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select all that apply to ground substance Solution Lets us see what is ground substance. It is an amorphous gel-like or a transparent flud substance surrounding the cells,present in the connective tissue . The ground substance and fibers between cells in a connective tissue (most abundant tissues in the body-functions : binding and supporting; consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix ) are surrounded and supported by matrix called as extracellular matrix. The Ground substance includes all the other components of the extracellular matrix excluding fibers (Eg: collagen and elastic fibers). Depending upon the tissue, the components of the ground substances vary . Ground substance is primarily composed of water, proteoglycans,glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan-hyaluronic acid), calcium and glycoproteins. In cytology, it may also refers to cytosol or protoplasm. The stroma is the tissue that forms the ground substance, base or the foundation, or the framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts (parenchyma)..

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE ● The different types of connective tissue maintain the form of organs throughout the body. ● They provide a matrix that supports and physically connects other cells together in organs. ● The interstitial fluid of connective tissue gives metabolic support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products. ● In contrast to other tissue types which consist mainly of cells, the major constituent of connective tissue is the extracellular matrix (EMC). ● Extracellular matrices consist of different combinations of protein (collagen and elastic fibers) and ground substances. ● Ground substance is a complex of anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and multiadhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others). ● The hydrated nature of connective tissue ground substance provides the medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes between cells and the blood supply. ● The variety of CT types in the body reflects differences in composition and amount of cells, fibers, and ground substance which together are responsible for the remarkable structural, functional, and pathological diversity of CT. ● Connective tissue originates from embryonic mesenchyme, a tissue developing mainly from the middle layer of the embryo, the mesoderm. ● Mesenchymal cells are undifferentiated and have large nuclei, with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin. They are often said to be spindle-shaped with their scant cytoplasm extended as two or more thin cytoplasmic processes. CELLS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ● Fibroblasts (originate from mesenchymal cells) - the most common cells in the connective tissue - produce and maintain most of the tissues’ extracellular components - these cells synthesize and secrete collagen (the most abundant protein of the body) and elastin which form large fibers - fibroblasts are also targets of many families of proteins called growth factors that influence cell growth and differentiation - fibroblast wound healing- myofibroblasts ● Adipocytes - are found in CT of many organs - are large, mesenchymal derived cells are specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for the production of heat - large deposits of fat in the cells of adipose connective tissue also serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs. ● Macrophages and the Mononuclear Phagocytic System - Macrophages are characterized by their well-developed phagocytic ability and specialized turnover of protein fibers and removal of dead cells, tissue debris, or other particulate material. - Are present in the connective tissue of most organs and are often referred to by pathologists as “histiocytes¬”. - macrophages derive from BM precursor cells that divide, producing monocytes that circulate in the blood. These cells cross the epithelial wall of venules to penetrate CT, where they differentiate further, mature, and acquire the morphologic features of phagocytic cells.

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