1. Describe several need theories of motivation including the needs hierarchy and the achievement–power–affiliation triad. 2. Explain the expectancy theory of motivation. 3. Recognize the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators.

1. Motivation
Dr Dorota Joanna BourneDr Dorota Joanna Bourne

2. Learning Objectives
1. Describe several need theories of motivation
including the needs hierarchy and the
achievement–power–affiliation triad.
2. Explain the expectancy theory of motivation.
3. Recognize the importance of both intrinsic and
extrinsic motivators.

3. Motivation
The process by which behaviour is mobilised
and sustained in a work setting in the interest
of achieving organisational goals.
The expenditure of effort toward achieving aThe expenditure of effort toward achieving a
goal because it satisfies an important need.
Content (needs) theories
Process theories

4. Content (need) Theories
Maslow’s needs theory
Adlerfer’s ERG theory
Hertzberg's two-factor theoryHertzberg's two-factor theory
McClelland’s theory of learned needs
(achievement, power, affiliation)

5. Maslow’s Needs Theory
Lower order needs must be satisfied before
higher level needs are activated
Deficiency (lower order) needs
Physiological: water, air, food, sleepPhysiological: water, air, food, sleep
Security: safety, freedom from environmental threat
Growth (higher order) needs
Affiliation: social, group affiliation, physical love
Esteem: self-respect and respect from others
Self-actualisation: self-fulfillment and personal
development leading to one’s full potential

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Original Hierarchy of Needs
Once a lower-level need is satisfied, its impact
diminishes and the individual can progress to
the next higher level need.
Physical needs
Safety needs
Belonging needs
Esteem needs
Need for self
actualisation
the next higher level need.

7. McClelland’s Theory
A theory of motivation based on the
premise that people acquire or learn
certain needs from their culture
Cultural influencesCultural influences
Family
Peer groups
Popular media (e.g. television shows)
When the need becomes strong enough, a
person will work to satisfy it.

8. McClelland’s Theory
The Need for Achievement –the need to
succeed or excel in areas of significance
to the personto the person
The Need for Power – the need to control
the activities of other people
The Need for Affiliation – the need to
interact with, and be liked by other people

9. Process Theories
Expectancy Theory
Equity Theory
Goal-setting TheoryGoal-setting Theory

10. Expectancy Theory
Motivation results from deliberate
choices to engage in activities in
order to achieve worthwhileorder to achieve worthwhile
outcomes.

11. Key Components of
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy
A subjective estimate of the probability that a
increased effort will lead to the desired performance
InstrumentalityInstrumentality
An individual’s estimate of the probability that a
increased performance will lead to desired outcomes
Valence
The value a person places on a particular outcome

12. Enhancing Motivation
Provide training to raise skill levels that
increase the performance capabilities of
employees (Expectancy)
Provide assurance to employees that good
performance will lead to a reward system
(Instrumentality)
Provide rewards that are meaningful and
valued by the employees (Valence)

13. Intrinsic Motivation
Is the belief that an activity (work) can satisfy
needs for competence and self-determination.
Is affected (increased or reduced) by
personal values and perceptions
the characteristics of the task
the reason for doing the task
rewards that become externalised

14. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic rewards:
Limited value can lower employee
performance
May cause employees to focus narrowly only
a task that is rewarded
May cause a rush through a job to get a
reward
May cause employees to feel less free and
less determined