdak;KukenARbeTsyYn Gs;ry³eBl 10qñaM 5 Ex nigvasnadUc can; sIu EdlRtUveKcak;fñaMsmøab;
enAelIynþehaH. Rtg;cMNucenH sUmelIk]TahrN_Rbvtþielak Eb:n suvNÑ EdlmineFIVtambBa¢ayYn.
tamsMdIelak Eb:n suvNÑ eBleKcab;elakenaHKWman h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg. h‘un Esn
)anGanesckþIsMerccitþrbs;mCÄwmbkSbdivdþRbCaCnkm<úCadktMENgTaMgGs; edaysarkMhusmYycMnYn dUcteTA³
1-bgEb:n suvNÑ RbqaMgrbbkumμúynisþ ksagesdækic©TIpSaesrI 2-ykBn§elIeyokNamenARBlanynþehaH
RbqaMgnigEpnkarbegIát k 5 3-KMnitCatiniymceg¥otcg¥l;RbqaMgniKmeyokNam minGnuBaØatieGayniKmeyok
Nammkrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr.
enAéf¶TI 13 FñÚ 1981 eL dwkf mkCYb ¬´minniksμanfabgÉgh‘aneFIVGBa©wg h‘anRbqaMgnigeyIg´
¬yYn¦ bgÉgdwgeTfa TahanyYnenAkñúgRbeTsExμr man 180 000 nak; bgÉgbegIátKN³kmμkarGenþaRbevsn_
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
11 rkSasiTi§

26. begáItKN³kmμkarRBMEdn bgÉgcg;RKb;RKgRbeTsedayxøÜnÉg eTaHCaeBleRkay minmanTahanyYnk_eday
RbeTsExμrminGacegIbeTANarYceLIy ebIGñkNaha‘nRbqaMg ´Rc)ac;eGaym:dæ ¦.
tamsmþIEdlyYnniyayxagelI srbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa h‘un Esn minEmnCaemdwknaMCatiExμrBitR)akd
eT h‘un Esn RtUvyYnelIkbnþúbmktaMgBIyYnkan;kab; QøanBanTwkdIExμréf¶ 7 mkra 1979emøH edIm,IbkSkumμúynisþ
yYnsMercEpnkarshB½n§NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH.
4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al (Administrative system)
RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al CaRbB½n§eFIVeGaydMeNIrkarrdæ)alRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥ GacRKb;RKgkargarmanRbsiTi§
PaB. karRKb;RKgrdæ)alCakic©karmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnigPar³kic©kariyal½y dUcCakargarTTYleP¶ov ParHkic©
rbs;elxaFikardæan nig KNenyü karRbCMu nig dMeNIrRbRBwtþieTAkargar bec©kviTüaeTAelIesvakmμnigkarriyal½y
kMuBüÚT½r bNþajkMuBüÚT½r GIuntaENt nigRbB½n§Bt’man.l. karTMnak;TMngtameGLicRtUvnic tamRbiysNIy nig
tamTUrs½BÞcl½t. karrkSaTukBt’man nig karRKb;RKgÉksareGLicRtUnik RbB½n§sMNMuÉksarRbcaMqñaMCaedIm
k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y (Office and Function in the Office)
kariyal½ymanmuxgarCakEnøgTTYl nigEbgEckBt’man. karTTYlBt’manBImCÄdæanepSg²TaMgkñúg
GgÁkardwknaM nigBIRbPBxageRkA dUcCa TTYlBt’manBIrdæaPi)al TTYlBt’manBIRbCaBlrdæ ¬karbþwgtva:kar
sMNUmBr¦ TTYlBt’manBIKUrRbkYtRbECg ¬karvayRbhar ecaTRbkan; karecjesckIþEføgkarN_¦ Bt’mansßab½n
hirBaØvtßú ¬GaRtakarR)ak; FanaKar GaRtabþÚrR)ak;¦ RBwtiþkarN_neya)aykñúgnigeRkARbeTs sßanPaBesdækic©
dMeNIrkavivDÆbec©kviTüa nigc,ab;TMlab;CaedIm. enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM mankargarCaeRcInEdlRtUveFIV dUcCa
eFIVr)aykarN_ eFIVkMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMu GnusarN³épÞkñúg KNenyücugeRkay nigÉksarépÞkñúgepSg²eTot.
x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y (Office design)
erobcMKUrbøg;karriyal½y EdltMrUvtamGgÁkardwknaM etIGgÁkardwknaMRtUvkarerobcMkariyal½y tamRbePT
EbbNa? KUrbøg;tamkariyal½yEdlebIkcMhr CarebobEdlbiTTVa nigmanRckrebog b¤karriyal½yEdlman
eTsPaBl¥ RbkbedayeRKOgsgðarwm tamrebobFmμCati EdlmantubEtg mankEnøgkMsanþepSg² tam
cMNg;cMNUlcitþ dUcCamankEnøgelgkILa TUrTsSn_ manrUbPaBemIlepSg². enAkarriyal½yRtUverobcMeGay
man]bkrN_kariyal½ydUcCa ma:sIunftcmøg TUrdak;Éksar sMNMuÉksar mansIune)aHBumÖ ]bkrN_enAelItu
kMuBüÚT½r Rkdas .l.
K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov (Duty of Receptionist)
GñkTTYlePJovRtUvEfrkSakEnøgTTYlePJoveGay)anl¥. enAkEnøgTTYlePJovRtUverobcM eGayman
sNþab;Fñab; erobrys¥at hammineGayCk;)arI mankEnøgGgÁúyRsYlsMrab;ePJov manesovePA TsSnavdþI karEst
sMrab;GanpgEdr. ebIsinCamanePsC¢³KYrTukenACitédGñkTTYlePJov. GñkTTYlePJovRtUvmanesovePANat;CYb
esovePAsMrab;kt;RtaePJov nigb½NÑePJov. manesovePATUrs½BÞ hVak; bBa¢IelxTUrs½BÞEpÞkñúg elxTUrs½BÞsMrab;
eBlGasnñ dUcCa b:UlIs GKÁIP½y eBTüCaedIm. RbRktiTin nigtu.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
12 rkSasiTi§

27. eyIgCaGñkTTYlePJovcaMfa GñkTTYlePJovCamuxmat;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;ePJovcMeBaHkarTak;TgdMbUg.
eBlTTYlePJovGñkTTYlePJovRtUvrYsrayrak;Tak;b:uEnþkMueGayxøaMgRCul nigsVaKmn_ePJovCapøÚvkar edayCMrabsYr
CaedIm. sVaKmn_edayrIkray bnÞab;mkRtUvRtYtBinitüeQμaH nigsYrfaetIePJovcg;CYbnrNa? ePJovEdlman
kt;RtaenAkñúgkarNat;CYb ehIykt;RtaenAkñúgesovePAvtþman. sMNUmBreGayePJovcuHhtßelxa elIesovePA
vtþman TaMgecj nigcUl edIm,IkarBarRbugRby½tñTukCamun eBlmanGasnñ EdlekIteLIgCayfaehtu eyIgGac
dwgfaGñkNaxøH? cMnYnb:unμannak;enAkñúgGKarenaH. pþl;b½NÑCUnePJov nig ykRtLb;mkvijeBlEdlePJov
ecjBIsßab½neyIg. eBlEdlePJovmkdl; GñkTTYlePJovRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;GñkEdlePJovRtUvNat;CYb. ebIsinCa
kñúgkrNIERbRbYl EdlePJovminGacCYbPøam² edaysarkic©karCab;rvl;epSg² GñkTTYlePJovRtUvsMuGP½yeTas
cMeBaHkarBnüaeBl ehIyRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;ePJov eFIVkarNat;sarCafμI ebIsinCaePJovminGacrgcaM)an.
Parkic©epSgeTot dUcCa RtUvedaHRsayBakübNþwgepSg² GñkTTYlePJJovRtUvEtecHKYrsm nig suPaB
Tn;Pøn; RKb;eBlevla ehIyRtUvsþab;ya:gRbugRby½tñ eBlEdlePJovTUrs½BÞmk nigecosevogkarrMxanepSg²
b£sþab;minyl;Gtßn½y. kt;RtaeGay)anBisþaGMBIkarbwþgtva: BaküsmþIrbs;ePJov edayRbugRby½tñ mineqøIybdiesF
nig eqøIyRsbcMeBaHkarbþwgtva:rbs;ePJovPøam² TuksMrab;tYnaTIeGayGñkmansmtßkic©Bak;B½n§. eyIgCaGñkTTYl
ePJovmanParHCYysMrbsMrYl CYykic©kar b¤bBa¢ak;bBaðaepSg². Par³kic©mYycMnYneTot dUcCa eFIVkarenAkEnøg
CUndMNwg eqøIyTTYlTUrs½BÞ ma:sIunEhVk nigsarsMeLg KitluyTUrs½BÞ TMnak;TMngtamTUrs½BÞkñúgRbeTs nig
eRkARbeTs CaedIm.
X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar (Duty of Secretary)
elxaFikarKYrEt rYsray rIkray suPaBrabsar Tn;Pøn; nigmansNþab;Fñab;l¥. elxaCaGñkmanÉkeTs
xagTMnak;TMngTaMgsresr nigpÞal;mat;. CaGñkEdlgayRsYlkñúgkarTMnak;TMng nigmanÉkeTsviC¢aCIv³RKb;
eBlevla. CabuKÁlEdlmanqnÞ³ecHCYykic©karedayminerIskargar nigmanKMnitpþÜtepþImedaHRsaykargar enA
eBlmanvibtþi. elxaFikarEckecjCa elxapÞal; CMnYykar CMnYykarCan;x<s; nigGKÁelxaFikar. GKÁelxaFikar
mantYnaTIsMrab;eFIVEpnkar nigerobcMkargar eFIVkarNat;CYbePJov erobcMeFIVdMeNIr eRtomerobcMsMrab;karRbCMu nig
erobcMsniñsiT.
g-c,ab; nignitiviFI (Rule and Regulation)
erobcMeGaymanc,ab;TMlab; sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwkmRnþIraCkar RbCaBlrdæ enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM
c,ab;sMrab;RbeTs eGaymansNþab;Fñab; CaRbeTsnitirdæmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;
RtUvmansiTi§esrIPaB esμIrKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; TaMgGs;KñaRtUvsißtenAeRkamc,ab;. kMueGaymanEtc,ab; EtKμan
GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; KμanGñkeKarBc,ab;dUcrbbRtYtRta h‘un Esn sBVéf¶. c,ab;eFIVeGayGgÁkarsßab½n RbeTsCati
manvin½y mansNþab;Fñab; esckþIéføfñÚr . c,ab; nignitiviFIepSg² RtUveFIVeGayRsbeTAtamc,ab;GnþrCati
c,ab;CatiénRbeTsnImYy² nigeKarBsiiTi§mnusSCaktþacMbg. c,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØCac,ab;cMbgrbs;RbeTs cMENktam
GgÁkardwknaMtUc² c,ab;lkçnþik³ nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgmansar³sMxan;sMrab;dwknaMGgÁkardwknaMeGay)anl¥. c,ab;RtUv
bMerIplRbeyaCn_TUeTAsMrab;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;RbeTsCati nigRbCaBlrdæ. GñktMNagraRsþCatMNageGay
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
13 rkSasiTi§

28. RbCaBlrdæBitR)akd minEmntMNageGaybkSenaHeLIy dUcenHGñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_
Blrdæ. edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaBRtUvmanGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;manRbsiT§PaBEdr edIm,IbgçMeGaymankareKarB
c,ab; ebIc,ab;manEtelIRkdas c,ab;manEtelIbbUrmat;rbs; h‘un Esn enaHminEmnCac,ab;eT EtCaGMNacpþac;kar
GMNacéRBEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBIGtßn½yénc,ab; edIm,IBnül;bkRsayeTA
GñkGnuvtþc,ab;eGayyl; kMueGaymankaryl;RcLM b¤bkRsay xuscMeBaHc,ab; cMENkRbCaBlrdæ EdlCa
GñkeKarBk¾RtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;EdredIm,IeKarBtam. srubmk xagEpñknitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar
RBmTaMgRbCaBlrdæRtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña.
c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü (Controlling System)
edIm,IeGayGñkGnuvtþn_kargar eFIVkargarRbkbedaykarTTYlxusRtUv nigmanRbsiiT§PaBenaH RbB½n§RtYt
BiinitümantYnaTIsMxan; edIm,IBinitüemIlfa GñkGnuvtþn_eFIVtamKMeragRtwmRtUv ehIyecjlT§plmkl¥ manKuNPaB
TTYleCaKC½y. eTaHbICamankareKgbnøM karminTTYlxusRtUvya:gNak¾eday k¾RbB½n§RtYtBinitüGacTTYlBt’man
)anRKb;RKan;. RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüenH begIátsMrab;RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar nigkarRbtibtþikargarenAkñúg
RbeTsb¤GgÁkarsßab½nNamYy. RbB½n§RtYtBinitüRtUverobcMeGaymancab;taMgBIfñak;yuT§saRsþ fñak;Rbtibtþikar nig
fñak;bec©keTs. kalBIdMbUgeLIyRbB½n§RtYtBinitüeKeRbImnusSedIm,IBinitü Etbc©úb,nñenH eKeRbIRbB½n§bec©kviTüa
edIm,IRtYtBinitü dUcCa páayrNb kMuBüÚT½r masWunftsV½yRbvtþi Rbdab;RsUbsMelg eRKOgma:sIunCaedIm.l.
enAeBlcUleFIVkar eKmanma:sIun vayema:gcUl nig ema:gecjBIkariyal½y. enARbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKeRbI
ma:sIunftsV½yRbvtþiBinitüemIlRKb;skmμPaBkargarrbs;buKÁlwk nigGñkEdleFIVxusc,ab;edayminGaceKcputBI
RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüs½VyRbvtþieLIy. rhUtdl;eKbegIátCaPñak;garesIubGegát b¤Pñak;garcarkmμ edIm,IeFIVkaresIub
GegátkargarsMxan;² EdlRbB½n§bec©kviTüaminGacRtYtBinitü)an CaBiessenAkñúgerOgneya)ay nigerOgkgT½B
Edlbec©kviTüaminGacdwgBIEpnkarsm¶at;rbs;sRtUv manEtcarkmμeT EdlGacykkic©karsm¶at; b¤Epnkarsm¶at;
rbs;sRtUv. GñkRtYtBinitüRtUvEtÉkraCü nigRtUvelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IeGayGñkRtYtBinitümanyutþiFm’ eFIVkarsMerccitþ
edayÉkraCü.
q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar (Planning System)
RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar KWCaEpñkmYydac;edayELk EdlsMrab;erobcMEpnkareGaydMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarkargar
enAkñúgsßab½nRksYgGgÁkardwknaM. RbeTsCatiGacdMeNIrkarl¥eTAmux rIkcMerIneCaKC½y GaRs½yelIGñkerobcM
Epnkar)anl¥ GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtamEpnkar. RbB½n§Epnkar CaGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ EpnkarRbtibtþikar
Epnkarkl,yuT§. ebImanEt EpnkaryuT§saRsþ EtKμanEpnkarkl,yuT§eT minGacdMeNIrkar)aneLIy )anRtwmEt
Rsém:. karerobcMkmμviFIepSg² erobcMKMeragkargarCaedIm. edIm,IerobcMRbB½n§enHeGay)anl¥ eyIgRtUverIs
buKÁlwk EdlmanÉkeTs RtUvnigckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmkeFIVEpnkar eTIbGgÁkardwknaMenaHGacdMeNIreTA)an.
C-crnþBt’man nigTMnak;TMng (Information and Communication System)
crnþBt’man nigkarTMnak;TMng mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM. ebIsinCacrnþBt’maneyIgl¥
elOn Tan;eBlevla enaHkarerobcMEpnkarepSg²)anl¥. crnþBt’man KWCakarpþl;Bt’manr)aykarN_ ehtukarN_
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
14 rkSasiTi§

29. bBaðaEdlekItmanenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM b¤ eRkAGgÁkardwknaM. crnþBt’manGaceGayeyIgdwgBIsßankarN_ RbeTs
Cati RBwtþkarN_ ehtukarN_GIVEdlekIteLIg. eKGaceFIVkarTMnak;TMngtam TUrs½BÞ sareGLicRtUvnic viTüúTak;Tg
karepJIsar karsresrsMbuRt karbBa¢ÚntamPñak;gar.l. crnþBt’manenH CaEPñkCaRcmuHrbs;GgÁkardwknaM.
enAEpñkBt’manenHRtUvsikSaGMBIkarRbmUlBt’man viPaKBt’man bBa¢ÚnBt’man pSBVpSayBt’man eGay)an
Tan;eBlevla. Bt’manEckecj CaBt’mancMhr nigBt’mansm¶at;. cMeBaHBt’mancMhr CaBt’manEdleK
ecjpSayCasaFarN³tam karEst TUrTsSn_ tamvibsay GIuntaENt.l. EtBt’mansm¶at; CaBt’mansMxan;
EdleKminpSBVpSay Bt’manEbbenHsMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaMnImYy²RtUvdwg. eRBaHfa Rtecok EdlxøaMg
KWCaRtecokEdlsþab;B£GIVEdleKminniyayecjmk minEmnsþab;B£rnÞH b¤pÁrlan;eLIy. EPñkEdlPøWCa
EPñkEdlemIleXIj kñúgTIggwt emIleXIjkEnøgEdleKbiT)aMg emIleXIjGIVEdleKmineGayeyIgemIl minEmn
emIleXIjRBHGaTitüenaHeT. GñkEdlxøaMg KWeFIVGIVEdlGñkd¾éTminGaceFIV)an b¤eFIVeGayPñMmYyGacrMkil)an.
CaTUeTAdMeNIrkarnigTMnak;TMngBt’manEdlTTYl)an tMrUveGayykmkviPaKBicarNa cMra:j;bEnßm
munniwgykeTAeRbIR)as;manRbsiT§PaB nigEckcayeTAkEnøgepSg²eTot etIBt’manenaHcMeNj b¤xatsMrab;
GgÁkardwknaM . eKEckmeFüa)ayTMnak;TMngecjCa 4 ya:g
pÞal;mat; CYbRbCMuTl;muxKña TUrs½BÞ karRbCMutamvIDIGU
sresr sMbuRt r)aykarN_ GnusSarN nig kMNt;ehtu
tamsareGLicRtUnic dUcCa karepJIsartameGLIcRtUnic nig karEhVk
tamkaremIleXIj dUcCa niyaytamGIutaENt snñisITtamvIDIGU
Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man (Keep and Protect Information)
enAeBlEdlmanBt’man eKRtUvrkSavaTukedIm,IeFIVCaÉksareyag. eKGacrkSvaTuksMrab;RbB½n§RKb;RKg
ÉksareGLicRtUnic b¤RbB½n§sMNMuÉksar. Bt’mansm¶at; Bt’mansMxan; KYrrkSaTukeGaymansuvtßPaB l¥edIm,I
karBar mineGaybBa©ÚlkñúgTinñin½ybEnßm karEkERbepSg² kuMBüÚT½rRtUvdak;elxsm¶at; b¤cak;esarva.
RbB½n§Bt’manCaviFIsaRsþmYysMrab;erobcMTinñin½y nignitiviFI edIm,Icab;ykdMeNIrkar rkSaTuk nigplit
Bt’manmanKuNPaBkñúgeKalbMNgeFIVkarsMerccitþ. kMriténkarsMerccitþ EckecjCa 3 KWfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;
kl,yuT§ nigfñak;yuT§saRsþ. fñak;yuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§saRsþry³eBlEvg RtUvkarbTBiesaFn_ karvinicä½y
GBÖnþrjaN Bt’manxageRkA nigxagkñúgBit. karsMerccitþfñak;kNþal RtUvmanry³eBlmFüm tMrUveGayman
karvinicä½yxøH eRbIr)aykarN_BIfñak;RbtibtþikarpÞal; nigBt’manBIxageRkA. karsMerccitþfñak;eRkam Rbtibtþikar
RbcaMéf¶ RtYtBinitü nigelIkElgskmμPaBr)aykarN_BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶.
cMeBaHkarepJIrtaméRbysNIy_ eBlEdleKepJIcUlmk RtUvmancuHhtßelxa cuHelxsMbuRtcUl dak;tam
RbePTsMbuRt sMbuRtTUeTA sMbuRtÉkCn sMbuRtpÞal;xøÜn Rbjab; sm¶at; . cMeBaHsMbuRtebIkcMhrCaTUeTA GacebIk
)an EtsUmkMuebIk ebIsinCasMbuRtepIJCUnbuKÁl CaÉkCn ebIKμankarGnuBaØat. vayRtakalbriecäT eBlebIksMbuRt.
BinitüeRsamsMbuRtedIm,IFanafabiT. EckcaysMbuRteTAkEnøgEdlRtUvepJI. kt;RtaesovePAecjcUl.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
15 rkSasiTi§

30. j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú niigParkic©KNenyü (Financial system and Accounting duties)
eyIgRtUverobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. skmμPaBrbs;KNenyü dUcCa rkSaesovePA
vik½yb½Rt erobcMkarkt;RtacMNUl nigcMNay esckþIEføgkarsMrbsMrYlFanaKar nigR)ak;ExbuKÁlwk. cMeBaHGgÁkar
dwknaMPaKeRcIn manbBaðacMeBaHhirBaØvtßú edaykarRKb;RKgminl¥. cMeBaHRbeTsCativij karRKb;RKgcMNUl
rbs;fivikaCatinig karcMNaymantmøaPaB ecosvagGMeBIBukrlYy eKgbnøMfvikarCati . RbeTsExμreyIg
GMeBIrBukrlYy manplb:HBal;sMxan; RKb;sßab½nCati EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikarCati kñúgmYYyqñaM 250 landuløa
eTA 300 landuløa. edIm,IeGayhirBaØvtßúGgÁkardwknaMenaHl¥ RtUvcMNUleGayeRcInCagcMNay b¤cMeBaHesdækic©
RbeTsvij RtUvnaMecjeGayeRcInCakarnaMcUlb¤elIktMekIgplitplkñúgRsuk. etIRbPBhirBaØvtßúrbs;eyIgTTYl)an
mkBIRbPBNaxøH? GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;esdækic©Cati? etIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúya:gdUcemþc? hirBaØvtßúenHmantYnaTI
sMxan;Nas; eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMGacdMeNIrkareTA)an. ral;karcMNayepSg²RtUvmanvik½yb½Rt Edlecj
mkBIRbPBEdlGacTukcitþ)an dUcCavik½yb½RtecjBIma:sIunKitluyCaedIm.
]TahrN_ RbeTsrUsSIedaysarEtneya)ayvatTIrbs;xøÜn enAkñúgTIVbGWur:ub )aneFIVeGaycMNay CaeRcIn
elIkgT½BkñúgGMLúgsRgÁamRtCak; rvagRbeTsGaemrik nigshPaBsUevot eRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2.
eBlEdlRbFanaFibtI kU)aqUv eLIgkan;GMNac eBlenaHsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;shPaBsUevotFøak;dl;)at
ehtuenHehIyeFIVeGay kU)aqUv EkERbneya)ayebIkcMhr nigerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμI RbB½n§esdækic© nig
RbB½n§kariyaFibetyü. elak)aneFIVkarTMnak;TMngCamYybs©wmRbeTs shrdæGaemrik edIm,Ikat;bnßykar
eRbIR)as;fvikaelIkEpñkeyaFa.
cMENkenAqñaM 1997 EdlmanvibtþihirBaØvtßúenAGasIu CaBiessRbeTséf EdlnaMeGayrIkral
dalb:HBal;dl;RbeTsmYycMnYnEdleFIVTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmμCamYy dUcCa kUer:xagt,Úg Cb:un r:UsSI ma:eL NÐÚensIu
nighVwliBInCaedIm. . vibtþienHekIteLIgedaysarEt rMelaHrUbiyb½NÑ Edl)anx©ImkvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§
sMNg; ehIyTIbMputGñkvieyaK)andkecj nigdkTunecj eTIbeFIVeGayKμanhirBaØvtßú naMeGaymanvibtþienH
ekIteLIg. mUniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati)aneGaydk DIbUsiud cMnYnBak;kNþal 50 PaKry EdlCacMnYndkeRcInelIseK
TaMgGs;.
5-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl (Coordination System)
RKb;GgÁkardwknaMEtgEtCYbbBðaa edayeCosminput ehtuenHehIyGgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanynþkarsMrab;
sMrbsMrYlenAeBlEdlmanbBaðavivaTekIteLIgenAkñúgépÞkñgGgÁkardwknaM. ynþkarsMrab;sMrbsMrYlmanbegIátCa
ú
GaCJakNþal begIátCaKN³kmμkaredaHRsayvivaTepSg² nigmanc,ab;sMrab;Gnuvtþn_ ehIyKN³kmμkar
RtUvÉkraCü. ebIsinCaenAkñúgynþkarsMrbsMrYlfñak;CatiKW xagnititulakar. tulakarRtUvEtÉkraCü yutþiFm’
RtwmRtUv edayminsßimeRkamGMNacneya)ay buKÁlmanGMNacNamYyeLIy. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2
edIm,IerobcMBiPB elakeGaymanreboberobry eK)anbegIátGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1945 EdlmanRbeTs
mhaGMNac shrdæGaemrik )araMg Gg;eKøs rUsSI nigcin EdlCasm<½n§mitþRKb;RKgBiPBelak. enAkñúg
sRgÁamNÐÚcinelIkTI 3 EdlCaCemøaHrvagkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkkumμúynisþExμrrNbyYn CamYy
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
16 rkSasiTi§

31. ExμrRtIPaKI RtUv)ancuHkic©RBmeRBogsn§isBaØasnþiPaBenATIRkugRkug)a:rIséf¶TI 23 tula 1991 edayman
RbeTsNÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaGñkeFIVkarsMrbsMrYlkñúgkic©karenH eRBaHNÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaRbeTsÉkraCü min
Bak;B½n§enAkñúgCemøaHenaH. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμr)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatEdlerobcMRtYtBinitüedayGgÁkar
shRbCaCati. dUcenH GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sMrab;sMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðaCYyBiPBelak
eGaymansnþiPaB. cMENkÉkardwknaMkñúgRbeTsmantulakar CaGñkvinicä½y kat;kþInUvRKb;bBaðaEdl ekItman
enAkñúgRbeTsdUcenHehIytulakaRtUvEtÉkraCü. ebIenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMtUctac RtUvmanKN³kmμkarÉkraCü
sMrab;edaHRsaysMrbsMrYlbBaðaedayyutþiFm’. ynþkarsMrbsMrYlenH ebIsinCamanbBaðavivaTekIteLIg dMNak;kar
dMbUg eKeFIVkarcrcarrvagPaKICemøaH bnÞab;mkEsVgrkGaCJakNþal ebIsinCaPaKICemøaHminsuxcitþeTIb Gacdak;
bNþwgCapøÚvc,ab;eTArktulakarCYyedaHRsay.
k-KN³kmμkar (Committees)
karbegIátKN³kmμkarsMrab;; sMrbsMrYlRtUverIseLIgedayÉkraCü CaGñkmanÉkeTsxagc,ab; nigbT
BiesaFn_xagc,ab; edIm,IsMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðavivaT.
x-karRbCMu (Meeting)
karCYbCMuKña CacMNucmYyEdleyIgGacbeBa©jKMnit sikSaKMnit eronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigeFIVeGay
manPaBsñitsñalKña. karRbCMueyIgGackMNt;sMrab;ry³eBleTotTat; karRbCMusamBaØ ¬GacmYyExmþg tamkar
kMNt;rbs;Rkumkargar¦ b¤ karRbCMuvisamBaØ ¬karkMNt;eBlevlaERbRbYltamkal³eTs³¦ karRbCMuedayRkum
kargarBiesstamfñak; karRbCMuFMEdlCakarRbCMuTUeTARbcaMqñaM EdlehAfa mhasniñ)aT. karRbCMuRtUvmankarkt;
RtakMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMueGayc,as;las; erobcMrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu rYcpþl;dMNwgdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu ya:gehacNas;
1 s)þah_mun edIm,IeGayGñkcUlrYmRbCMu eKeRtomxøÜnrYcCaeRsckñúgkarcUlrYm. eRkayBIGgÁRbCMusMercGIVmYy eyIg
RtUverobcMCar)aykarN_ esckþIEføgkarN_ snñisITkarEst pþl;dMNwgeTARKb;sßanTUt sßab½nTak;Tg bNþaj
sarBt’man. edIm,IelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu eyIgRtUvbgðajR)ab;BIplRbeyaCn_EdlniwgTTYl)anmkvij
sMrab;GñkcUlrYm. enAéf¶RbCMu eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymansnþisux bdisNæakic© karcuHeQμaH nigBiFIkareGay
)anRtwmRtUv. eyIgRtUvKitKUrkarcMNayepSg²rbs;GñkcUlrYmdUcCa karcMNayelIéføeFIVdMeNIr sñak;enA mðÚbGahar
nigÉksarepSg². eyIgRtUverobcMkmμviFIkalviPaKeGayc,as;las; etImuneBlcUlrYmRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eBlRbCMu
RtUveFIVGIVxøH? nig eRkayBIRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH.
sUmelIk]TahrN_karRbCMu enAéf¶TI 20-23 Ex mkra qañM 2008 sIþBI siTi§CnCatiedImPaKtic
enAGasIuGaeKñy_ EdlmanryHeBl 3 éf¶ ehIymankarcUlrYmtMNagnanaénGgÁkarGnþrCati tMNagGgÁkar
shRbCaCati mantMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatimkBITIRkughSWENv tMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGasIu
hVr:ummkBIbNþaRbeTsCag 10 CaedIm. eBlEdlGñkcUlrYmeFIVdMeNIreTAdl;sNæaKarRbCMuenaH eKmanbiT
pøaksMrab;;bgðajGMBIbnÞb;EdlRtUvRbCMu . enAeBlEdleTAdl;kEnøgRbCMu GñkcUlrYmRtUvcuHeQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢Ivtþman
edaymanTTYlePJov 2 nak;sMrab;ENnaM. eK)anpþl;kmμviFIGgÁRbCMunigENnaMR)ab;BITIkEnøgRbCMu. kaRbCMuman
ry³eBl 3éf¶tamrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu. enAeBlRbCMuenaH KwelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðasiTi§mnusSrbs;CnCatiPaKtic
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
17 rkSasiTi§

32. EdlRtUv)anrMelaPsiTi§esrIPaBedaysarrdæaPi)al CaBiessKW elIkeLIgrvagGCJaFrevotNamEdleFIVkarrMelaP
siTi§CMenO sasna eFIVTukçbukemñj elIbgb¥ÚnExμreRkameyIg nig Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_
neya)ayrbs;yYn. enAkñúgeBlRbCMu eKmanerobcMeBlevlasRmak 10-15 naTI edIm,IeFIVkarRss;RsUb TwkEt
kaehV b¤nMCaedIm. kñúgeBlsMrakenaH eyIgGaceqøoteBlCECkBIbBaðaepSg²CamYytMNagnanaEdlcUlrYm
kñúgBiFIenaH. enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH eKerobcMeGaymanGahar 3 eBl eBlRBwk eBléf¶ nig eBll¶ac ehIyenAéf¶
cugbBa©b;eK srublT§plkargarEdlecjmkBIkarRbCMu eKnaMeTATTYlTanGahareBll¶ac edaymankareFIVdMeNIr
kMsanþeTotpg .
K-GaCJakNþal (Referee)
GaCJakNþal CaCnEdlÉkraCü s¥ats¥M esμaHRtg; yutþiFm’ sMrab;edaHRsaybBaða nigCYyrkyutþiFm’
dl;buKÁlwk smaCik smaCika EdlmanbBaða. GaCJakNþalRtUvmancMeNHdwgxagc,ab; nigyl;dwg
GMBIc,ab;TMlab;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. eyIgRtUvkMNt;GNtþisMrab;GñkeFIVGaCJakNþaledIm,IkMueGayGaCJakNþalGag
nigmanGMeBIBukrlYy lMeGogeTArksmaCikepSg² nigGacCMrujeGayGaCJakNþalfμI²beBa©jsmtßPaB RbkYt
RbECg ehIyman»kassMrab;mnusSl¥TUeTA.
II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ (Rule, Discipline and Morale)
edIm,IFanakareCaKC½ykñúgGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² vin½yl¥CaktþasMxan;Nas;. c,ab; nigRkmsIlFm’
eFIVeGay smaCik smaCika manreboberobry manvin½y sNþab;Fñab;l¥RbesIr. ebIcg;eGayBiPBelak
mansniþPaB sNþab;Fñab; RtUverobcMeGayRbeTsnImYy²mansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ sNþab;Fñab;l¥Camunsin.
ebIcg;eGayRbeTsCati mYymansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ RtUverobcMRkumRKYsarénRbeTsnImYy²mansuxsnþiPaB
manvin½yl¥sin. ebIcg;eGayRkumRKYsarnImYy²manvin½yl¥ sNþab;Fñab; mansuxsnþiPaB suPmgÁl RtUvGb;rM
erobcMKMnitbuKÁlmñak;²eGays¶b; manrebobl¥ . dUecñH muneBlerobcMRbeTsCatieGaymansnþiPaB man
sNþab;Fñab;l¥ RtUverobcMcitþKMnitrbs;buKÁlmñak;eGay)anl¥ mansNþab;Fñab;l¥sin eTIbRkumRKYsarl¥ sgÁml¥
RbeTsCatil¥ nigBiPBelakl¥. cMENksßab½ndwknaMtUc²vij RtUvmanGñkerobcMbegáItc,ab; GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;
Gñkvinicä½yc,ab; edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaB. c,ab;RtUveGaysmaCik smaCika buKÁlwkkñúgGgÁkar dwknaM)andwg
ebIsinCac,ab;sMrab;RbeTs rdæaPi)al b¤sßab½nBak;B½n§RtUvpSBVpSay beRgondl;RbCaBlrdæeGayyl;dwg
GMBIc,ab;enaH edIm,IeFIVeGaysmaCik smaCika RbCaBlrdæyl;dwg ykeTAGnuvtþn_kñúgsgÁmmanerobry
ecosvagmanbBaða mkBIkaryl;GMBIc,ab; . dUcCac,ab;cracrN_CaedIm RbCaBlrdæmaneRKaHfñak;eRcIneday
min)andwgGMBIc,ab;cracrN_ edIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;cracrN_ RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgBIc,ab;cracrN_
EtminEmndUcb:UlIscrcrN_enATIRkugPñMeBj caMsgát;krRbCaBlrdæCMritTaluyenaHeLIy Cak;EsþgenAéf¶mYy
eBlEdlesμr CiHm:UtUkBa©as;mYy ma:k qalI eTIbmkBITICnbTdac;Rsyal Rsab;EteBlEdlCiHm:UtU
bt;eTAsþaMkac;RCug eTApøÚvneratþm Rtg;eBTüGgÁDYg Rsab;Etb:UlIs mksMLútTarluy dUcCaecarbøn;m:UtU. ´
bg;luyeGayeKGs; Cag 12 000 erol EdlkalenaHb:UlIsTarsMLútykm:UtUeTAb:us nigTaluy 60 000 erol
enHehIysgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ KμanKuNFm’ seNþasRbNI cMeBaHCnrYmQamExμr GñkTn;exSayeT EtmanEtCiHCan;
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
18 rkSasiTi§

33. GñkTn;exSayEfmeTot. c,ab;minbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaymYyRkumtUc b¤c,ab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaybreTs
dUcCaBYk RtYtRta h‘un Esn begáItc,ab;pþl;dIsm,TaneGay GñkvinieyaKyYn mkkab;éRBeQI ehIycab;ykdI
edayykelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_ EttamkarBitRkumh‘unenaH)andeNþImykdIRbCaBlrdæ deNþImdIcMkar
ekAs‘URbCaBlrdæExμr Cak;EsþgenAextþkMBg;cam enAbwgekt yYn eQμaH Lúg )anrwbGUsykdIcMkarekAs‘U
RbCaBlrdæExμrenAbwgekt ehIyEfmTaMgedjkmμkrExμrmineGayeFIVkarenATIenaHeTot edayyYnykEtkmμkr
CnCatiyYnKñaeKmkeFIVkarCMnYsvij EfmTaMgminGnuBaØateGayExμrcUlkñúgcMkarenaHeTotpg . ebIsinCaExμreyIg
cUleTAkñúgcMkarekAs‘U edIm,IerIsC½rekAs‘U EdlenAelITwkdIExμresaH EteKeGaysnþisuxcMkarekAs‘U)aj;smøab;Exμr
RkIRk edayecaTfacUllYcekAs‘UeK. vahak;dUcCIvitRbCaBlrdæExμr KμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs‘U EdlenA
elITwkdIExμrxøÜnÉg edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’GIVeLIy. CivitExμrEdlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉg h‘un
Esn minEdlykEPñkemIleLIy EtebIeyIgniyayBIerOgyYn hUrcUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab;
tamkarGnuBaØatieday h‘un Esn huk LgDI rdæaPi)alRsemalyYn EdlCasmaKmn_TaMg 19 extþRkug
eKfaGñkRbkan;BUCsasn_. sUmbgb¥ÚnGs;elak GñkGanCYyBicarNaBI sm½y b:ul Bt rdækm<úCa nig sm½y h‘un
Esn LÚvetIxusKña b¤dUcKña ebIExμrenAEtsøab; ExμrRtUveKbeNþjecj edIm,IdeNþImdIFøI ExμrenAEtRkIRkrebobenH.
1-begIátc,ab;lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg (Establish Statute and Regulation)
karbegIátc,ab;enH CakarbegIátxñatKMrUsMrab;karGnuvtþn_enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaM mantMél
mYyBitR)akd. eyIgsegátemIleragBum< e)aHBum< esovePA b¤e)aHBum<karEst eKRtUverobcMBum<rYcCaeRsc
eTIbe)aHBum<CaeRkay. karerobcMc,ab;enHeFIVeGaykargarTaMgLay dMeNIrkareTAelOn manvin½y tamxñat
KMrUEtmYy eFIVya:gNaeGayGgÁkardwknaMmantMélmYyrwgmaMEdlbgðajBI eKalbMNg TwsedA ebskkmμ nignitiviFI
dwknaM. sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIrmYy eyIgRtUvsÁal;pøÚv manmeFüa)ay maneKaledA nigTwsedAc,as;. ebIsinCa
minTan;manpøÚv eyIgRtUvbegIátpøÚvCamun pøÚvRtUvs¥atl¥edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBeBleFIVdMeNIr eFIVdMeNIrelOn cMNay
Gs;FnFantic eBlevlatic. EtebIsinCaeFIVpøÚvmin)anl¥ kareFIVdMeNIrrGak;rGYl CYb]bsKÁ CYnkal
minGacdl;eKaledA edaysarpøÚvmins¥at. dUcenH GgÁkardwknaMEdlbegIátc,ab;RtUveFIVeGayl¥ c,ab;ecjBIRkum
kargar minEmnecjmkBIbuKÁlNamYyedayFanafa GñkTaMgGs;GacGnuvtþn_)antamc,ab;enaH. c,ab;l¥ eFIVeGay
kardwknaMl¥ KμanbBaðaekIteLIg. RKb;RbeTsEtgEtmanc,ab; eTaHCaRbeTskumμúynisþ saFarNrdæ raCaniym
b¤esrIk¾eday. EtRKan;Etc,ab;RbeTsnImYy²manlkçN³xusKña tamcrikneya)ayrbs;RbeTsenaH.
2-TTYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ (Responsible for Morale)
emdwknaMRtUveFIVCaKMrUnaMmuxeKRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAmux GgÁkardwknaM
minGacmandMeNIrkareTAmux)aneT ebIsinCaemdwknaMenArYjraxageRkay minedIrmuxenAxagmuxeK. ebIcg;eGay
eKeFIVGIVmYy emdwknaMRtUvGnuvtþn_muneK dUcCastVGeNþIkeBlEdlvaeFIVdMeNIreTAmux vaRtUveGItecjmk eTIb
eFIVdMeNIreTAmux)an. dUcenH edIm,IeGayeKeKarBc,ab; manRkmsIlFm’ emdwknaMRtUvelIktMekIgkarGnuvtþn_
ehIyRtUvGnuvtþmuneK eKarBc,ab; elIktMekIgc,ab; elIktMekIgRkmsIlFm’ CaKMrUdl;GñkeRkam»vaTeFIVtam.
niBn§eday s FmμrgSI
19 rkSasiTi§