Ptsd In The Crossing By Gary Paulsen

Ptsd In The Crossing By Gary Paulsen
The novel The Crossing is written by Gary Paulsen, who tells a tale about a fourteen year old boy,
Manuel Bustos, who meets an American soldier, named Robert, that takes him on a once and a
lifetime experience to a bullfight. Robert has PTSD, Which is Post–Traumatic–Stress Disorder.
Before the bullfight, Robert drinks to become brain dead so he doesn't remember battle. But during
the fight Robert's PTSD kicks in and he remembers everything slowly. He remembers his friends,
killing, and blood when he was in battle. After the match, Robert leaves to forget battle and losing
his friends. The object of bullfighting is for a matador to defeat and kill a bull with a swift clean kill.
But before a bullfight, the bulls ears get filled with
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What Does The Word Pica Originates?
For those of us without the urge to eat inedible items, it may be unfathomable to understand what
could possibly drive someone to consume such things. The term that defines this unusual activity is
known as Pica. The word Pica originates in the Latin word for magpie – a bird that is famed for its
unusual eating behaviors, where it is known to eat almost anything. However, it is typically defined
as an eating disorder which involves the persistent ingestion of nonnutritive substances. Causes may
be, but not limited to, mineral deficiencies, mental illness/ disorders/ disabilities, stress, anxiety,
depression, cultural practices, in poor areas, or simply enjoying the taste or texture of the items they
consume. There is not an exact number or percentage of people who have this disorder because a lot
goes undiagnosed due to embarrassment, denial, or even overlooked by doctors and/or dentists.
Although Pica can potentially affect anyone, it usually occurs in young children, pregnant women,
and those with mental disorders such as OCD or Schizophrenia. Common mineral deficiencies
related to Pica are iron deficiency (anemia), and zinc deficiency. Substance usually ingested due to
these particular deficiencies are ice, soil, clay, chalk, and stone. Consuming these items does not
replenish the body of these deficiencies, it only causes further problems. Although it is common and
fairly normal for very young children to be curious, and taste and consume odd things, if

Pica Supplements To The Human Body: A Case Study
It is essential for the human body to consume the proper amount of nutrients every day. Our bodies
rely on nutrients to live a healthy lifestyle. The human body needs the equivalent amount of fats,
carbohydrates, sodium, proteins, and vitamins. Our body is provided with these dietary supplements
through fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and meats. When these supplements are not
provided to the human body, there will be a decrease of health to one self. Individuals with the
disorder Pica will experience the loss of important nutrients to the body. As stated by (Bay et al.,
2013) Pica is an eating disorder where individuals consume non–food substances for at least one
month. These substances can include metals, paper materials, chalk, plastic, clothing, detergents,
clay, dirt, sand, soap, cotton, grass, insects, feces, and more. These items contain no nutrimental
factors and can rapidly decline the health of the internal body organs. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One frequent symptom includes, iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is due to an
insufficient amount of iron. Without enough iron, the body can't produce enough of a substance in
red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen. As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave one
tired and short of breath. Iron is also significant for hair, skin, and nails (Ghosh, 2006). Other
symptoms include, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal pain, zinc deficiency, and loose stool (Rose,
Porcerelli, & Neale, 2000). If an individual eats heavy metals or lead, they can result in inherent
toxicity which is the direct effect of toxic substances in the body. Obstruction can also be done to the
body such as eating hair and damage to teeth (Rose et al.,

Pica Case Study
Pica, Pediatric
Pica is an abnormal craving for or compulsive eating of a nonfood item. It happens most often in
children, especially those with developmental disabilities. Tasting and putting nonfood items into
the mouth is normal for infants and toddlers. If this behavior continues for longer than 1 month or is
excessive, it is not normal, and pica may be present. In children, pica generally goes away as the
child gets older or with proper treatment.
CAUSES
The exact cause of pica is not known. The craving to eat the nonfood item may be due to a diet
deficiency, such as an iron deficiency. It is not clear if the deficiency is the cause of pica or a result
of pica.
RISK FACTORS
A child may have a higher risk of developing pica if:
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You and your child's caregivers will need to monitor and control his or her eating habits.
Treating the side effects of pica, such as:
○ Lead poisoning from eating lead–based paint. Lead poisoning can lead to learning disabilities or
even brain damage.
○ Intestinal issues such as constipation or obstruction.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Keep any nonfood substances that your child eats away from your child.
Watch your child closely and intervene immediately if your child tries to eat a nonfood item.
Create and follow a plan for you and your child's caregivers to correct your child's behavior.
Use child–safety locks and high shelving to keep dangerous substances, household chemicals, and
medicines out of reach.
Give medicines only as directed by your child's health care provider.
Have your child drink enough fluid to keep his or her urine clear or pale yellow.
Keep all follow–up visits, such as therapy visits, as directed by your child's health care provider.
This is important.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
Your child is constipated.

Your child has eaten paint chips.
Your child has a fever.
Your child has abdominal pain.
Your child has a decreased

Eating Disorders : Eating Behavior And Weight Regulation
Eating disorders feature serious disturbances in eating behavior and weight regulation. Associated
with a wide range of adverse psychological, physical, and social consequences; eating disorders
include severe distress or concern about body weight and shape. Eating disorders are more than
simply watching your weight or dieting, they include characteristics such as skipping meals,
excessive exercise and overeating. Eating disorders are serious emotional and physical issues with
life–threatening consequences. Three of the most common eating disorders are: anorexia nervosa,
binge eating and bulimia nervosa. Research has shown that one in every five women struggle with
an eating disorder and 50% of girls use unhealthy weight control behaviors.
Anorexia nervosa is categorized by abnormally low body weight, intense fear or gaining weight, and
a distorted perception of body weight. Not entirely about food, anorexia nervosa is an unhealthy
way to cope with emotional problems. Physical signs and symptoms are related to starvation;
extreme weight loss, fatigue, severe dehydration, absence of menstruation, dehydration, yellow skin.
Emotional and behavioral symptoms include restricting food intake, excessive exercise, self–
induced vomiting with the use of laxatives, suicidal, flat mood, social withdrawal and an intense fear
of gaining weight. Causes of anorexia nervosa include peer pressure, society, OCD tendencies, and
media. Some complications of anorexia nervosa are heart

I Am Pica Monologue Essay
Filippo Gorgione was dressed like Picca except for his blue silk necktie that had a pattern of small
red hearts instead of stripes. It was a gift of a girl friend and he thought that it brought him luck.
Filippo wasted no time and was busy with his eyes before he sat down. He could tell the Cody
family from the Fidelli's, but the rest were all strangers. He looked in all directions for Stu and
decided that he was in a courtroom making a buck Jaimie's wife was strikingly beautiful but not
what he had imagined. He had no thoughts about the children for children to him were an accident,
but he did have positive thoughts about
the man in the casket. He thought that he had to be sick or maybe undersexed, but that couldn't be
so. His problem was he liked pickled herring and expensive caviar. Money can buy anything. He
knew for sure that Jaimie was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I am Picca
Pythonzi, originally from Ancona, Italy, then New Orleans, and now Galveston, Texas. Filippo and I
have been to a funeral at Saint Louis Cathedral and I am not ready to die, at least not until some
excitement brings me back to the reality of Hedonism."
"I am Josie, and it is going to be a wonderful day, and possibly a wonderful night. It is now time for
some Camparis, vino and merenda."
Filippo pulled out his special credit card from his billfold and waved it in the air. Josie
acknowledged the card with a shrug of her breasts, motioned to a pretty young thing dressed in a
French maid's uniform and said, "Filippo, that card is only for you, your health, and your happiness,
and will not apply to
Picca. He is on his own, but the lunch and drinks are on me."
Three camparis with a twist of lemon were placed on a large coffee table followed by a bottle of
white Verdichhio, Filippo's favorite that was comfortable in a sterling silver bucket with long legs
that sank into the thick red carpet.
"Salute, and what can I order you gentlemen for a bit of

Pica And Rumination Research Paper
What exactly are pica and rumination disorder? Pica is the act of eating items that are non–nutritive,
in other words they have little to no nutritional value to the human body. Things that could be eaten
include glass, couch cushions, chalk, glue, just about anything that normally would not be
considered to be taken into the body. This can happen because of trying to avoid high calorie items
foods and the desire for weight loss. Rumination disorder is when someone(typically children) have
swallowed food and spit it back up and begin chewing it again. This behavior does not happen
because of medical reasons either.
In the study, they used 149 females that had eating disorders and 100 men and women that were
considered obese. There were few reports of eating non–edible objects. Barely anyone at from either
group met the criteria for pica. 7.4% of the people experienced rumination. The prevalence is still
unknown. The females with eating disorders had 93.8% of the patients had the same diagnosis. The
males and females from the other place had 95% of the patients had the same diagnosis. These
numbers are not far apart which could mean they are pretty closely related and accurate, but this is
not enough evidence to make the prevalence known. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another strength was that the article was interesting and well written. The tables were well
described and put together so they were easy to understand. The tables still were discussed in detail
in the article clarifying any points that were needed to made with the chart. The only negative thing
is that there has not been more research done on these topics. The people in charge of this
experiment cannot really control this though, because they cannot make other people do this
experiment

Pica: A Look Into A Little-Known Eating Disorder
Despite being the most prevalent eating disorder amongst individuals with developmental
disabilities and may occur in as many as 25%–33% of children, there is much that is still unknown
about pica. There has been little advancement in finding out what causes this disorder and because
of that, treating and even diagnosing pica can be difficult. In addition to that, pica can have health
consequences that range from mild to severe so, when coupled with the difficulty in treatment and
lack of breakthrough research, pica has the potential to be an extremely dangerous disorder.
Pica is, for the most part, defined as the desire to consume non–nutritive substances. However, it can
also cover an abnormal appetite for food ingredients and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, even though some deficiencies may indeed cause pica, not everyone that is treated based
off of that assumption is cured so that does place some weight on the side of those who don't believe
that this is a valid cause of pica.
Some other hypotheses are that pica could be due to cultural or familial factors, stress, and even a
low socioeconomic status. In some cultures, pica can be deemed as acceptable amongst your family
and/or friends. To give an example, here in the United States, some believe that the consuming of
starch while pregnant can help to rid or lessen the effects of morning sickness. In some cases, that
belief has been passed down from parent to child so the behavior can span multiple generations
without any indication that it is anything but normal. The claim that a low socioeconomic status
could contribute to the development of this condition stems from the fact that ingesting paint is most
common in children that fall under that category and could be explained by a lack of parental
supervision. It's also believed that malnutrition could also contribute to the formation of this
disorder and that's another reason why the belief that socioeconomic status could play a role.
Whatever the cause may be, one simple fact is that pica can affect anybody. Unfortunately, those
most at risk

Pica Cravings
People tend to have cravings every once in a while. Those that have been pregnant before may have
a better understanding of this. Sometimes, these cravings can be a sign of something wrong
internally. Did you know that craving items that are not food is a disorder? Many do not. The name
of this craving disorder is called Pica.(Lackey, Carolyn J, 2013) Pica got its name from the Latin
language. In Latin, Pica means magpie. Magpie is a bird that eats literally everything. Pica is a
pattern of eating nonfood items.(Barkoukis, 2008). This pattern must go on for more than a month
for it to become a disorder. In a month's span, one could ingest many different items of non food.
(Just think about how much you will eat on just a daily basis, and imagine the amount of nonfood
items people eat!) Some of these nonfood items those with this disorder may consume are: dirt,
animal feces, cigarette butts, matches, clay, paint, ice, sand, and even hairballs. (Barkoukis, 2008).
The likely cause of pica is normally a deficiency of zinc, iron, or another nutrient that is not taken
properly. The body can be deficient by not supplying the body with enough nutrients because of
dieting of starvation, or by the body not absorbing the nutrients like it should. Deficiencies of
nutrients can cause severe reactions in the human body. Often, the cause of pregnant women
attracting this disorder is simply from an iron deficiency. This type of iron deficiency is also called
Anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. (Rogers,2015). Iron helps your
body make hemoglobin and without it, your body does not get the oxygen that it needs. Pregnant
women are not the only people who contract this disorder though. Pregnant woman are the most
popular study for pica, but children or adults with developmental disabilities are likely to have pica
as well. (Some of these disabilities include schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive

Informative Essay On Pica
Pica is an eating disorder that is defined as the constant eating of non–food, non–nutritional items
like dirt, cloth, and paper. There is no one cause of pica. However, people with mental disabilities
are a large percentage of people who suffer from this eating disorder. Tooth damage and bowel
obstruction are symptoms of pica. To get a diagnosis, blood tests are done to check iron levels. The
habit of eating these items must go one for at least one month. There are different courses of
treatment. Behavior therapy is one of the most successful way to quit eating items that should not be
eaten. Complications of pica can include tooth damage, lead poisoning, and bowel perforation.
People around the world suffer from pica including people from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is a regular meal in the daily life of some places in Africa (Meel, B. n.d.). The red clay that is
used most often comes from clay pits. Some people go to the pits and get dirt for themselves. Others
go to markets and buy a variety of different clay varying in size, color, and texture. From here, the
clay is stored in pouches on a belt and eaten throughout the day as the person desires (Why People
Eat n.d.).
Southern United States Geophagia in the United States is most common in the south among African
Americans. Some of the states that participate are Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. People say it
is a fetish; however, it is a part of the culture. Not all members of the family eat dirt. Mainly the
women do. In some families, little girls from a young age watch their mothers eat dirt and later in
life, do the same. These ladies eat a handful a day. This can be in different forms like baked and
covered in vinegar and salt to dirt and clay in zip lock bags or glass jars (Schmidt, W. E. n.d.).
Conclusion
Pica is the persistent eating of non–food, non–nutritional items. This can include dirt, buttons,
starch, paint, and hair. This eating habit is found mostly in kids younger than 6 years old ( Pica

Chemical Properties And Its Effects
From introduction
Lead and zinc are heavy metals which are most commonly found at the same work place. Both these
metals have unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for great variety of
applications. Because of high persistence of lead and its use since ancient times for industrial
purposes, Lead has become common environmental and occupational contaminant widely
distributed throughout the world. Even though the toxic effects of lead and its compounds have been
investigated for many years, the data existing with regard to its mutagenic, clastogenic and
carcinogenic properties still shows significant variations.
Lead poisoning was very important during the 16th and 19th centuries due to its widespread use in
pottery, pipes, boat building, manufacture of windows, arms industry, pigments and printing of
books. Many of these uses declined or disappeared throughout the 19th century, but also introduced
new ones. Its use was increased tremendously because of its applications for improving the octane
rating of gasoline by the addition of tetraethyl lead. Further its uses like that in glass containers for
cooking or the use of paint with lead compounds, the manufacturing of lead storage batteries etc.,
have further increase its uses. In present times zinc and lead are two of the most common heavy
metals released from road travel, accounting for at least 90 percent of the total metals in road runoff.
Upon examining potential hazards of lead, variable results

Eating Disorders: Pica
Pica is an eating disorders were people are persistently eating substances that have no nutritional
value (Krucik, 2015). Someone diagnosed with pica, could eat a variety of things. Some of the most
common things include dirt, paint, metal, drywall, soap, buttons, clay, hair, sand, cigarette butts,
glue, chalk, feces and ice. In the case of ice, no really damage is done to the body. Other materials
such as metal, drywall, and paint could lead to really serious consequences such as lead poisoning in
the case of metal. Pica is mostly commonly found in children and pregnant women. Pica can also
occur in people who have mental disabilities. Schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder
may have pica, since they use eating materials as a coping

Pica Research Paper
DESCRIPTION
Pica is the craving or ingestion of nonfood items, that is found equally in both males and females.
There many different types of people the suffer from this disorder and some such as women that are
going through a pregnancy, or people that also have some type of nutritional deficiency, mental
retardation, brain damage, and in a majority of these cases it's found in young children. The name
Pica come from the latin word for Magpie which a species of bird that feeds on almost everything it
encounters.
CAUSES
Pica's exact cause is still unknown due to the many different cases it is found, but some doctors and
scientists have come up with the broad agreement that it is either caused by a nutritional deficiency,
cultural influences, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some rare cases this disorder continous into adolescence but it is very rare to be found in adults
who do not suffer from a mental disability. Pediatricians consider it developmentally wrong if Pica
is found in children older than 18–24 months, due to the fact that by that age they should know what
is appropriate to consume. If the patient has a type of mental retardation, Pica is found between the
ages of 10–20 years old. It can also occur in young mothers in late adolescence or early adulthood
but all signs and symptoms should be gone by the end of their pregnancy, however in some
uncommon cases, Pica can continue sporadically for years post

Pica
PICA
Life Span Psych
Sitting at the park on a marvelous day watching the kids play in the park, then it happens one kid
starts eating dirt. Wondering why he's doing it, and what's his motive? Intrigued, I go home and
research the symptoms and I come up with one word: Pica. But what exactly is Pica? Pica is a very
rare disorders with an interesting history, where signs and symptoms help diagnosis the treatments
for it.
Pica is a disorder in which you have an appetite or weird craving for things that have no nutritional
value. There is no age limit for the disease; anyone can have Pica at any point in time. Pica can be
associated with mental and stress related disorders. Stress factors such as family issues, pregnancy,
Eating paint is most common among children who live in poverty. It is often related with those who
have very little to no parental supervision. Hunger also may result in pica. Which of an inability to
tell the difference between food and nonfood items has linked people with mental handicap to Pica.
This answer, however, is not supported by the examples of nonfood items that were consciously
eaten by people with limited mental gifts.
Pica can go unnoticed, and is usually only discovered when a health problem strikes. It can remain
undetected for months or even years. Very often pica is detected when an individual suffers from an
intestinal blockage, intestinal tear, dental injury, or a poisoning infection linked with eating non–
food substances. Blood tests will usually be carried out during, to determine if a mineral shortage
could be the cause. Pica is diagnosed in individuals who have routinely eaten non–food substances
for at least a month, for whom this behavior is inappropriate to their developmental stage. Those
who do not consume these substances as part of a recognized cultural or religious practice will fit
into the category. Only a qualified doctor should make a diagnosis of Pica. Laboratory studies may
be used to access these answers. The choice of imaging or laboratory studies depends on the
characteristics of the ingested materials and the resulting medical problems. In addition to people
having pica some animals even

Pica Essay
The definition of Pica is a term that is refers to ingesting, cravings or argues of substances that are
not foods items. Some of the most common items indigested by patients with pica are dirt, sand,
clay, glue, ice, chalk, beeswax, hair, and laundry starch. The reason for patients having this cravings
is because the patient is diagnosed with a nutritional deficiency state, such as iron–deficiency like
anemia and a number of many other physiological disturbances in humans brains it have been
associated with decreased in balance of the dopamine in the brain system. Dopamine is a
neurotransmitter; a chemical that helps to relay the transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve
cell to another. Association like this one has led some researchers to think that there may be a
connection between abnormal low levels of dopamine in the brain and develop pica disorder. No
specific understanding of biochemical disorders have been known, however, we can check for risk
factors for pica some examples; I found the following: Brain damage, Parental–child
psychopathology, Pregnancy, Family disorganization, Environmental deprivation, Epilepsy, Mental
retardation, Pervasive developmental disorders. The pica disorder was named after a bird that's call
the magpie, a species of a bird that feeds on whatever it can find. When making a diagnosis for a
patient with pica it requires that the patient must persist in eating nonfood substances for at least a
month or two, some behaviors that are

Pica Quality Improvement Project
Running head: PICA QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT 1 Pica Quality Improvement Project
Name Institutional Affiliation Quality Improvement Project Reasons for Selecting the Article My
interest in the sickle–cell disease (also known as sickle–cell anemia), its causes and possible ways of
treatment began when one of my best friends died from this sickness. In the course of my research
on the subject, I came across an article titled: "Identification of Pica Behaviors in Youth with Sickle
Cell Disease"; it is not only recent, but also seems to have solid research as its basis. In particular,
the article researches one of the major psychological disorders from which patients with the sickle–
cell disease (SCD) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the article itself is not well written; it also seems to be somewhat improperly organized. The
research question was not formulated clearly, as well as variables, subjects, and the hypothesis.
Therefore, it can be difficult for the readers to interpret the processes and outcomes described in the
article. As an amateur, I can still say that the material in the article is disorganised, so it is sometimes
hard to understand the flow of the project's process. For example, the theoretic baseline was not
explained explicitly, which made it more difficult for me to understand what the article was all about
in general. As a person seeking to understand the sickle–cell disease and Pica disorder in order to
improve the quality of life in my society, I was a little disappointed with this fact. Thus, I would
suggest the authors to arrange and explain the ideas and concepts mentioned in their research more
fully. For example, I would accurately state whether the variables were independent, dependent, or
controlled. Apart from these small drawbacks, I liked the article; I believe that the intentions of the
authors were good, and that their study will contribute a lot to the healthcare systems of different
countries

Chewing Behavior Hypothesis
Hypothesis of Function The above ABC data appears to indicate Kevin's chewing behavior as being
maintained by multiple functions including gaining access to sensory stimuli (automatic
reinforcement), social reinforcement in the form of attention from his father, and escape from the
environment. The primary function that this study focuses on is automatic reinforcement, as it
appears to be exerting the most control over Kevin's problem behavior. According to the ABC data,
prior to Kevin exhibiting the problem chewing behavior he will often attempt to communicate his
needs. However, due to his communication skills deficit he often fails to communicate his wants and
needs in a way that allows others to meet his needs. Therefore the interventions ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
o Discuss current treatment plan, and explain current data. Explain that due to the increase in the
risk to child's safety with the change in the items he has been chewing that treatment is necessary. o
Explain and define the target behavior: For reduction the behavior is defined as placing non–food
items other than therapeutic chew, inside the mouth, with the teeth making contact with the item, or
mouth being closed around the item for any length of time. o Explain Behavioral Objectives: 1. "In
all settings Kevin will reduce his chewing behavior to less than 3 instances a day." And the long
term goal that will be measured when manding skills have increased "In all settings, when under
stimulated, Kevin will chew on therapeutic chewy, or request hard food items to chew on or a drink
by pointing, saying the items name or signing, with 100% accuracy on 3/5 opportunities."
(Contrived opportunities: Create situation where Kevin is under stimulated having non–chewing
items in sight) o Introduce Data Collection sheets to all parties. Explain that clinician will be coming
in to monitor as well, but it is important for all parties to be taking

Racial Discrimination
Nelson Mandela once stated the following, "No one is born hating another person because of the
color of his skin...People must learn to hate..." If people must learn to hate as Mr. Mandela stated, at
what point in time and where are people forming these stances of hatred and racial bias towards one
another? I chose to focus on the elementary school age group of children because I believe that at
this age is when a person's stance on racial prejudice and bias are initially formed. The social
interactions and treatment of children within the elementary school environments could be a direct
source of how these children learn to form racial biases, the type of interracial relationships that
these children form now and how they benefit or harm them later in life, and how they could
possibly be psychologically affected from this perceived racially biased learning environment.
Referring to the earlier statement I made in the previous paragraph about the formation of racial
biases within these school systems, these biases are not always knowingly formed. In fact, many of
the racial prejudices formed happen unconsciously by the interactions that children make or the
treatment they receive as they attend elementary school. For example, a child's choice to sit with a
same race group of students at lunch rather than a more racially diverse group could be an instance
of racial bias. These inequalities could also be formed through classroom dynamics, teacher and
student interactions, and

What Does The Word Pica Originates?
For those of us without the urge to eat inedible items, it may be unfathomable to understand what
could possibly drive someone to consume such things. The term that defines this unusual activity is
known as Pica. The word Pica originates in the Latin word for magpie – a bird that is famed for its
unusual eating behaviors, where it is known to eat almost anything. However, it is typically defined
as an eating disorder which involves the persistent ingestion of nonnutritive substances. Causes may
be, but not limited to, mineral deficiencies, mental illness/ disorders/ disabilities, stress, anxiety,
depression, cultural practices, in poor areas, or simply enjoying the taste or texture of the items they
consume. There is not an exact number ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pregnancy can take a toll on a woman's body and health causing stress and deficiencies. It is
common to crave unusual items, good or bad, during this time. Although it can continue, usually
children and pregnant women will stop these habits within a short amount of time. On the other
hand, those with mental disorders/ illness/ disabilities, can have this go on for years and years and
usually need professional medical help and treatment. There a many complications associated with
Pica disorder. By consuming certain items, damage throughout the body can occur and in some
cases may become life threatening. Manifestations of toxic ingestion will affect the entire body. This
includes the consumption of nail polish, detergent, bleach, paint, and any other poisonous items.
Examples of what can become of ingesting such items would be chemical poisoning, lead poisoning,
or even death. Manifestations of infection or parasitic infestation comes from eating fecal matter
which can contain various worms. This can lead to the body being invaded by these worms causing
Toxocariasis and Ascariasis. Gastrointestinal manifestations are caused by consuming sand, soil,
clay, hair, wood, glass, and many other items. This can result in bowel problem, constipation, ulcers,
perforations, and obstructions. These conditions can be very painful and harmful to a person. If left
untreated these can become very dangerous and even deadly. Dental manifestations are

Frank Pica Research Paper
Wud up sauce heads and all you pizza enthusiast out there who prefer your barbecue chicken a top a
thin crust, red sauce, and mozzarella cheese That's right sauce head and the pizza tour is coming at
you like a little Caesars hot and ready right down your pizza pie hole as the the wheels keep rolling
on. I've been to mushroom Alley I've climbed the highest mountain I have even drank from the holy
Grail but it's clearly safe to say my biggest accomplishment in life is finding the greatest Pizza
establishment in the 610. That's right folks I had Gaetanos I've had imperial and I've even had
cimineras provolone pie but the best pizza still out there comes straight out of West philly on race St
and down 69th st to no other than Frank Picas. Picas has been serving up ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If you aren't from Delco or haven't gotten out to picas yet shame on you. I'm partial to Picas because
it has been a Friday night staple in my household since I was just a little inspiring sauce head with
little pepperonis twinkles in my eyes Picas brings back fond memories of sitting around with the
family on Friday night and indulging on the sauciest of pies however that being said I'm still a
professional and in my professional opinion I believe that no one in the area can hold a candle to a
traditional plain pizza in the area. I've done a lot of soul–searching, traveling and tasting over last
two years and have not found a better pie So on a scale of five green pepper and onions out of five I
give Picas five green pepper and onions. As for me sauce heads that's all for this stop but be sure to
tune in next week as the lead sauce head continues to roll on with the tour in search for competition
for Picas as I continue to wander this green earth in search of the greatest pizza man has to

Write An Essay On Pia And Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are a serious mental illness, not a choice or lifestyle preference. Everyone has their
daily battles and life struggles, some more distressing than others and some severe, like Pica
disorder. Pica is an eating disorder when people have an abnormal appetite and consume
nonnutritive substances including dirt, stones, hair, feces, lead, light bulbs, and much more. Because
individuals suffering with Pica are driven to eat unconceivable things, this disorder commonly leads
to many medical issues. Many doctors believe Pica to be a derivative of some mental ailment but
there are other factors that can lead to this disorder. Thus, Pica disorder is caused by a combination
of psychological, environmental, and biochemical factors. There are many health risks and
complications related to Pica because people with this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is likely to be more difficult to manage in children who are developmentally hindered
and is the most prevalent eating disorder in people with developmental disabilities. Unfortunately,
pica is often unrecognized and underreported in the United States and its correct prevalence and
etiology is unknown. There is no specific way to prevent pica. However, careful attention to eating
habits and close guidance of children known to put things in their mouths may help catch the
disorder before complications can occur. Currently, there are no medical treatments specifically for
Pica but behavioral strategies are considered the most effected treatment. Multidisciplinary methods
with physicians, psychologists, and social workers are suggested for successful treatment. Some
behavioral strategies include sensory reinforcement, antecedent manipulation, overcorrection,
differential reinforcement of other or incompatible behaviors, self–protection devices that prohibit
placement of objects in the mouth, and training in discrimination between edible and nonedible

Social Instructivism And Second Language Acquisition
Social constructivism emerged as the dominant theory of learning in the 20th century as it not only
accounts for the cognitive process in constructing knowledge but also the cultural, social, and
collaborative nature of such process.
For more background information on social constructivism, see http://gsi.berkeley.edu/gsi–guide–
contents/learning–theory–research/social–constructivism/ The impact of the social constructivist
theory was felt across the educational community, including the field of foreign language teaching.
The theories of second language acquisition (SLA) have evolved to reflect the research of learning
processes in general.
Move the paragraph to the beginning???? The reason behind my interest in the latest SLA
hypotheses is my professional and educational background. I have studied linguistics and second
language acquisition and for the past 10 years I've been teaching English as a second language,
English for academic purposes as well as the Russian language. I have also worked as a language
teacher educator and in curriculum developer. Not only as a language teacher, but as foreign
language learner myself, I have been fascinated by the processes of learning and acquiring language.
I try to continuously reflect on effective ways to teach language and explore different teaching
approaches. I am hoping that revisiting educational theories and exploring the ways these theories
are reflected in teaching practices will better inform my work as a teacher and curriculum developer.
The understanding of second language acquisition has progressed from behaviorist (name theories
here) to constructivist Universal Grammar (Chomsky, year?), language instinct (Pinker, 1995), Input
Hypothesis (Krashen, 1985), Attention–Processing model (McLaughlin, 1990, 1987), Explicit and
Implicit models (Ellis, 1994, 1997; Bialystok 1982, 1978, 1990) and, finally, to social constructivist
Interaction hypothesis (Long, 1981) later expanded on by Theresa Pica (year). (and complemented
by the comprehensible output hypothesis (Swain, 1995), Authenticity/Task based–instruction
(Selinger)
In order to better understand social constructivist theories in SLA, it is important to briefly mention
the ideas that influenced

Research Paper- Pica Disorder
Pica Disorder: "Eating disorders are a serious mental illness, not a lifestyle choice." Millions of
people have to deal with inner demons on a daily basis, some more serious than others but one that
is severe, is Pica disorder. Pica disorder is an eating disorder where people have an appetite for non–
nutritive, inedible materials and become addicted to eating items such as clay, nail polish, drywall,
light bulbs and much more. This disorder causes victims to eat unimaginable things and causes
many medical problems in the process. Some doctors believe that this disorder is just complication
of the mental psyche, but there is more underlying issues that cause this disorder. Thus, Pica
disorder is caused by a combination of biochemical, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many have liver and kidney damage due to prolonged periods of ingesting toxic chemicals in
pursuit of the chemicals that there bodies desire. They also develop serious intestinal blockage, and
can start developing lead poisioning which leads to permanent damage and even death. For many
people, eating strange items becomes the norm, but in many countries eating strange items is the
norm in order to survive. Environment also plays a key factor in pica disorder. In other countries
eating odd item is the norm because it is necessary for them to survive. In many subsaharan African
countries, because of malnutrition many people are desperate for food and will turn to inedible
sources such as dirt and clay in order to stay alive. This is a sad way of life, but it is also harmful to
the human body because our bodies were not meant to digest such harsh things like dirt and clay.
Many people in Africa end up perishing from clogged digestive tracks, they cannot pass it and it
ends up being stuck in their digestive system and they die because toxins that are meant to leave the
body are trapped and slowly each of the bodies organs being to shut down and the individual will
surely die a slow and painful death. Africa is not the only location where dirt and clay are eaten as
food. In many southern states until the early 1900's, sold clay and dirt balls in many public places.
They were easy to transport and did not spoil easily. They were first introduced

Analysis Of The Pica Coffee Co. 2015 Annual Report
After reading the content for the Pica Coffee Co. 2015 Annual Report, their coffee was what
resonated with me. They go into great detail about how they grow and prepare their coffee, and how
there's nothing else like it. Which is why the concept is based off of their coffee.
The concept created for the report as a whole is: Pica coffee, and how good it really is. Like it says
in the text. "Good coffee. Really, really good coffee."
To build on the concept, I thought it was important to incorporate coffee into the design as much as
possible. Which is why the whole report appears to have 'coffee stains' throughout each page.
Signifying that their coffee is so good, that people just can't go without it; which is why there are
coffee stains

Criminals Or Children, Who Gets The Resources?
Maldonado, Angel
Biggs/Regalia
Political Studies
22 October 2014
Criminals or Children, Who Gets the Resources?
The struggle to decide who should receive more resources between education for prisoners or kids
has been going on for a while now. These resources are important for both areas of education with
many favoring children. This is understandable because the promise children hold is greater than
those men and women who had their chance, yet educating these inmates can have amazing
outcomes, for the good of their lives and our communities. When educating inmates we can help
benefit our neighborhoods, allow inmates to redeem themselves and save us money in the long run.
Education as well is one of the only direct ways to combat mass incarceration.
During incarceration, education can help change inmates emotions and attitudes towards different
people. They work in a confined space with people from different backgrounds, yet they may have
similarities. With this type of an environment inmates become more social with one another and
more open when contributing their ideas (Why should we care). This can be very helpful when it
comes to rehabilitating the social interactions and mental health of an inmate in order to prepare
them for the outside world once again (Why should we care).
The majority of the people in prison will eventually be released into our communities. Those
offenders who cannot find a job, will most likely continue their involvement in whatever activity
lead

The Path into Madness in The Yellow Wallpaper
The Path into Madness in The Yellow Wallpaper
In the late 1800's/early 1900's, when Charlotte Perkins Gilman experienced her episode of
"temporary nervous depression" (Gilman 885), and wrote her autobiographical short story, "The
Yellow Wallpaper," the workings of the mind were mysteries that few medical people attempted to
investigate. A patient who was poor and ill–educated and exhibiting signs of mental disorder was
institutionalized –– ala Bedlam. The patient who was rich, educated, and/or from a "good family"
was called eccentric and given a prescription for complete mental rest and controlled physical
exercise combined with the consumption of phosphorus enriched tonics. This regimen was to be
followed in an environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classic symptoms of delusional disorder are varying degrees of visual hallucinations (although not
normally as prominent as shown in the story) and olfactory hallucinations related to the delusional
theme(s) or object(s). Delusional disorder does not markedly impair psychosocial functioning or
cause a person to display odd or bizarre behavior when other people are known to be present.
Undetected and/or untreated delusional disorder often degenerates into schizophreniform disorder,
or even full blown schizophrenia, and the delusions take control over the person's mind (DSM – IV
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 290, 296 – 301). The person's every action is
in response to the perceived actions of the delusion, very similar to what occurred to Jane in the
story. In Jane's case, the symptoms ended up flying way out of proportion simply because she had
nothing else on which to focus.
Another disorder alluded to in the story is pica. Pica is generally defined as "a pathological craving
for normal food constituents or for substances not commonly regarded as food" (Danford 303). It is
said to be the most frequently observed eating dysfunction of mentally handicapped persons,
particularly long–term schizophrenics or those with marked personality disorders (Decker 551 –
552). While no specific reference to the heroine actually eating non–foods exists in the story,
references to missing

Excessive Straightening Behaviors: A Case Study
In an Assessment and Treatment of Excessive Straightening and Destructive Behavior in an
Adolescent Diagnosed with Autism, response blocking with functional communication training with
a 16–year boy that was diagnosed with autism and moderate mental retardation. The authors
examined repetitive behaviors such as excessive straightening of the participant who had been
admitted into an inpatient clinic because of he was engaging in frequent and persistent straightening
behaviors at school and home. Data was collected on the straightening behaviors The procedures
entailed 10–s observation intervals and Inter–observer agreement (IOA) was assessed 89% cross
conditions and IOA was calculated by interval–by–interval. The observers recorded 100% of
occurrence of straightening behavior. Following series of functional analysis of response blocking in
combination with functional communication, extinction of destructive behaviors and blocking of
repetitive of straightening behaviors showed to be effective in reducing straightening ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first experiment, the effects of motor response interruption and redirection, and vocal
response interruption and redirection on vocal stereotypy and appropriate vocalizations were
compared for two of the participants. In the second experiment, the effects of both RIRD procedures
on both vocal and motor stereotypy and appropriate vocalizations were compared. In conclusion, the
researchers found response interruption and redirection to be effective regardless of the procedural
variation or topography of the stereotypy and vocal response interruption and redirection as a

PICA Personal Statement
My area of interest in PICA is women's mental health from a developmental perspective. As a young
adult woman who struggles with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, I have always been interested in
what causes anxiety, specifically in women, and why it seems to be heightened in the adolescent
years of a woman's life. I remember how frustrated I was with myself and my situation when I was
first diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder as a teenager. I had no idea what it was, why I
had it, and what to do next. I also remember how hard it was for my parents and siblings to see me
struggling with a mental illness and being unable to help me because they also lacked the sufficient
amount of knowledge to make a difference. Mental illness is difficult ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The organization's goal is to provide activities that are physically and intellectually challenging for
the participants and help socialization skills. It was started by a local family whose son had cerebral
palsy and had finished the public education program. One of the many strengths of Zack's Place is
its location in Woodstock, Vermont. Woodstock is a very small town which allows Zack's Place to
thrive. Every year on Thanksgiving, Zack's Place puts on a turkey trot which has grown throughout
the years. Zack's Place relies solely on grants, donations, and money raised at events, but they
receive strong support from local business. Although the local businesses do what they can, money
is still a challenge for Zack's Place. It is thus crucial for events to be advertised not only in our town
but also in towns next to us. Spreading the word and getting people to come other than locals is
definitely

Pica Disorder Research Paper
Pica disorder is defined as the persistent ingestion of substances that are non–nutritive. The name for
this harmful disorder comes from a latin word meaning "magpie," which implies that the people
with this disorder will eat anything, even when there is no nutritional value. This disorder is
qualified as an eating disorder as well as a mental health disorder, making it very interesting to
research in medical laboratories. Often occurring in young kids, pica disorder can lead to
devastating results including death. This disorder has doubled in hospital stays from 1999–2009,
which makes it a disorder to watch out for in the hospital because of the little knowledge people
know about this disease (Brynie 2011). Eating disorder hospitalizations ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This can be answered with some explanation about the culture of historical societies. Clay eating
and soil eating was normal in the 1800s. Slaves living in the south in the 1950s and 19060s
purchased clay filled lunch bags at Alabama bus stops as a snack for people traveling. They also
would mail bags back to the north for their friends and family to enjoy as well. Some studies show
that two hundred cultures may eat clay as a general food. Other answers to why these people eat
non–food items include liking the taste, texture or smell. Some patients who eat freezer burn believe
that the crunching the frost relieves stress and anxiety. Pregnant women who eat clay believe it
relieves morning sickness as well as other prenatal symptoms. Pregnant women also believed that
pica was good for either the babies they carried or good for their body. They thought that not
complying to their desires would result in miscarriage, illness, or an unhappy behavior. This is
interesting because it actually leads to the opposite behavior. Mental health professionals have come
to classify this disease as a obsessive–compulsive disorder because these patients believe that they
are powerless to stop their bizarre, risky behavior. These people are often get treatment for their
symptoms or psychological treatment for the disorder (Brynie

Analysis Of Psychological Disorders: Pica
Pica; a disorder in which an individual craves or ingests items that have no nutritional content and
are non edible substances. You often hear of people who decide to try to eat paper to see how it
tastes, or who try dirt to see what the consistency is, this is not considered pica disorder. Pica is only
labeled once these actions have occurred for over a month and generally at an age or in a mental
state where it is considered developmentally inappropriate. Pica is almost always not started at
random, it is normally triggered by something emotionally traumatizing; maternal deprivation,
problems with family, parental neglect and pregnancy problems are common issues linked to Pica.
However, Pica is also found to have a connection to children

Eating Disorders Research Paper
Eating disorders are defined as mental disorders that are characterized by abnormal eating habits
that have a negative effect on a person's mental or physical health. These disorders can be due to
psychological or genetic factors, however the most common cause is exterior influences causing
feelings of inferiority which sparks an obsessive need. Many of these disorders, such as stress
eating, night eating, and binge eating, are not recognized as medically treatable conditions outside of
the medical field. The most well–known and understood eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and
bulimia, both of which can lead to death if not caught and treated in time.
The word 'anorexia' is a decodable term, which means it can be broken down to provide ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As opposed to bulimia and BED, a person with purging disorder does not binge before they work to
purge their system. "Depending on purging method, consequences range from cosmetic to life–
threatening. They include diarrhea, stomach cramps, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ankle
swelling, broken blood vessels in the eyes, cavities and other dental problems, facial puffiness,
ulcers, bleeding or tearing in the esophagus, bleeding from the rectum and heart damage. Treatment
is essential for anyone who is purging, so that dangerous conditions can be prevented or corrected."
(Remuda Ranch at the Meadows, n.d.) Purging disorder has only recently been categorized as its
own illness rather than association with bulimia, because of this it will fall under the same code as
BED for other eating disorders which is F50.8. Before it was recognized as its own disorder it would
have received the code F50.9, for 'unspecified eating disorder'. While all eating disorders require the
same overall form of help (emotional support or rehabilitation facilities) each case is unique and
may be due to an unknown underlying cause, so a physician should always be consulted before any
method of treatment is

Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism Spectrum Diseases
Autism Spectrum disorder is described as a disorder that will disable people for communication and
social interaction. They will have repetitive behaviors and also will have difficultly learning,
reacting to things or paying attention. If there is an early intervention of this disorder treatment can
be manageable. Scientist believe that genetic is the major cause of autism and there is a high chance
of children to get autism if their sibling is already suffering from autism. Autism was discovered
around 60 years ago and since then it is considered as fascinating, puzzling and massively
researched disorder. Several therapies and treatment that can be done to reduce the effect of ASD,
but there is no cure. Adams, N. , & Jarrold, C. (2012), researched on how resistance to distract or
inhibition can reveal impairments in children with Autism spectrum Diseases ASDs. They came in
the conclusion that that autism is specific deficit, which can even increase perceptual capacity in
autism. The history of autism is not that old, but it is affecting many children life. According to the
research done by Goin–Kochel, R. , Abbacchi, A. , Constantino, J. , & Consortium, A. (2007) did
interesting research on different phenotypes of autism. They did the study using two distinct samples
of male and female. The result from the sample proves that there is four times high prevalence of
ASD on male than in female.
ASD can be manageable if early intervention about this disorder is done. ASD is

Pica Research Paper
Alexis Bixler Miss.McDaniel English 2 19 November 2015 Pica Despite being the weirdest eating
disorder it is very common in little kids. Pica makes others want to eat non–food substance things
such as paper, glue, dirt, clay, etc... Pica can be very dangerous and cause lead poisoning and iron–
deficiency. The following information will inform people about what pica is, signs of it, why people
eat non–food substances,and finally the treatment. First we need to get a background of what Pica is.
The word Pica comes from a latin word called Magpie. Magpie is a type of bird with a strange diet.
Pica is most common in people who have disabilities such as: autism, mental problems, ... Show
Hemoglobin is a test that checks for anemia and lead levels if the person has consumed paint chips
or things that have lead in them.Gastrointestinal is used to get rid of infection if they had eaten soil
or an animal's waste. It would be a very good idea for a person to get treatment to help them realize
what Pica is doing to them and how bad it can get if it continues. Treatment is a very good idea
because even after the person goes to the doctor they might think "well I went to the doctor and i'm
fine, so I can just keep eating the things I want" , but that's not a good thing because they can get
seriously hurt. They might have gotten lucky the first time but they might not be this time. A Lot of
kids are stubborn so just taking them to the doctor may not help that's why treatment is highly

The Tension Between The Pages And Real Life
The Tension Between the Pages and Real Life
White is for Witching like many other books has an underlying tone of racial and social issues.
These issues are not only rooted from the location or the events that occurred during the year it was
published but by Helen Oyeyemi's own personal life experiences. She had written the book in a way
that wasn't attacking or intimidating for anyone to read to help spread awareness to an issue that
continues to be a problem today. Helen Oyeyemi Helen Oyeyemi is a Nigerian–British novelist and
playwright who got her start in high school, getting ready for her A levels (which are pretty much
SATs for British students). She went to go on and study social and political science at Corpus Christi
College in Cambridge. Her studies most likely had a huge effect on her writing. She had written the
Icarus Girl, Juniper's Whitening and Victimese, White is for Witching, and her latest collection of
stories called What is Not Yours is Not Yours (Webbiography). Each of her plays/ books has a theme
from exploring the pain of living and the difficulty of dying (Juniper's Whitening and Victimese),
themes of ownership and individual agency and boundaries (What is Not Yours is Not Yours),
isolation (Icarus Girl), and Racism and mental/eating disorder (White is for Witching). Her life
experiences were also another heavy influence for the content of her books. In an interview
Oyeyemi stated ''I was depressed for a long time, ... "It was difficult to be

Assignment 2 Vocabulary Research Paper
Kali Potock
Professor Mancino
Nutrition for Wellness
27 October 2017
Assignment #2 Vocabulary Words
Word 1. Nutrition Facts Panel
a.) The Nutrition Facts Panel is a label found on the boxes and cans of foods, providing nutritional
information about amounts and percentages of nutrients in that specific food, based on set dietary
targets.
b.) The customer was concerned about how much protein, sodium, fat, carbohydrates, and calories
her children would be consuming from one box of macaroni, so she checked the nutritional
information provided by the Nutritional Facts Panel on the side of the box.
Word 2. Fiber
a.) Fiber is a material found in food, containing certain edible substances from plants that the
digestive system cannot fully breakdown.
b.) Laura was having ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pica
a.) Pica is when a person gains an interest in chewing on items that are not food nor have any
nutritional value, such as rocks.
b.) The doctor explained to Tonya's husband that a possible reasoning behind her chewing on her
hair continuously could be the diagnosis of pica, due to stress and worry from her due–date quickly
approaching.
Word 8. Polypharmacy
a.) Polypharmacy is when a patient, usually elderly, is taking multiple medications at one time to
typically treat a single condition.
b.) Shirley's daughter suggested to her that to help organize her polypharmacy of medications, she
use a daily pill organizer to remember to take multiple pills together every day.
Word 9. Diet as tolerated
a.) Diet as tolerated is a term used, usually post–surgery, when the patient can't take in and/or digest
all foods well, so certain foods are avoided until it is safe to advance to the next stage of foods that
are considered tolerable.
b.) When Jacob had his wisdom teeth removed, his diet was as tolerated, so he was restricted to

soups, applesauce, pudding, and other soft foods, until a few days post–surgery, when his mouth was
stable enough to chew more complex foods.
Word 10. Enteral

Why Movement Matters By Rae Pico
After reading over the two articles: "Why Movement Matters" by Rae Pica and "Learning Through
Music: The Support of Brain Research" by Elizabeth Carlton, it reveals a cohesion in learning music
and a child's movements. In the first article, "Why Movement Matters" by Rae Pica, the author
expresses a shocking idea I have never think about to which that "the majority of [the] people will
never see the movement as a top priority in children's lives and education." This is interesting for me
because as a parent myself, I see that the development of children's movement is really important
because most of the time, in order for a child to perform a task, he/she requires and be able to move.
Not only that but when a child learns to move, his/her motor

Geophagia: Is It Abnormal or Adaptive?
Geophagia denotes the habit of deliberately ingesting earth, soil or clay. Based on different
viewpoints geophagia has been regarded as a psychiatric disease, a culturally sanctioned practice or
a sequel to poverty and famine. The standard reference guide for psychiatrists–the fourth edition of
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM–IV)–classifies geophagia as a
form of pica –the Latin word for magpie, a bird known for its large and indiscriminate appetite. In
other terms, pica is known as the persistent eating of non–nutritive substances. In order to reach a
conclusion whether geophagia is abnormal or adaptive, evolutionary approaches were used to
determine how common this behavior is in animals and across human societies. If many different
species and cultures demonstrate the same behavior, then it is fair to conclude that geophagia must
be beneficial in some way. Studies of animals and human cultures have proven that geophagia is in
fact not abnormal; hence it must be adaptive. Investigators have observed geophagia in more than
200 animal species, including parrots, deer, elephants, bats, rabbits, baboons, gorillas and
chimpanzees. Furthermore, geophagia has been presented in humans, with records dating to at least
the time of Greek physician Hippocrates (460 B.C.). The Mesopotamians and ancient Egyptians
used clay for medical purposes: they plastered wounds with mud and ate dirt to treat various
sicknesses, particularly of the gut. It is

Pica Human Body
It is essential for the human body to consume the proper amount of nutrients every day. Our bodies
rely on nutrients to live a healthy lifestyle. The human body needs the equivalent amount of fats,
carbohydrates, sodium, proteins, vitamins, and so for. Our body is provided with these dietary
supplements through fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, and meats. When these
supplements are not provided to the human body, there will be a decrease of health to one self.
Individuals with the disorder Pica will experience the loss of important nutrients to the body. As
stated by (Bay et al., 2013) Pica is an eating disorder where individuals consume non–food
substances for at least one month. These substances can include metals, paper materials, ... Show
Those who live independently have free access to the harmful substances. Those who have no
limitations to these substances will continue to use them and the more they use, the worse their body
will become. It is important for these individuals to have a care taker or someone to watch them
because they can help the individuals eliminate the use of Pica. It is also essential for parents to
watch over their children carefully. Parents should child proof the home and keep all harmful
substances out of reach from the children. Children do not understand the harm they are doing to
their bodies by eating non–food substances.
A prognosis for individuals who have Pica can vary by how motivated the individual is to quit. Pica
is a damaging disorder to the mind and body. Individuals should be lectured about the effects of
Pica. Cravings can come and go but those should seek for help when the cravings occur. There are
many resources for those who want to better their lives. This disorder could last for a few months
and then disappear on its own. Treatments can vary in success. The important factor is for the
individual to control the craving and understand how bad it is to consume harsh substances into their

Behavioral Effect On Nutrition
Having a background in psychology led me to choose a topic that involved a behavioral effect on
nutrition. When considering pica as my topic I looked at its relationship to nutrition, as pica is
described as the ingestion of "non–food substances." (Young et al 2010) With continued research
into pica and nutrition, the association of iron deficiency and this disorder became pronounced..
While factors interact to cause iron deficiency, there is incidence of iron deficiency in the vulnerable
populations of underdeveloped countries and in population subgroups at risk for incidence of iron
deficiency. This is due to increased physiological requirements. It is in the population subgroups
where there is a significant relationship between iron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Miao et al., 2015). Pica has also has been found to be present in hundreds of animal species (Miao
et al., 2014). Over the years, geophagia has been the most common form of pica observed. It has
been associated with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, as well as being "an adaptive
behavior, with potential benefits including provision of iron and detoxification of harmful dietary
components" (Lumish et al., 2014). In pregnant women, pica behavior has been associated with
perinatal and maternal mortality and is more common than previously thought (Horner et al., 1991).
"Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting at least one third of the world's
population." (Yadav and Chandra, 2011) It is one of the most frequent hematological conditions
encountered by clinicians. Iron is needed for hemoglobin and cellular production. (Skikne and
Hershko, page 251) Deficiency in iron can manifest itself in anemia of iron deficiency and in tissue
iron deficiency, not related to anemia, with the two often coexisting. Iron deficiency is most
prevalent in early childhood, in females due to menstruation and especially in pregnant females as
"maternal iron requirements increase substantially to support fetal growth and placental tissue
development as well as the increased hemoglobin mass during pregnancy" (Leong and Lonnerdal,
2012). In early childhood, between the ages of 1 to 3, the need for iron

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