1. BIOL 2074: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 18 NUTRITION & METABOLISM Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor Biology South Arkansas Community College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fat cells Bloodstream Bloodstream excessive insufficient Appetite Appetite suppressed Appetite enhanced Fasting + + + + + – – Stimulation Inhibition Adipocytes synthesize fat and secrete leptin into bloodstream Leptin increases metabolic rate. Food intake in excess of caloric needs Leptin inhibits neuropeptide Y release from the hypothalamus Cells in stomach secrete ghrelin Ghrelin stimulates release of neuropeptide Y from the hypothalamus Release into bloodstream

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Heat CO 2 + + + Energy Fats from foods Fatty acids Ketone bodies Beta oxidation Glycerol Glucose Fat Hydrolysis Citric acid cycle H 2 O ATP Acetyl coenzyme A

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cholesterol Phospholipids Fatty acids + Glycerol Digestion Triglycerides Triglycerides Lipoproteins Fatty acids (except essential fatty acids)

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hormones Enzymes Proteins Protein Amino acids Digestion Fat Glucose Structural proteins Plasma proteins Energy + CO 2 + H 2 O

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Heat CO 2 + + Energy Proteins from foods Amino acids + Glucose Fat Urea Hydrolysis Deamination – NH 2 groups Deaminated portions (by various pathways) Acetyl coenzyme A Citric acid cycle H 2 O ATP

28. 18.1 CLINICAL APPLICATION Obesity

37. MAJOR MINERALS

41. Meat Sweets Eggs Poultry Fish Olive oil Fruits Fruits The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid Sweets Fats Carbohydrates Protein/Dairy Monthly Monthly Weekly Daily Meats Sweets Eggs and poultry Weekly Optional daily Daily Physical activity GRAINS MILK FRUITS OILS Activity Activity is represented by the steps and the person climbing them, as a reminder of the importance of daily physical activity. Moderation Moderation is represented by the narrowing of each food group from bottom to top. The wider base stands for foods with little or no solid fats or added sugars. These should be selected more often. The narrower top area stands for foods containing more added sugars and solid fats. The more active you are, these foods can fit into your diet. Personalization Personalization is shown by the person on the steps and the slogan. VEGE TABLES MEAT & BEANS Proportionality Proportionality is shown by the different widths of the food group bands. The widths suggest how much food a person should choose from each group. The widths are just a general guide, not exact proportions. Variety Variety is symbolized by the 6 color bands representing the 5 food groups of the Pyramid and oils. This illustrates that foods from all groups are needed each day for good health. Gradual Improvement Gradual improvement is encouraged by the slogan. It suggests that individuals Can benefit from taking small steps to improve their diet and lifestyle each day. MyPyramid.gov STEPS TO A HEALTHIER YOU U.S. Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion April 2005 CNPP-16 Vegetables Daily Physical Activity Daily Beverage Recommendations: 6 glasses of water Wine in moderation Cheese & Yogurt Whole grains & potatoes Daily Physical Activity Beans, legumes & nuts Vegetables Fish and shell fish or dairy Vegetable oils Fruits, légumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables Rice, rice products, noodles, breads, millet, corn and other grains The Asian Diet Pyramid Sake, wine, beer, other alcoholic beverages and tea Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olive Oil Mayo Clinic Healthy Weight Pyramid Olive Oil

43. 18.2 CLINICAL APPLICATION Dietary Supplements – Proceed With Caution

45. 18.3 CLINICAL APPLICATION Nutrition and the Athlete