Description Of 6Lowpan Network

Description Of 6lowpan Network
1. 6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN integrates IP–based infrastructures and WSNs by specifying how IPv6 packets are to be
routed in limited networks consisting of IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Because of the constrained
payload size of the link layer in 6LoWPAN networks, the 6LoWPAN standard also defines
fragmentation and reassembly of datagram. The IEEE 802.15.4 frame size may additionally exceed
the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size of 127 bytes for massive application data, in that case
additional fragments are needed. 6LoWPAN networks are connects to the Internet through the 6BR
(6LoWPAN Border Router) that is analogous to a sink in a WSN. It plays compression or
decompression and fragmentation or assembly of IPv6 datagram's.
2. RPL
RPL stands for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The root initially broadcasts a DIO message (DODAG Information Object) as depicted in Figure 1.
This message contains the information required by RPL nodes to discover a RPL instance, get its
configuration parameters, select a parent set, and maintain the DODAG graph. Upon receiving a
DIO message, a node adds the sender of the message to its parents list and determines its own rank
value by taking into account the objective function referred in the DIO message. The rank value of a
node corresponds to its position in the graph with respect to the root and must always be greater than
its parents rank in order to guarantee the acyclic nature of the graph. It then forwards updated DIO
messages to its neighbors. Based on its parents list, the node selects a preferred parent which
becomes the default gateway to be used when data has to be sent toward the DODAG root. At the
end of this process, all the nodes participating in the DODAG graph have an upward default route to
the DODAG root. This route is composed of all the preferred parents. The DIO messages are
periodically sent according to a timer set with the trickle algorithm [16] which optimizes the
transmission frequency of control messages depending on the network state. A new node may join
an existing network by broadcasting a DIS message (DODAG Information Solicitation) in order to
solicit DIO messages from its neighbors. The DAO messages (Destination Advertisement Object)
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Pros And Cons Of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
WIRELESS AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Raghav Thirani , Monica Chandil
ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a
manner that their inter connections might change on continual basis. A routing protocol is required,
to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This
research paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols
under varied categories.
1. INTRODUCTON:
Since their emergence, wireless networks have become increasingly popular. There are currently
two kinds of wireless networks in use, namely WLAN's and Ad Hoc. WLAN's are called
infrastructure networks as they have fixed and wired gateways, whereas Ad hoc are called
infrastructure less networks as they don't have any fixed routers, all nodes in this are capable of
movement and can be connected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It starts by throwing light on Table Driven or Proactive routing protocols, then moving forward to
On –demand or Reactive routing protocols. It further discusses about Hybrid routing protocols
which are a mixture of the previous two. We end the discussion on these routing protocols by
introducing the Hierarchical routing protocols.
2. TABLE DRIVEN PROTOCOLS
Table driven routing protocols are also called as proactive routing protocols. They try to maintain
the consistent, up to date routing information from each node to every other node in the network[1].
Nodes respond to network topology changes by propagating route updates throughout the network.
[1] in this paper we discuss three proactive routng protocols namely: Optimised Link State Routing
protocol(OLSR) , Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing(DSDV) and Wireless routing
protocol (WRP).
2.1 DSDV:
In this routing protocol, every node maintains a routing table which has got entries of all the
possible destination nodes and the number of hops to each of

Netw204 Quiz Answers Essay
Netw204 Final Week 8
Q&A
1 | Given a network design of two or more routers, install necessary memory, interface modules,
cables and IOS and test layer 1&2 connectivity. | 2 | Given a network topology of two or more
routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement static routing and confirm layer 3 connectivity. |
3 | Given a network topology and three or more routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement
RIPv1 routing protocol and confirm layer 3 connectivity. | 4 | Given a network topology of three or
more routers with bandwidth designations, compare the metrics used during the route selection
process and the resulting routing tables generated by the DUAL and SPF algorithms. | 5 | Given a
network topology of three or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a) Answer: Path Determination Function
23. The process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it out another
interface. a) Answer: Switching Function
24. A reference to the different parts of the Cisco IOS CLI. Different modes allow different kinds of
commands (EXEC and configuration commands) and different subsets of these commands. a)
Answer: Mode
25. Another term for user mode, with specific emphasis on the fact that this mode allows the user to
enter EXEC commands instead of configuration commands. a) Answer: User EXEC Mode
26. An area of a Cisco router or switch CLI in which the user can issue the most powerful EXEC
commands, including commands to configure the router, reload the router, and erase the
configuration. The name comes from the enable command, which moves the router from user mode
to enable mode. a) Answer: Privileged EXEC Mode
27. An area of a Cisco router or switch CLI in which the user can enter global configuration –
commands.Global Configuration Mode
28. The process of initializing a computing device. a) Answer: Booting
29. A term used throughout the world of computing to refer to a basic hardware function that occurs
when a computer (or router or switch) is powered on. When a computer's power is first turned on,

the hardware performs self–diagnostic testing of the hardware before it can load the OS into
memory. This term

The Network Structure Is Called Learning Beyond
Organization Description
The organization we will be working for to organize and implement their network structure is called
Learning Beyond. It is a small educational program that students can attend after school in place of
the after–school child–care. It provides a fun educational environment for students who are in need
of additional tutoring in certain subjects, or who wish to expand their knowledge beyond the school
day. As of right now, it is fairly small, but we would like room for additional growth as the program
gains popularity. The basic requirements are two main instructor computers, 10 student laptops, and
one wireless printer. Internet access will be needed for each of these computers as well. An
additional building will later be provided at an alternate location that will need to be connected to
this main network. A Juniper Router will be needed, since the operating system the computers will
be running will be JUNOS. We will configure the network to be run on the IPv6 addressing system,
to prevent the need of reconfiguration when the mass crossover to IPv6 occurs. The network needs
to be configured to add any additional devices that will be needed in the future as the program
grows.
Configuring IPv6 on a Juniper router A router on the network will provide the ability to connect
multiple local area networks (LAN) together in order for them to communicate. In this case, we will
be using a Juniper router to accommodate the JUNOS operation system.

Routers : What Are Routers?
What are routers Lee 2
What are routers As the world starts to interconnect with each other, there are many elements
working together that help each of us connect. Routers, a layer 3 networking device technology that
has been around for a while is an essential tool to help users and other devices access different
networks. Thus, we go into detail of how routers go about doing that. To start off, routers use the
idea of data packets, which means that it will separate the information into various packets and send
them across the network one by one. Sometimes, the packets will go through different routes to their
destination due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of separating the data into packets is for efficiency. Each packet is sent off to the
destination by the best available network route. Which means that packets can travel through
different available routes. Each data packet contains the IP address of the sending device, the IP
address that the packet is being sent to, information telling the receiving device the amount of
packets the original data has been broken up into, including the current packet's own number, and
the actual information that is being sent. To put this into perspective, the websites, emails, and other
information that we view/do on the internet involves the usage of packets. When one views a web
page for example, the packets that contain the information on the website are being sent by the
millisecond one by one from another device or server.
What are routers Lee 3
Routing Table In the RAM memory or NVRAM memory in the router itself, it contains routing
information which is otherwise known as routing table. The routing table provides a mapping
between different network IDs and the other routers to which it is connected. Each entry in the table,
unsurprisingly called a routing entry, provides information about one network (or subnetwork, or
host). It basically says "if the destination of this datagram is in the following network, the next hop

The Pros And Cons Of Cross-Border E-Commerce
On an average, the proportion of selling and purchasing Cross–Border E–commerce is about only
20%. Even in the traditionally larger E–commerce markets like UK and Germany, only a relatively
modest number of Cross–Border E–commerce would happen on a yearly basis.
However, a surprise would be the rapid growth in Spain and Portugal in this aspect of E–commerce.
With that being said, the market seems to be settling for the "overall good", in terms of Cross–
Border E–commerce. Recent reports indicate a shocking 54% consumers were involved in Cross–
Border E–commerce in 2017, which is a 2% growth over the previous year 2016.
They are not buying things in between countries; however, international sites are being targeted.
One of the major players would be the AliExpress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Site rendering – responsive geographical access
This is the subtle change that I was talking about.
You will set up your website based on preferred local language, currency and trends to attract
consumers.
However, you need to be careful about the currency conversion changes on a daily basis.
Some consumers exploit the fact of dip in exchange rate to buy goods on these portals. You need to
have a periodic price update depending on the exchange rate in the market.
If you are able to clear these common yet subtle hurdles; you are establishing an excellent Cross–
Border E–commerce platform.
5. What is the size of Cross–Border E–commerce in China and its potential?
Being the most populated country in the world, China is yet to undergo a complete E–commerce
awareness.
There are many reasons for this; nonetheless their Cross–Border E–commerce is expected to grow at
50% annually. The thought of sky is the limit has been changed to limitless potential.
The people belonging to middle–class and upper middle–class sectors in China are in need of
clothing and foreign gadgets which are yet to be available

Threats Of Bgp Protocol, Security And Experiment By Using...
Student Number: 100782427
Ioannis Adamos
Title: Threats of BGP Protocol, Security and Experiment by using Hijacking.
Supervisor: Geraint Price
Submitted as part of the requirements for the award of the
MSc in Information Security at Royal Holloway, University of London.
I declare that this assignment is all my own work and that I have acknowledged all quotations from
published or unpublished work of other people. I also declare that I have read the statements on
plagiarism in Section 1 of the Regulations Governing Examination and Assessment Offences, and in
accordance with these regulations I submit this project report as my own work.
Signature:
Date:
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 Internet Architecture 4
1.2 Routing and IP Addressing 4
1.2.1 IP addressing 5
1.2.2 IANA 5
1.2.3 CIDR 5
Chapter 2 Background 6
2.1 Review on TCP/IP Protocols 6
2.1 Review on TCP/IP Layers 8
2.1.1 Application Layer 8
2.1.2 Transport Layer 8
2.1.3 Internet Layer 9
2.1.4 Network Access 9
2.1.5 Physical Layer 10
2.2 Routing Protocols 10

2.2.1 RIP Protocol 10
2.2.2 RIPv2 10
2.2.3 OSPF 11
2.3 Disadvantages and Advantages of Using RIP and OSPF 11
2.4 BGP Protocol 12
Chapter 3 BGP Overview 12
3.1 PATH Attributes 13
3.1.1 Well–known Attributes 13
3.1.2 Optional Attributes 14
3.1.3 As_Path Attribute 14
3.1.4 Next_ Hop 15
3.1.5 Multi_Exit_Disc Attribute 16
3.2 BGP Gateways 16
3.3 Announces of Network Prefixes 17
3.4 BGP Messages 17
3.5 Choosing Between Different

The Osi And Tcp Model
1. Introduction In this report, the OSI and TCP/IP models will be compared after going through a
brief history and how the models were made. The report will bring the reader a greater
understanding about the OSI and TCP model. The model shows the different layers for example for
the OSI model it has the following layers: Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer,
Transport layer, Network layer, Data–Link layer and Physical layer. The similarities in the TCP
model would be: the Application layer and the Transport layer. This is then compared for the
differences to see which models layer has, that is different to the other. 2. The OSI Model 2.1. Brief
History In the late 1970's, two projects started separately, with the same ambitions: to characterize a
unifying standard for the architecture of networking systems. An individual was administered by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the other was undertaken by the
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee known as CCITT. In 1983, these
two documents were merged to form a criterion called The Basic Reference Model for Open
Systems Interconnection. This was too long to pronounce, so the standard is usually referred to as
the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, or more commonly known as the OSI Model.
The OSI model had two major parts: an abstract model of networking, called the "Basic Reference
Model" or the "seven–layer model", and a set of precise

Bp Network Essay
Improving Autonomous System Security for BGP Networks
1 Introduction
The world today is largely dependent on the worldwide communication that the internet provides.
Almost all sectors such as educational, entertainment, political and economic sectors rely on the
internet network to exchange and store information. Even seconds of downtime can affect these
sectors tremendously. This means that it is crucial for us to understand how these disruptions occur
so that we can analyze it and improve its infrastructure. The Internet infrastructure has a lot of
loopholes. It could be from any layer of the OSI model. In this project, my aim is to find out the
insecurities that can disrupt the network due to a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ... Show more
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Such security incidents can hinder the day to day activities globally and cause stability.
2.2.1 Project Goals
The BGP security is a highly researched area. The security aspect of it are still currently being
researched, analyzed and tested. The goal here would be to have an in–depth understanding of how
the BGP protocols work and study the various methods to secure it.
2.2.2 Project Objectives
We will be deploying a basic network with two Autonomous Systems using GNS3. The reason for
choosing a basic network is because the main function will be to analyze the BGP packets captured
through Wireshark and we will use the same design to explain route degradation. We will also be
adding an IPsec tunnel between the nodes. Adding another node will make it complex to explain.
Graphical design of security solutions will be analyzed using GNS3. The security risk mitigation
methods that will be analyzed are Route filtering and IPsec. This will be Implemented using GNS3
and the packet capturing will be done by Wireshark. An in–depth analysis of both the security
solutions will be provided. Also, a detailed report on the comparison of the two will be provided.
2.3 Significance and potential benefits
The internet basically is not just a single network. It consists of a network of many Autonomous

systems. These AS are connected internally. It is crucial that none of them fail at any given point.
This shows how significant even a

Ait235 Quizes Essay
WEEK 1 QUIZ The _________ is a term for the device or unit that originates the information
transfer. Answer * receiver * transmitter * repeater * amplifier 5 points Question 2 A half–duplex
circuit carries information ______________ . Answer * both ways but only one way at a time * only
one way * both ways simultaneously * none of the above 5 points Question 3 The _________ is a
term for the device or unit that receives the information transfer. Answer * receiver * transmitter *
repeater * amplifier 5 points Question 4 A _________ area network usually has an extremely limited
distance of a few feet or meters. Answer * local * metropolitan * ... Show more content on
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Answer * does not use physical conductors * uses electromagnetic energy in the form of radio or
light * are referred to as airwave or space wave systems * all of the above 5 points Question 3 Wired
media is a term for media which is ____________. Answer * conducted * bounded * guided * all of
the above 5 points Question 4 Wired media generally ____________. Answer * use metallic or glass
conductors * has some form of twisting, shielding, cladding or insulating * carries some form of
electrical or optical energy * all of the above 5 points Question 5 A signal's frequency is usually
expressed in ______________ . Answer * meters * Hertz * feet * none of the above 5 points
Question 6 A signal's wavelength is usually expressed in ______________. Answer * meters * Hertz
* feet * none of the above 5 points Question 7 The wavelength symbol (λ) is the lower case Greek
letter ________. Answer * alpha * delta * lambda * gamma 5 points Question 8 Signal frequency (f)
and signal wavelength (λ) are related by ___________. Answer * f times c = λ (where c is the speed
of light: 3 x 108 meters / second) * f = c / λ (where c is the speed of light: 3 x 108 meters / second) *
f = λ / c (where c is the speed of

Pros And Disadvantages Of Routing
Networks are usually very humungous which makes the implementation of routing algorithms really
tough. Hence there is a need to divide the networks into autonomous systems. AS are groups of
networks and routers which are under the control of a single admin. Routing can broadly be divided
into interior and exterior routing based on whether routing is inside an autonomous system or not.
There are three major/popular routing protocols being used.
Interior:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)
Exterior
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is the simplest and commonly used routing protocol in IP
networks. It makes use of distance vector routing technique and UDP for transport ... Show more
Disadvantages:
It has slow convergence. If a change is made in a network, it might take really long for the router to
learn about it if they are not close by. To prevent this max hop is introduced.
It is too simple in terms of metric
It might be unstable and leads to count to infinity problem. (loops of packets)
Scalability is an issue
Open Shortest Path First: OSPF is an interior routing protocol and is base on link state routing. It is
comparatively more recent and efficient than the widely used RIP. It also makes use of autonomous
systems. It breaks the autonomous systems into one more level that is areas. It does not make use of
only hop count as metric. Metric based on type of service like minimum delay (rtt), maximum
throughput, reliability, etc. It is competitively more scalable than the RIP. It minimizes delay and
maximizes throughput. It makes use of IP and has a value in the IP Header which is a 8 bit protocol
field.
It has four different kind of links involved
Point to point
Virtual
Transient
Stub
It has five kinds of link state advertisement
Router link

Network link
Summary link to network
External

The Transition Of Technology For Ipv6 Multi Homing
Abstract– Multi–homing is a technique in which a network is connected to more than one Internet
Service Provider to increase the quality and robustness of the Internet connection. This technical
paper introduces the techniques and the approaches for IPv6 multi–homing. Further, it describes the
advantages and the disadvantages associated with the present technology, and the techniques that
can be used to improve this technology. Also, a comparison has been made between IPv4 and IPv6
multi–homing techniques.
Keywords – IPv6, multi–homing, PI, PA, Routing, BGP, NAT, Middle–box.
I. INTRODUCTION
The transition of technology from IPv4 to IPv6 has led to an increased use of the multi–homing
techniques. Multi–homing refers to the practice of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are discussed in the following sections.
II. Routing Approach for IPv6 Multi–homing
The routing approach is the most prominent way for IPv6 multi–homing. The only drawback of this
approach being the scalability issue. Every site that carries out multi–homing using the routing
approach adds an entry to the global routing table, thereby making it a difficult choice for multi–
homing, as far as scalability is concerned [5]. The different routing approach are as discussed below:
a) IPv6 Multi–homing with BGP
– PI address space:
Using Provider Independent (PI) addressing space is considered as the most effective technique for
the ISPs and large enterprises. However, for small ISPs this is not a good solution as it involves the
use of BGP as well as causes issues related to scalability. The first step involved is to obtain a PI
allocation, i.e., to obtain your own IP address space or the permission to advertise a route [3]. As
prescribed, the minimum PI allocation that can be done is a /48. This is the most expensive of all the
approaches due to its requirement of a PI space as well as an Autonomous System (AS) numbers.
Figure 1: Using PI address space
As shown in the figure above, we need to establish the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) sessions

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Noc
ABSTRACT
Network on chip (NoC) is the most reasonable and efficient solution for connecting the numerous
cores in a System–on–Chip(SoC). In conventional NoC architectures neighboring routers are
connected via hard–wired unidirectional communication channels. Due to the uneven and
unpredictable nature of traffic patterns in NoC, one channel might be overflowed due to heavy
traffic in one direction where as the other unidirectional channel is idle, thus causing performance
degradation, data loss and incompetent resource utilization. So as a cure for this problem, a
bidirectional NoC (BiNoC) is used, which uses bidirectional channels to connect neighboring
routers and it also supports runtime recomputation of channel direction according ... Show more
They have 3 types of architectures:
1–port : It consists of one ejection and one injection channel,
K–port : It has k ejection and k injection channels,
All–port : Here, number of external output channels equals the number of injection channels and
number of external input channels equals the number of ejection channels. Figure 3: Architecture of
Single–Port Router With Both Input & Output Buffering
Channel:
It comprises of communication medium, link controllers, and buffers.
Buffer:
FIFO(First In First Out) memory buffer for temporarily storing one or several units of
communication in transit. They are required for storing transferred data until the next channel is
reserved and is in a position tosurpass them. A router can implement:
Input and output buffering: Here, every output and input external channel is associated with a single
buffer.
Input buffering: Here, buffers are connected only to input external channels.
Output buffering: Here, buffers are connected only to output external channels.
2.2 COMMUNICATION UNITS
Message:
It is the communication unit from a programmer's point of view.

Essay on Border Gateway Protocol
The protocol I chose to write about is the Border Gateway Protocol because it is the main protocol
used to operate the internet and recommended protocol for Cisco design certifications. The BGP
protocol is an inter–autonomous protocol; which means it is for connecting separate large networks,
such as a college network to a corporate network or the internet. Due to the large number of routes
and connection this protocol must manage; it uses very many features, or attributes, to achieve this.
Cisco defines these attributes as weight, local preference, multi–exit discriminator, origin, AS_path,
next hop, and community. These attributes are used to discover networks and determine the best
path to use for sending packets to those networks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first attribute we will look at is called the weight attribute. This is a Cisco proprietary attribute,
so it is not found with other vendors. This attribute simply assigns a weight value to any know
routes on an individual router. This value is not passed on to any other routers. Each router can have
its own independent weight values for any known routes. If two separate routes to the same network
are known, the one that has the highest assigned weight value will be the preferred route. The local
preference attribute is used to determine the best exit point for an autonomous system (AS). This
value is shared by all the routers in the AS to select the best interfaces and routers for reaching
known networks. Each known network may exit on any router in the AS, or all on one router in the
AS. The route is determined by which router has the highest local preference number for a given
network. The multi–exit discriminator attribute is kind of the opposite of the local preference. This
attribute is sent to a connected AS that is running BGP to suggest the best route in the AS
advertising the MED. This is just a suggestion, as the receiving AS can determine its own path by
other means. The origin attribute is just that, a way for a router to know how it learned of a path to a
network. There are three different ways to learn about a path; IGP, EGP, and incomplete. The first is
internal

The Label Switching And Mpls Is A Technique That Enables...
Multiprotocol label switching or MPLS is a technique that enables the labeling of packets in such a
way that facilitates network traffic and the tracking of that packet across different routers along a
network. As a technique, moreover, it is differentiated from a specific service, so that in essence
MPLS can be utilized in the delivery of different kinds of services, including virtual private
networks on IP, Ethernet, and optics–based services. The fundamental idea is that information about
a packet in a network is saved in a kind of tag or label, known as the FEC or the forwarding
equivalence class. This FEC is a sequence of bits that is attached to the packet. From there, routers
within a network access a lookup table whenever it handles a packet, and that lookup table contains
information on how to deal with the packet based on its FEC. This is a boost for network efficiency
because in traditional IP networks, the router has to do an analysis of the packet header, and
therefore make decisions on how to deal with the packet after an analysis step. This is a bottleneck,
because the decision on what to do with the packet is done by each and every router. What happens
is that the packet, once within the network, is tagged, and that label corresponds to an action in the
lookup table or index, from which the table then goes on to give the packet a fresh FEC. The
distinction power that this technique provides for different kinds of packets allows MPLS
implementations to then

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay
A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer
space. In this paper we will discuss the problems presented with this and the potential solutions to
these problems using existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two main
parts, one being earth to satellite to planet and back, and the other being planetary ground
transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations.
The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It
is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is an array of floating 'nodes' or satellites scattered
around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a ... Show more content on
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On the earth we are only separated from one another by fractions of a second. From earth to mars
the average transmission time is 30–45 minutes. That would feel like light–years trying to download
tracks to your iPod.
In order to make this work a massive system of satellites needs to be implemented. These satellites
will serve as 'net gateways' with the purpose of conveying data packets. Each piece of equipment
will have its own IPN address, or .mars domain name. They will serve as nodes, operating on a
packet switched network.
Some major possible problems include lag, weak signal, and reduced bandwidth. The solution to all
of these lies in a new IPN protocol being developed. This protocol, along with high precision
equipment, will help to eliminated all of these. The protocol has changed in two major ways from
our own TCP/IP protocol. This first is a packet delivery scheme that won't clog the system by
resending missing packets. IPN instead keeps track of arriving packets and then requesting missing
ones at the end of delivery. The second is the packet headers will use only one tenth as much
bandwidth as TCP/IP. Back on earth there will be gateways to translate.
Another big problem with the Interplanetary Internet is speed. Using our current technology the top
speed for sending data from a satellite orbiting mars to earth is 250 kbps. Down on mars, in a dusty
unknown atmosphere with not much power, this is more like 10 kbps. The solution

Computational Scale Out Workloads Applications
Abstract–Scale–out workloads are applications that are typically executed in a cloud environment
and exhibit high level of request level parallelism. Such workloads benefit from processor
organizations with very high core count since multiple requests can be serviced simultaneously by
threads running on these cores. The characteristics of these workloads indicate that they have high
instruction footprints exceeding the capacities of private caches, operate on large datasets with
limited reuse and have minimal coherence activity due to lesser data sharing. The characteristics
also indicate that the active instruction window can be captured by a Last Level Cache (LLC) size of
8MB. New processor organizations have been discussed in literature that tailors the interconnection
among cores to match the communication pattern arising out of the characteristics of scale–out
workloads. The focus of the current work is to take the approach of separating a core and LLC bank
from a single tile as specified in literature and design a different interconnection topology for cores
and LLC banks to reduce the latency of accessing the LLC to improve performance. In the current
work, four cores and a LLC bank are designed to connect to a router forming a star topology and the
routers (>4) are designed to form a 2D flattened butterfly topology. The current design has been
targeted at 8 cores and has been implemented using the Bluespec System Verilog HDL (Hardware
Description Language) and the

Cis Data Communications Concepts Wans
Data Communication Concepts I Instructions: Insert your answer after each question in a bold red
typeface. When complete, attach the document as your submission for this assignment. You may
name your answers document any name you choose. Once I score your document it will be named
[Last Name][First Name], and returned to you as an attachment to my feedback. When your answer
consists of a list of items, please enter only one list–item per line. This helps speed the scoring
process. Name: ________Hugo Tinoco sanchez ___________ Assignment Questions: Describe the
responsibilities and scope of authority for each of the following government organizations. You may
need to review the discussion on the ITU from chapter one: ... Show more content on
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Describe the three dedicated–circuit network architectures discussed in the textbook. Explain the
strengths and weaknesses of each. Ring Architecture. Has a closed loop with all PC's linked to the
next one. Circuits are full duplex or half duplex, which allows messaging in both directions around
the ring. The fall back is the time in which message can take to travel around the ring from the
sender to a receiver, since the messages have to pass through several different computers and
circuits, concluding in traffic delays which can pile up quickly. Star Architecture connects all the
PCs to a central PC which acts as the message router to an appropriate PC. It's easier to manage
because of the central PC receiving and routing all the messages in the desired network. This allows
the communication to be faster than ring architecture since it only travels through two circuits to
reach the receiver. However, having only one central pc can create more problems since its in
change of all the messages on the network. This creates room for overload in traffic and could
potentially decrease performance overall. Mesh Architecture has every PC connected to very other
PC. This is a Full–mesh network, and it's biggest downfall is the high price. However, partial–mesh
most PC, but not all are connected to each other. Although it combines star and ring, if

Before networks became extensive, there was no such thing...
Before networks became extensive, there was no such thing as interior and exterior gateway
protocols. A network simply just ran on a generic routing protocol. This eventually ran into
problems so Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was developed and ran as the single routing
protocol for many years [1]. As the internet grew, however, this single routing protocol could no
longer handle all the traffic. Because of this, over time numerous other routing protocols were
developed to meet the needs of routing. One of the numerous gateway protocols that were developed
was Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is classified as an exterior gateway protocol (EGP).
BGP was developed in January 1989 at the 12th Internet Engineering Task Force Meeting ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done by rejecting any routing update in which a local AS number is contained [2]. If a local
AS was accessed and already contained, it tells BGP that the route has already passed through that
AS. Additional routing information is found in below.
To complete these tasks successfully, BGP was designed to run over a reliable transport protocol,
which is why it uses TCP as it is a connection–oriented protocol (specifically port 179) [2]. TCP also
allows eliminates the need for BGP to implement explicit update information, retransmissions,
acknowledgements, and sequencing [3].The current version that is being used since roughly 1995 is
version 4. This version introduced numerous new BGP features and extensions to allow it to forward
routing information to the protocol address families IPv4, IPv6, and CLNS [2]. This way the
extensions allow all internet protocols to be valid connecting all networks across the world.
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
An autonomous system is a single routing protocol in a collection of networks with the same routing
policy [4]. It can also be defined as a network controlled by a single technical administration entity.
They are usually under a single ownership and identified by a unique number. Service providers and
enterprise customers such as AT&T are examples of an autonomous system. They are used to divide
external global networks into distinct routing domains so that local routing policies can be applied
[2]. This simplifies

Essay about IT530 Assignment-Unit 6
Running head: IT530 ASSIGNMENT UNIT 6
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
No Name
Kaplan University
Prof: Jeffrey Robinson
03/15/2014
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
Introduction
Wireless Security
The concepts of wireless network security consist of commitment of cyber security and maintaining
security based on the latest development and exploits against the network K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012).
Wireless Network Security is based on the principles of cryptography, message integrity,
authentication, securing e–mails, securing TCP connections: SSL, securing Network layer: IPsec,
securing wirelsess: LANs, securing the operational security structure, such as the firewalls and the
IDS K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). This security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network security revolves around confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access
availability.
The vulnerabilities of wireless networking may involve the attack of web browsers, on–line
banking, DNS servers, and routers exchanging routing table updates, purchases, transactions or
stolen personal data. The lack of security with a wireless system may result in denial of service,
hijacking, fake impersonation, or eavesdropping for interception of messages through cyber–crimes.
Each communicating user should select the language of cryptography, agree and share the
symmetric key. The best security practices includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, secured
and updated applications, transport, configured properly working network, and link layers.
Questions/Answers
Assignment Instructions:
1. Consider your own use of wireless networks; do you use a smartphone or a tablet?
Answer: I use an IPAD Air, a smartphone, wired/wireless desktop, and a Laptop.
2. Do your methods of securing your handheld devices differ from any methods that you may use
when connecting wirelessly with a computer?
Answer: The method for securing my smartphone and my IPAD Air is much different from my
Desktop and Laptop. Do you use a wireless network at your workplace?

Answer: No, my company does not allow wireless systems, not even with the telephone.
If so, what methods are used in your workplace for securing the wireless "cloud"? Would you
suggest

Unit 9 Assignment 1 Essay
Baldeo Persaud
NT1210
Unit 9 Assignment 1
Key Terms:
The Internet– The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet,
with each home and company network connecting to an Internet service provider (ISP), which in
turn connects to other ISPs.
Internet edge– The part of the Internet between an ISP and the ISP customer, whether the customer
is a company or organization with a large private TCP/IP network, or whether the customer is a
single individual. point of presence– A term used by service providers, particularly for WAN or
Internet service providers instead of traditional telcos, that refers to the building where the provider
keeps its equipment. Access links that connect the customer device to the WAN ... Show more
host name– A name made up of alphabetic, numeric, and some special characters, used to identify a
specific IP host. Host names that follow the convention for domain names in the DNS system use a
hierarchical design, with periods separating parts of the name.
Domain Name System– The name of both a protocol and the system of actual DNS servers that exist
in the world. In practice, DNS provides a way for the world to distribute the list of matching host
name/IP address pair information, letting each company maintain its own naming information, but
allowing the entire world to discover the IP address used by a particular host name, dynamically,
using DNS protocols, so that any client can refer to a destination by name and send IP packets to
that host.
Subdomain– With DNS naming terminology, this term refers to a part of a host name (or domain
name). That smaller part can be the part that a company registers through IANA or some authorized
agency to identify all hosts inside that company.
IPv4 address exhaustion– A term referring to the very real problem in the worldwide Internet, which
first presented itself in the late 1980s, in which the world appeared to be running out of the available
IPv4 address space. classless interdomain routing (CIDR)– One of the short–term solutions to the
IPv4 address exhaustion problem that actually helped solve the problem for a much longer time
frame. CIDR allows more flexibility in how many addresses IANA assigns to a

Distributed Denial Of Service ( Ddos )
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDoS) Prachi Shah School of Informatics and Computing
Indiana University Bloomington Email: pracshah@indiana.edu Abstract––– Distributed Denial of
Service attacks are executed by an attacker that uses numerous zombie machines to launch an attack
against the victim system. The purpose is to exhaust the connection bandwidth thereby, making a
network resource or a service temporarily or indefinitely unavailable to its intended users. Keywords
DoS, DDoS, bandwidth, networks, zombie, botnet 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Computer Security and
Privacy One of the most challenging and important issues faced in the computer networks domain
since a very long time now are network security and privacy issues. These issues ... Show more
Previously, routers would implement FIFO method for storing SYN packets. Once new (bogus)
SYN packets enter the system, old (legitimate) packets are dropped off. Thus, the server memory
gets overwhelmed by storing illegitimate packets and cannot accept new (legitimate) SYN requests
from its intended users thereby, denying services to its intended users. Over the time, routers became
smarter. They use rate–based filtering. After a certain limit of packets are accepted, routers don't
further accept packets. Also, routers don't implement FIFO methods anymore. They only accept and
store packets from computers that send an ACK as response to their SYN–ACK and complete the 3–
way handshake. Incoming packets from a computer system that do not complete a 3–way handshake
are dropped. 1.3 2 nd generation DoS attacks As the routers got smarter, attackers felt the need to
improve their techniques. The 2 generation DoS attack called Distributed Denial of Service attack is
much more sophisticated than the traditional DoS attack. The attacker uses one or more controller
systems and targets a few thousand computer system to convert them into zombies. Zombies are
computer systems that have been infected by an external entity like a hacker, trojan horse or a
computer virus and possess a security hazard. The owners of the zombie machines are not aware of
their system being compromised. A simple spam

Mobile Payments
Mobile Transactions and Payment Processing Ashok Goudar Senior Enterprise Architect White
Paper Contents Introduction Mobile Commerce – Business Context Mobile Commerce Strategy
Mobile Channel Strategy Mobile Marketing Mobile Sales Mobile Service Mobile Payment Mobile
Wallets Mobile Commerce Transaction Mobile Banking and Mobile Money Mobile Commerce
Transformation Roadmap Mobile Commerce – Payment Business Scenarios Card based Mobile
User to Business – Payments (CM2B) Mobile – Wallet – User to Business – Payments (M2B)
Mobile – Wallet Mobile Users to Mobile User – Payments (M2M) – Remittance Services Mobile –
Wallet CrossBorderM2M Mobile – Wallet Cross Border M2Account. Mobile Commerce – Payment
Processing Models Card based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping with the growth in the mobile communication technology, the software vendors, service
providers and industry forums, have been offering newer and enhanced mobile operating systems
(Windows mobile 7.0, Android OS, Symbian, Blackberry OS, Apple IOs4 etc), APIs (J2ME,
Window 7 mobile SDK, Android SDK etc), development tools (along with emulators) and
technology standards for mobile computing, making it possible to develop and host a variety of
mobile transaction processing solutions for mobile commerce. In this context, this paper further
discusses solution architecture of a target mobile transaction and payment processing framework for
mobile commerce transaction processing. The paper also briefly touches upon various mobile
commerce business models and solution architecture for business scenarios (conducted on different
mobile communication technologies), that are addressed by the target mobile transaction and
payment processing solution framework. 4 I Mobile Transactions and Payment Processing I White
Paper Mobile Commerce – Business Context Mobile commerce is not only an extension of an
eCommerce business model but also an

Firewall Essay
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT/SYNOPSIS
A firewall is a product that sets up a security border whose primary undertaking is to piece or limit
both approaching and active data over a system. These firewalls are fundamentally not compelling
and suitable for professional workplaces to keep up security of data while it bolsters the free trade of
perspectives. In this paper, i think about system firewall that helps the professional workplace and
alternate systems that need to trade data over the system. A firewall ensures the stream of activity
over web and is less prohibitive of outward and internal data and furthermore give inward client the
fantasy of unknown FTP and www availability to web.
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It ensures protection by standing amongst system and the outside world. The information move in
any direction must go through the firewall.
3.0 TYPES OF FIREWALLS :
There are various types of technique which might be executed by a firewall. Some of them are as
per the following:
Packet channel
Application gateway
Circuit level gateway
Proxy server
3.1 PACKET FILTER:
It focuses at one packet at once and after that it applies some set of guidelines to every packet and
afterwards it chooses to either forward the packet or dispose the packet. The standards depend on
various fields in the IP and TCP/UDP headers i.e. Source and destination address, IP protocol field,
TCP/UDP port number.
Attackers can break the security with the assistance of following techniques:
IP ADDRESS SPOOFING : In this kind of attack, attackers send a packet to inside network, by
setting source
IP address equals to IP address of inside client.
SOURCE ROUTING ATTACKS: Here attackers determine the route that is trailed by the packet to
move along the web with the goal that packet filter can be tricked to sidestep its normal checks.
Solution: The solution of this attack is disposed of all packets that use this alternative.

Advantages:
It is Simple to execute.
Low hardware cost, shabby boxes can do packet filtering.
Rules set are less complex.
3.2 APPLICATION GATEWAYS
With a specific end goal to control dangers when internal server permits connections

Denial-Of-Service Attacks
Figure 4: How Several Requests Sent to a Access Point Can Disrupt Network Service
A cyber–criminal can create a denial–of–service attack by sending spam emails to a network. The
spam emails can be sent to an email account supplied by an employer or a free email account
offered by Hotmail and Yahoo. With each email account, the user is assigned a specific quota that
specifies the amount of space the account can have at a given time. If the cyber–criminal sends large
amounts of spam messages to a user's email account then the quota will be exceeded and prevent the
user from receiving legitimate messages. When a denial–of–service attack is launched, the cyber–
criminal can also choose to deny authorized users' access or limit their access by creating ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The café latte attack relies on a user's laptop being connected to a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
protected network and tricks the user into sending thousands of WEP–encrypted ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) requests. An ARP is a network protocol that maps together a network layer
address and a data link layer hardware address. For example, an ARP is used to resolve IP addresses
to their corresponding Ethernet address (Leyden, 2007). For a café latte attack to be successful, the
cyber–criminal does not have to be in the same area as the user but can also be in a remote location
to intercept the WEP key. A cyber–criminal can take advantage of the message modification flaws in
the 802.1WEP architecture and the shared key authentication by flooding a network with encrypted
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests. A café latte attack functions by using a bit–flipping
technique that modifies the Media Access Control (MAC) address and Internet Protocol address (IP
address) of a user's computer which is collected when gratuitous ARP requests are sent from the
cyber–criminal. When the user responds to the gratuitous ARP requests, the cyber–criminal can
quickly crack the WEP key from the user's traffic. With a café latte attack, a cyber–criminal can
obtain the WEP key in less

The Steps Of Good Computer Security Operations
Introduction
A successful BC/DR plan has defined steps within the project that must be defined. We need to
initiate the project, identify key business processes, conduct an impact analysis, develop business
continuity strategies, identify communication needs, and finally monitor and review the plan.
Mitigating the impact of a disaster be keeping mission critical capability available when needed is
key to any BC/DR plan. These plans are often critical to a company and the company 's business
model. There is a significant amount of time, money, and physical resources that go in to a
successful BC/DR plan.
Background and Significance
The steps we take to create a BC/DR resemble the steps of good computer security operations.
Threat evaluation, risk assessment, mitigation, and service priorities, are a few of the computer
security operations that directly relate to a good BC/DR plan. When implementing a BC/DR from a
administrative standpoint we see a significant shift in focus from computer security to physical
infrastructure, backup and restoration procedure, staffing, logistical operations, and connectivity. To
ensure the system stays operational in a degraded state a business must address the integrity of the
system. Without computer security considerations a BC/DR plan can fail and turn into an
unmanageable situation. During a restoration of workstation in a BC/DR plan, it may be possible to
get bad data from a location that was not maintained correctly, which could

The Heaviness Of Internet On The Internet
Thus, communication is the single largest purpose of internet access followed by entertainment and
information search. Communication is also one of the triggers which bring users on the Internet.
57% of the users started using the internet for sending and receiving e–mails. Of late, social
networking websites have also been instrumental in getting users to use the internet regularly. 30%
of the users started their internet journey with social networking websites. Figure 1.10 5. Frequency
of Internet Access in Urban
Internet usage has seen a steep growth over last year with 54% of the active internet users accessing
Internet daily. This is indeed an encouraging trend and shows that the Internet has seeped in the lives
of many in a big way.
Figure 1.11 This growth can be attributed mainly to the increased accessibility of rich content on the
mobile phones and other handheld devices. Now, one can stay 'connected' to the Internet 24/7 and
perform more activities online than hitherto possible. Of the 17 Mn users who access the internet
daily, 34% access it several times a day. With internet literally coming within the reach of the
common man, we can expect to have 100% of the users accessing the in the internet daily.
Figure 1.12 6. Heaviness of Internet access
With the

Network Technology, Structure, And Protocols
Introduction
This paper is about basic network technology, structure, and protocols. This paper will cover the
module question "Discuss how the structure of the TCP IP framework has enabled the expansion of
the Internet into a worldwide network. Discuss issues with this network. Is it big enough? Are
enough IP addresses for all? What is being done under IPV6? This will be accomplished by
addressing the crore topics as well as how IP started to grow, the issues with the network in regards
to technological limitations as well as the different types of vulnerabilities and attacks. This paper
will conclude with a summary.
Structure of TCP IP and expansion In the beginning, the internet was without form. It was in the
early phases with agencies such as DARPA and educational institutes that we laying the ground for
what the internet turned into. However, as the internet grew, not everyone used the same
communication method so there had to be gateways installed on the border of networks in order to
translate one type of protocol into another (Bellovin, S. M.). This was not good so the advent of TCP
IP was constructed. This allowed for uniformed communication and thus brought on the rapid
expansion of the internet. The internet follows the open systems interconnect model (OSI)
developed by Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services, this consists of seven layers. 1.
The physical layer, this includes both wired and wireless forms of communication. An Ethernet
cable or

Application And Migration Of Sdn
Software Defined Networking: Google 's 'B4 ' SDN
Dhruv Bhatia
Illinois Tech dbhatia4@hawk.iit.edu ABSTRACT
Software Defined Networking or SDN is an emerging paradigm in the computer networking world
that attempts to build a computer network by essentially separating it into two systems, the control
plane and the data plane. The separation effectively makes it possible to write a single high level
program to control the behavior of an entire network. This allows a network operator to potentially
write programs to more easily secure, manage or troubleshoot the networks. SDN has gained
tremendous momentum and six of the world 's largest networks are supporting it, Google 's 'B4 '
network being one of them. In this paper, I highlight the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These traffic patterns would cause very high demands for a particular resources that they could not
meet with the existing network infrastructure. So they had two choices, either scale the network
infrastructure to meet the peaks, which is very expensive and leading to networks being under–
utilized, or you build your network in such a way that it can reconfigure itself automatically to cope
with those peaks and channel the resources to meet the appropriate demand. This is what SDN does.
There are only a few significant implementations of Software Defined Networking that exists today.
One of those few is Google 's B4 SDN. This research further describes the framework that Google
has developed for their migration methods personified by a group of target networks which includes
the traditional network migration requirements, target network core requirement, phased migration
requirement and finally validation requirements to ensure a complete and successful network
migration to SDN.
2. Client–Server Connection in SDN
A software defined network attempts to build a computer network by separating it into two systems.
The first system is the control plane which provides performance and fault management via
NetFlow, IPFIX, SNMP and other standard protocols. It typically handles configuration
management of the SDN compliant devices and understands the network topology. Loaded with
these

Limiting Ip Spoofing Through Bgp & Idpf Essay
Limiting IP Spoofing through BGP & IDPF
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Devadkar Kirti Rajaram, Ankita Kumari,Arunima
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Professor, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Devadkar Kirti Rajaram,Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE
Pune,Maharashtara,India
Ankita Kumari, Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Arunima,student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
***–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – IP Spoofing is a serious threat to the legitimate use of the Internet. By employing IP
spoofing, attackers can overload the destination network thus preventing it from providing service to
legitimate user. In this paper, we propose an inter domain packet filter (IDPF) architecture that can
minimize the level of IP spoofing on the Internet. A key feature of our scheme is that it does not
require global routing information. IDPFs are constructed from the information implicit in Border
Gateway Protocol (BGP) route updates and are deployed in network border routers. We establish the
conditions under which the IDPF framework correctly works in that it does not discard packets with
valid source addresses. We show that, even with partial deployment on the Internet, IDPFs can
proactively limit the spoofing capability of attackers. In addition, they can help localize the origin of
an attack

Main Types Of A Network
Part One: Hubs: Hubs are used to construct a network by connecting multiple computers in a star /
hierarchical network topology, the most common form of local networks now every day. A hub is a
simple device when it is sent bits of computer data from A to B, it is not to examine the purpose,
instead, it sends the signal to all other computer (B, C, D ..) within the network. B will then get it,
while rejecting the other nodes. This confirms that the traffic is released. Hubs works in the Physical
layer in TCP/IP protocol stack. There are two main types of stroke: 1. Liability: The signal is
transmitted as it is (it does not need power). 2. Active: The signal is amplified, so they function as a
repeater. In fact, they were called a multiport repeater. (PSU) Hubs can be connected to expand the
network to other platforms with an uplink port. Switches: Switches place the other side are more
advanced then hubs, Instead of diffusion through the frame, a controlled switch makes for the
destination MAC address and forwards the appropriate port only reach the computer. In this way,
switches reduce traffic and divide the collision domain into segments, which is very suitable for
busy LANs and protects photos, from other computers sniffed the same segment. A table with the
MAC address belongs to which segment is built. If a destination MAC address is not in the table, it
sends all segments except the source segment. If the same objective as the source of the frame is
rejected.

Router and Switches
Router and Switches II In Routers and Switches we learned several things such as: what is a Router,
why we need Routers, what is the importance of a Router. We also learned what VLSM is and how
to do it and use it. Throughout CCNA we learned how to configure a Router; the different types of
Routing protocols and most importantly what, when and how to use those protocols in the field.
Finally I will discuss Switches in how they are use to set up a LAN. Throughout this paper these
topic will be discuss to cover what was learned through class lecture and text book (CCNA study
guide by Lammle) and actually applied through hands on labs which were done with actual Cisco
Router and Switches within a working LAN and Ethernet connection ... Show more content on
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The most common of the two link state protocols is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) it is widely
used throughout the field (#1) due to it being a non proprietor protocol as well as its ability to
interface with other networks. With OSPF you can group router into small areas and link them
through a back bone when this is done you create the following a back bone router within the area of
the back bone there is an area border router (ABR), ABR must have one interface in each area
meaning the back bone and the area trying to link to the back bone, OSPF can also connect to
multiple Autonomous System. When configuring OSPF you must assign a process number in all
router within that group must use that same number, the number can range for 1 to 65,535 you can
also have more than one each one will maintain its own separate topology table as well as manage it
independently. There is also distance vectors RIP vs. 1 and 2 (Routing Information Protocol) these
work well on small networks, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP (is the
enhanced version of IGRP). The thing about these two meaning IGRP and EIGRP is that they are
proprietary protocols so they only work

Network Equipment That Supports Interconnecting Within...
1. Network equipment that supports interconnecting within Mission's remote locations as well as to
FTOC hubs will be considered a part of the DGITT's wide area network infrastructure.
2. To establish wide area network connectivity to the FTOC Hub, the field missions and offices must
order a service request to FTOC.
3. Any network device or link connectives intended to be connected with FTOC Hubs must be
informed and have communicated with the FTOC Network Managers prior any hardware or contract
service acquisitions.
4. The Leased Lines and MPLS service connectivity to FTOC Hubs must be complied with the
access port types and other technical capabilities offered by the FTOC infrastructure, and the
technical specifications must be acquired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. FTOC Network Managers are responsible to plan, design, and review, approve, or deny changes
to the entire DFS Wide Area Network infrastructure for the reliable and efficient enterprise voice,
video, and data communications throughout DFS. All planned, scheduled changes to the DFS Hub's
Wide Area Networks shall be performed by FTOC Network Engineering group and must be
authorized by FTOC Network Managers.
8. FTOC Network Engineering Group is responsible for the implementation, operations,
optimization, and configuration management and support of the WAN infrastructure connecting to
FTOC Hubs from DFS Field Missions and Offices. The FTOC Network Engineering Group
responsibilities are including but not limited to – Secured and optimized network configuration of
the mission border router connectivity to FTOC; Unified Communication, Call Admission Control,
and Voice trunk connectivity from the mission border router to FTOC; Quality of Service
configurations for the Voice, Video, and Enterprise Applications; Load sharing and load balancing of
the wide area network connectivity; and Wan Optimization appliances and solutions throughout the
DGITT's Wide Area Networks.
9. FTOC Remote Mission Support Section (RMSS) is responsible for the implementation,
operations, optimization, and

Ospf vs Eigrp
Comparison of Routing Protocols OSPFv3 and IS–IS for IPv6 Environment
By
Nilesh Doiphode
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW.................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................5
1.2 Discussion, Problem Statement and Analysis.......................................................12
1.3 Need for this Project....................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: SIMULATION AND FRAMEWORK.................................................22
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE..............................................31
4.1 Conclusion................................................................................................31
4.1 Future Scope.............................................................................................31 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
General Mechanism: i) Hello Packets: Used in order to establish relationships with the neighboring
routers in a topology. On multi–access segments ad point–to–point segments, the default time to
send hello packets is every 10 seconds and for non–broadcast multi–access (NMBA) segments like
frame relay, the default time is every 30 seconds. ii) Dead Intervals: Wait period for an OSPF router
before termination the relationship with its neighbor is called as Dead interval and is 4 times the
hello interval. iii) Router Id: Identification of each OSPF router in an OSPF routing domain is
exclusively by the router id. OSPF router can chose highest IP address of its loopback interface
incase router id is not configured. IP address will be chosen by the OSPF router of any of its
physical interfaces in absence of loopback interfaces. iv) Area Id: In OSPF routing domain the areas
are defined as backbone routers also known as area 0, area border routers (ABR), which connect the
backbone routers to any other areas in the OSPF routing domain and autonomous system border
routers (ABSR), which are located between OSPF autonomous system and non–OSPF autonomous
system.
All OSPF routers in the same routing domain must receive and maintain the same link–state
information. OSPF routing domain must be designed with a backbone area and all the other areas
should be

Security And Beyond Information Technology
To I.T. Security & Beyond
Information technology has become a very dominant and ever growing industry in today's market.
People have taken notice of it, and thus have invested quite heavily into it. Everyone is going online
nowadays, more than ever before, but this is not just limited to people. Financial/Educational
institutions, and various companies are all online in one form or another; being interconnected to the
internet of everything. A prominent aspect of information technology is security, and it has been
attracting a lot of attention as of late. IT Security has garnered many companies and individuals to
invest so much into it; that it has essentially created an industry of its own. However, can all of this
investment in IT Security really be justified? Let it be known that the internet is not secure. It was
originally created by the US military for communication purposes, and since then has grown into
network upon networks of computers and computer systems, for everyone to use. With the
exponential growth that the internet has taken on, it's very hard to make it as secure as one would
like. However, there are measures and protocols that are put in place to do just that, secure the
internet. The internet is a combination of equipment, protocols and people, that when put together
make everything just...work. It is a multi–layered system that depends on not just the technology
itself, but those people who manage/operate it, and of course the investment it requires for

An Analysis Of The EGP, Border Gateway Protocol
Moving away from IGP, now I will discuss the one and only EGP standard used over the Internet,
the BGP, Border Gateway Protocol, each version is just a slight enhancement over the previous one.
As mentioned before an EGP's purpose is to connect one autonomous system to a different
autonomous system and version 4 has been updated to accept classless domains as well as support
for IPv6. It also introduces a system to cut back on the amount of routing tables needed for a
network and can support most polices due to the internet being a hop–count like routing model, and
BGP–4 supports hop counts. Not only that, it is a reliable protocol because it uses the Transmission
Control Protocol from the Transport Layer, which eliminates the need for ... Show more content on
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The autonomous systems use BGP to be visible to networks outside of it's on AS, each AS is
allowed to create its own policy, allowing for the way in which the information should be routed.
And lastly, because each autonomous system has its own set of protocols, the IGP, where one or
more is used to discover the connections inside that network. (Lammle 928) I see it as everything as
its own responsibility within, allowing for BGP which is both versatile and flexible to meet the
demands of the packets that need to be forwarded, because everything has its own task and its own
set of rules making the procedure orderly and efficient. The only similarity that RIP and BGP have is
that they are routing protocols and route information by using an algorithm to send the packets,
otherwise they are different in many aspects. One of the biggest differences between RIP and BGP is
that RIP is an IGP and BGP is an EGP, but you can say they work together to get their task done. If
information from an autonomous system that has RIP needs to send information to another
autonomous within its limit of 15 hop counts, BGP helps to bridge that gap. The other biggest
difference is RIP is a simple protocol meant for the use of a small network, while BGP is vast and a
highly complex protocol that can be considered as the management system of transferring data of
numerous amounts of autonomous systems. BGP can also be seen as the major backbone

Virtual Private Network ( Vpn )
Introduction – The Past:
Thirty years ago, there was no such need of privacy and data encryption as the Internet age had not
taken off. In the 90s, VPN technology was still a fairly new technology but was predicted that it
would be the next big thing in the early 2000s. Only large companies could afford the price to use
dedicated lines to connect to remote locations. However, the disadvantages of the lease line are quite
clear: Although large companies have the capitals and needs for building private networks, small
and medium companies could rely on the less expensive, packet switched X.25 network. As the size
of the Internet continued to grow, both small and large companies began to connect their private
network with the public network. This brings a convenience but with one obvious problem – privacy
and security.
Virtual private network (VPN) was developed in 19XX by Stan Hanks, who build IP VPN based on
TCP/IP–over–X.25 stack for CSNET. Its goal was to ensure privacies and data integrities of
communication and information. Thanks to the helps of many engineers and people such as XXX
decided not to patent the XXXX technology when he was in Microsoft, VPN technology was
growing rapidly during the early 2000s. Over the year, its flexibilities make travelled businessmen
able to connect back to their companies' networks, it also made employees work from home
possible. Although some may argue that this makes the line between home and work space less
clear, others claim that it

Bp Research Paper
Nowadays distributed systems are large and finding faults in such large system ishard. Distributed
nature of those faults makes it complex to identify. Again thosefaults are often partial, irregular and
may result in abnormal behavior rather thansystem failure. So diagnosing a problem in such systems
require collecting relevantinformation from many different nodes and correlating those with the
problem.One of the main sources of information that can give the idea about root cause of prob–
lems in a distributed systems is communication information between nodes. Lookingat
communication between different devices in distributed system, it is seen that thoseare operated
using various protocols. Among the protocols, Border ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These devices,involved in communication, use communication system comprising mostly of
switches,routers and nodes or physical devices. To diagnose any problem in these complexnetworks
comprising of these devices is time consuming and erroneous. Existed works[12] mainly focused on
analyzing control plane to solve the problems. However HaohuiMai et al proposed analyzing data
plane to debug the network problems[12] . In theirproposed prototype Anteater, Forwarding
Information Bases (FIBs) of the networktopology and devices are collected and represented as
boolean functions. The networkoperator specifies an invariant (like Loop–free
forwarding,consistency or connectivity)to be checked. Anteater combines the specified invariant
with the data plane stateinto instances of boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), thus performs
analysis on it.If network state violates an invariant, a specific counterexample like a packet
header,FIB entries, and path triggering the potential bug was provided. Anteater was appliedto a
large university campus network, 23 bugs were found and of those only 5 were8 false positives.
However here facilities for providing information in cases like why aninvariant did not violate
network state was not mentioned.Again in distributed system, different nodes communicating with
each

The Internet Engineering Task Force
OSPF is one of the most popular interior gateway protocols. It gathers updates from other link–state
routers and combines them to create a map of the network. OSPF was developed in 1988, after RIP
began running into technical issues with larger networks. While OSPF has been around for almost
30 years, it is still widely used today, and is still one of the best IGP 's available.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed OSPF as a solution to the technically flawed
RIP routing protocol. In 1988, they formed a group to research and develop a new routing protocol
based on the link–state algorithm, which was more suited towards modern networks. Under the
development of ARPAnet, some research had already been conducted on the link–state algorithm.
The IETF named the new protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Its name is relatively self–
explanatory: The word open refers to open source, allowing everyone to use it without proper
licensing. The SPF portion points to the shortest path first, based on the link–state algorithm it uses.
The link–state algorithm was designed to allow routers to determine the shortest path between any
two networks. The original version of OSPF, described in RFC 1131, was published in October of
1989. There have been several more iterations of the OSPF protocol, namely OSPF version 2,
published in July of 1991 (Kozierok). OSPF differs from its predecessor, RIPv1, in many ways
(including several upgrades to the algorithm itself). Updates are

Description Of 6Lowpan Network

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