How did the discovery of three categories of petite mutations in yea.pdf

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How did the discovery of three categories of petite mutations in yeast lead researchers to postulate extranuclear inheritance of colony size? Whereas segregational petites exhibited Mendelian inheritance, both neutral and suppressive petites followed non-Mendelian patterns that were consistent with the involvement of nuclear inheritance. Whereas segregational petites exhibited Mendelian inheritance, both neutral and suppressive petites followed non-Mendelian patterns that were consistent with the involvement of an extranuclear agent. Whereas suppressive petites exhibited Mendelian inheritance, both neutral and segregational petites followed non-Mendelian patterns that were consistent with the involvement of an extranuclear agent. Whereas suppressive petites exhibited Mendelian inheritance, both neutral and segregational petites followed non-Mendelian patterns that were consistent with the involvement of nuclear inheritance. Solution Whereas segregational petites exhibited Mendelian inheritance, both neutral and suppressive petites followed non-Mendelian patterns that were consistent with the involvement of nuclear inheritance. --------- Extra nuclear inheritance means, inheritance patterns involving genetic material outside the nucleus, here the genome is residing in mitochondria or chloroplast. The segregation petite followed Mendelian type of inheritance (wild type and segregation when mated, segregated in 1:1 ratio), and if any mutation has occurred in the cell nucleus, it affected the protein production needed for mitochondrial function. Where as neutral petites, they did not have most of their mt DNA and but then it was mated with wild type resulted in all wild type 4: neutral 0. So, these are not following Mendelian type of inheritance. In case, of suppressive petites, when suppressive mutants mated with wild type resulted in All wild type 4: 0 all petite. So they are also not following Mendelian inheritance..

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There isn't one single person credited with discovering the mitochondria, as over the years a number of scientists have made important contributions to the study of the discovery of this important cellular structure: The 1800s In 1857, Albert von Kölliker described what he called “granules” in the cells of muscles. - Other scientists of the era also noticed these “granules” in other cell types. 1886 , when Richard Altman, a cytologist, identified the organelles using a dye technique and dubbed them “bioblasts.” He postulated that the structures were the basic units of cellular activity. 1898, Carl Benda coined the term mitochondria. He derived the term from the Greek language for the words thread, mites, and granule, condos. -Though mitochondria are an integral part of the cell, evidence shows that they evolved from primitive bacteria.

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Need a strong biologistgeneticist to answer this P element question.pdf

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Modify HuffmanTree.java and HuffmanNode.java to allow the user to select the value of n 9 to construct an n ary Huffman Tree. Once finished, verify the accuracy of your tree by running it for the English Alphabet for n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. For each value of n, compute the average codeword length. Write these in a table (n vs. ACW L(Cn)). / HuffmanTree.java import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.FileReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Scanner; public class HuffmanTree { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print(\"Enter the file name: \"); String fileName = in.nextLine(); ArrayList nodes = new ArrayList<>(); ArrayList temp = new ArrayList<>(); try { Scanner fin = new Scanner(new FileReader(fileName)); String symbol; double prob; while(fin.hasNext()){ symbol = fin.next(); prob = fin.nextDouble(); nodes.add(findInsertIndex(nodes, prob), new HuffmanNode(symbol, prob)); } fin.close(); temp.addAll(nodes); HuffmanNode root = createHuffmanTree(temp); setCodeWords(root); double avg = 0; for (HuffmanNode node : nodes) { System.out.println(node.getS() + \": \" + node.getC() + \": \" + node.getL()); avg += node.getL(); } if(avg != 0) avg /= nodes.size(); System.out.println(\"Average code length is: \" + avg); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } private static HuffmanNode createHuffmanTree(ArrayList nodes){ HuffmanNode root = null; if(nodes.size() > 0) { HuffmanNode node0, node1, node; while (nodes.size() > 1) { node0 = nodes.get(0); node1 = nodes.get(1); node = new HuffmanNode(null, node0.getP() + node1.getP()); node.setLeft(node0); node.setRight(node1); nodes.remove(0); nodes.remove(0); nodes.add(findInsertIndex(nodes, node.getP()), node); } root = nodes.get(0); } return root; } private static void setCodeWords(HuffmanNode root){ if(root != null){ setCodeWords(root, \"\"); } } private static void setCodeWords(HuffmanNode root, String codeWord){ if(root.getS() != null){ root.setC(codeWord); root.setL(codeWord.length()); } else{ setCodeWords(root.getLeft(), codeWord + \"0\"); setCodeWords(root.getRight(), codeWord + \"1\"); } } private static int findInsertIndex(ArrayList nodes, double prob){ for(int i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i){ if(prob < nodes.get(i).getP()){ return i; } } return nodes.size(); } } // HuffmanNode.java public class HuffmanNode { private String S; private double P; private String C; private int L; private HuffmanNode left, right; public HuffmanNode(String s, double p) { S = s; P = p; } public String getS() { return S; } public void setS(String s) { S = s; } public double getP() { return P; } public void setP(double p) { P = p; } public String getC() { return C; } public void setC(String c) { C = c; } public int getL() { return L; } public void setL(int l) { L = l; } public HuffmanNode getLeft() { return left; } public void setLeft(HuffmanNode left) { this.left = left; } public HuffmanNode getRight() { return right; } public void se.

Modify HuffmanTree.java and HuffmanNode.java to allow the user to se.pdf

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Listed are 2 of the core theories of evolution. For each, give a definition or brief explanation of the theory and 2 examples of the type of evidence we have that supports the theory. The theory of common descent – 2 examples of supporting evidence: The theory of natural selection – 2 examples of supporting evidence: Solution Evolution: Evolution is a process of change through time. It is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. In genetic terms, the change in the frequency of alleles in populations from one generation to another generation. (change over time). A. The theory of common descent: According to the principle of common descent, all species (living and extinct) are descended from ancient common ancestors. In common descent theory darwin explains, that organisms are descended from common ancestors that gradually change over time into entirely new organism. To create new species, many generations must pass on traits with slight modifications. Examples: 1. Archaeopteryx is between reptiles and birds. 2. Eustheopteron is an amphibious fish. 3. Seymouria is a reptile-like amphibian. 4. Therapsids were mammal-like reptiles. B. Darwin\'s Natural selection: According to the Darwin, It is the process that results in adaptation of an organism to its environment which means of selectivity reproducing changes in the genotype. In the process of evolution the natural selection is a basic mechanism, it is mainly happens due to the mutations, migrations and genetic drift. Examples: 1. The beaks of Darwin finches. The finches of the Galapagos islands were adopted to the island in different ways, but are believed to share a common ancestor. 2. Peppered moths and industrial pollution: Natural selection favored dark colored moths in areas of heavy pollution, while light colored moths are survived better in less polluted area. 3.The soapberry bugs have must mutated their beaks length genes, when they ran out of food. Beak size variation: In South Florida soapberry bugs feed on balloon vine tree with large fruits, longer beak present in them. In North Florida soapberry bugs feed on golden rain tree with small fruits, they have shorter beaks..

Listed are 2 of the core theories of evolution. For each, give a def.pdf

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Light is confined within the core of a simple clad optical fiber by.pdf

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Let L: R^n rightarrow R^m be a linear transformation. Show that if n > m, then L must have a nontrivial kernel, i.e., dim(ker(L)) > 0. If n lessthanorequalto m does L have to be one-to-one? Solution For second proof, If T is one-one, it can\'t map a non-zero vector into 0, since it already maps 0 into 0. This means that its kernel can contain only 0. Suppose the kernel contains just the zero vector. To check if T is one-one, check if it can map two different vectors u and v in Rn into the same vector in Rm. If T(u) = T(v), then T(u – v) = T(u) – T(v) = 0. This means that the non-zero vectoru – v is in the kernel of T, which is impossible since we assumed the kernel contained just 0. Then T cannot map different vectors into the same vector, and must be one-one..

Let L R^n rightarrow R^m be a linear transformation. Show that if n .pdf

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: IS path vector routing algorithm closer to the distance vector routing algorithm or to the link state routing algorithm? Explain. Solution The path-vector routing algorithm is truly distance-vector routing using the finest path instead of the direct distance as the metric. Each node first create a forwarding table. Assuming it can only arrive at instant neighbors . The forwarding table is slowly better as path vectors turn up from the instant neighbors..

IS path vector routing algorithm closer to the distance vector rou.pdf

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