1) The passage discusses genetics, evolution, and behavior from a biological perspective. It explains how genes govern cellular functions and are passed down through generations, resulting in inherited traits and behaviors.
2) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is described, where genetic variations that provide reproductive advantages are more likely to be passed on, shaping organisms over generations. Behaviors as well as physical traits have evolved in this manner.
3) Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, molecular analysis of genomes across species showing common ancestry, and examples of observed natural selection in modern organisms. Intelligence has components of both genetic inheritance and environmental influences.
SOMEONE HELP Complete sentences, stating the differences and relati.pdfexpressionnoveltiesk
SOMEONE HELP: Complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate.
1. gene flow / genetic drift
2. sexual selection / artificial selection
3. ring species / biological species concept
4. hybrid inviability / temporal isolation
5. autopolyploidy / allopatric speciation
6. molecular clock / cladogram
7. gradualism / uniformitarianism
8. extreme thermophiles / viroids
9. HIV / Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
10. biofilm / microbial fuel cell
Solution
Q.No 1
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution of biological species that takes place because of the
change in the frequency of alleles in a population. These changes in the allele frequency in a
population occur randomly. One very common example to describe the genetic drift would be
that most of the human families have different number of boys and girls, as the X or Y alleles
have been passed differently into the new generation from the parents. Although the X and Y
alleles do not really contribute for the evolution, the frequency changes in other alleles would
have a considerable effect for evolution.
Gene flow is a process of evolution that takes place when genes or alleles move from one
population to another. It is also known as the Gene Migration, and that could cause changes in
the allele frequency as well as some variations in the gene pool of both populations. There are
some good examples to support this phenomenon from humans regarding a developed immunity
for malaria among new Western Africans after their parents mated with Europeans who initially
had the immunity. It is interesting to notice that gene flow could take place between two species,
as well.
Q.No 2
Sexual selection enhances mating success or the number of copulations, while natural selection
tends to produce well-adapted individuals to their environment. Sexual selection does not adapt
the individuals to their environment. Unlike sexual selection, natural selection acts on traits
which increase the fitness of members in a population. Certain adaptations have been derived
from the sexual selection which could never have been arisen from natural selection alone (Ex:
the neck of the giraffe, various plumages of most male birds etc.). Generally sexual selection
depends on the success of one sex while natural selection depends on the success of both sexes in
relation to the general condition of life. In most of the animals, certain traits related to their
sexual selection process do not express their characteristics until the organism is able to mate,
but naturally selected traits may occur at birth of the organism during the process of natural
selection.
Q.No 3
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed
with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end\" populations in
the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow
between e.
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docxSANSKAR20
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questionssinghaniya12
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
SOMEONE HELP Complete sentences, stating the differences and relati.pdfexpressionnoveltiesk
SOMEONE HELP: Complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate.
1. gene flow / genetic drift
2. sexual selection / artificial selection
3. ring species / biological species concept
4. hybrid inviability / temporal isolation
5. autopolyploidy / allopatric speciation
6. molecular clock / cladogram
7. gradualism / uniformitarianism
8. extreme thermophiles / viroids
9. HIV / Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
10. biofilm / microbial fuel cell
Solution
Q.No 1
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution of biological species that takes place because of the
change in the frequency of alleles in a population. These changes in the allele frequency in a
population occur randomly. One very common example to describe the genetic drift would be
that most of the human families have different number of boys and girls, as the X or Y alleles
have been passed differently into the new generation from the parents. Although the X and Y
alleles do not really contribute for the evolution, the frequency changes in other alleles would
have a considerable effect for evolution.
Gene flow is a process of evolution that takes place when genes or alleles move from one
population to another. It is also known as the Gene Migration, and that could cause changes in
the allele frequency as well as some variations in the gene pool of both populations. There are
some good examples to support this phenomenon from humans regarding a developed immunity
for malaria among new Western Africans after their parents mated with Europeans who initially
had the immunity. It is interesting to notice that gene flow could take place between two species,
as well.
Q.No 2
Sexual selection enhances mating success or the number of copulations, while natural selection
tends to produce well-adapted individuals to their environment. Sexual selection does not adapt
the individuals to their environment. Unlike sexual selection, natural selection acts on traits
which increase the fitness of members in a population. Certain adaptations have been derived
from the sexual selection which could never have been arisen from natural selection alone (Ex:
the neck of the giraffe, various plumages of most male birds etc.). Generally sexual selection
depends on the success of one sex while natural selection depends on the success of both sexes in
relation to the general condition of life. In most of the animals, certain traits related to their
sexual selection process do not express their characteristics until the organism is able to mate,
but naturally selected traits may occur at birth of the organism during the process of natural
selection.
Q.No 3
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed
with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end\" populations in
the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow
between e.
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docxSANSKAR20
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questionssinghaniya12
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
The presentation is made on a branch of botany doined Genetics and has been provided by thunder group for others connect here :
http://www.studentisalsohere.blogspot.com
http://www.facebook.com/studentisalsohere
Individual Project
Medical Technology
Wed, 9/6/17
Numeric
100
0
4–6 pages not including title page and reference page.
View objectives for this assignment
My Work:
Assignment Description
The use of health information technology (HIT) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in the federal government enacting several pieces of legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Continuing to build on your proposal for a healthcare facility from Weeks 1 and 2, you are assigned to research and discuss the following:
Discuss the financial and health benefits that can be realized by implementing an electronic health record (EHR).
Research and explain the estimated cost of implementing an EHR and the estimated cost of managing an EHR over the long run.
Discuss current security concerns surrounding HIT and the EHR.
Discuss how electronic health records can be used for decision-making and problem-solving.
Choose 1 piece of federal legislation (e.g., HIPAA, HITECH Act, Meaningful Use), and discuss the requirements that legislation imposes on the use of HIT and the EHR.
Note:
You must use at least 4 scholarly references.
.
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 3/8/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
Go To:
Assignment Details
Scenario
Learning Materials
Reading Assignment
My Work:
Online Deliverables:
Submissions
Looking for tutoring?
Go to Smarthinking
Collapse All |
Expand All
Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
Other Information
Instructor's Comments:
Unit 3 Individual Project Essentials
Due Wednesday, March 8 by 11:59 PM Central Time
2 – 3 pages of content (your writing, not including references, headers, etc. )
Double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman
2 credible references (in addition to the two articles you must read), so 4 sources in total
In-text citations AND reference list
Summarize the arguments in each article and how they might impact a person’s view of Watergate
Describe how Watergate impacted how politicians and politics are viewed by Americans and how the press report on politicians.
How would Watergate be covered in the age of social media and smartphones?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 2The Genetic and Evolutionary Roots of Behavior
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
The presentation is made on a branch of botany doined Genetics and has been provided by thunder group for others connect here :
http://www.studentisalsohere.blogspot.com
http://www.facebook.com/studentisalsohere
Individual Project
Medical Technology
Wed, 9/6/17
Numeric
100
0
4–6 pages not including title page and reference page.
View objectives for this assignment
My Work:
Assignment Description
The use of health information technology (HIT) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in the federal government enacting several pieces of legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Continuing to build on your proposal for a healthcare facility from Weeks 1 and 2, you are assigned to research and discuss the following:
Discuss the financial and health benefits that can be realized by implementing an electronic health record (EHR).
Research and explain the estimated cost of implementing an EHR and the estimated cost of managing an EHR over the long run.
Discuss current security concerns surrounding HIT and the EHR.
Discuss how electronic health records can be used for decision-making and problem-solving.
Choose 1 piece of federal legislation (e.g., HIPAA, HITECH Act, Meaningful Use), and discuss the requirements that legislation imposes on the use of HIT and the EHR.
Note:
You must use at least 4 scholarly references.
.
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 3/8/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
Go To:
Assignment Details
Scenario
Learning Materials
Reading Assignment
My Work:
Online Deliverables:
Submissions
Looking for tutoring?
Go to Smarthinking
Collapse All |
Expand All
Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
Other Information
Instructor's Comments:
Unit 3 Individual Project Essentials
Due Wednesday, March 8 by 11:59 PM Central Time
2 – 3 pages of content (your writing, not including references, headers, etc. )
Double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman
2 credible references (in addition to the two articles you must read), so 4 sources in total
In-text citations AND reference list
Summarize the arguments in each article and how they might impact a person’s view of Watergate
Describe how Watergate impacted how politicians and politics are viewed by Americans and how the press report on politicians.
How would Watergate be covered in the age of social media and smartphones?
.
Individual ProjectArticulating the Integrated PlanWed, 31.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Project
Articulating the Integrated Plan
Wed, 3/15/17
Numeric
150
0
See assignment details
Assignment Objectives
Demonstrate understanding of the use of a broad set of digital communication tools.
Determine the use of available tools for integrated marketing on the internet.
Assess which tools should be the most effective for promoting their specific new business ventures.
Create a digital marketing plan for inclusion into the business plan.
Key Assignment Draft
Throughout this course, you have articulated several aspects of marketing your planned new venture. Compile all of your writing and research, and insert it into your business plan framework. This compilation should include the following sections:
Expanded Market Environment
Marketing Mix
Digital Marketing Plan
Social Media Strategy
Financials (adjusted and expanded to account for marketing expense and success)
Be sure to integrate your mission and vision into your marketing plan. Consistency is important to your success.
Add the following sections to your plan:
Digital Marketing Policy (content standards, disclosure requirements, and other standards)
At least 1 of the following:
Philanthropy
People
Participation
Note:
Each section should be no longer than 1,500 words. Depending on the venture marketing approach, the marketing mix and digital marketing strategy documents will vary in length, detail, and complexity. In general terms, most business plan sections should be between 500–1,000 words.
.
Individual Multilingualism Guidelines1)Where did the a.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Multilingualism Guidelines
1)
Where did the author conduct her study and what were some of the language varieties spoken there?
2)
What was the author’s overall argument about bilingual linguistic abilities, as opposed to older views?
3)
What were some major linguistic patterns at home?
4)
Choose ONE of the three profile cases: Provide an example of how one of the subjects switched between Spanish and English according to grammatical and social norms.
5)
What was one factor for the continued influence of Spanish vs. increased use of English among the families studied, respectively?
answer these questions in 2 pages
.
Individual Implementation Strategiesno new messagesObjectives.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Implementation Strategies
no new messages
Objectives:
Using the paper started in Week One, add an additional 3 to 4 pages (1,050 to 1,400 words) describing your strategies for managing the project as follows: Develop a project communication plan to describe how stakeholders and managers will be kept informed regarding project progress. This will include the form of communication (status reports, meetings, etc.), frequency, and specific project milestones that will aid in determining where the implementation stands. Describe the various kinds of documentation that will be required to support the future system operation, including both user and technical documentation. Describe the Change Control Process that will be employed on the project to properly manage any disruptions to the progress of the project. Evaluate out-sourcing of implementation tasks, using consulting services versus performing them in-house, describing the costs, benefits, and challenges associated with each option. Incorporate feedback from your previous assignments. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Update your project plan to include the tasks associated with this week's assignment. Zip your assignment into one file. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your ZIP file of this week's assignments.
Using the paper started in Week One,
add
an additional 3 to 4 pages (1,050 to 1,400 words) describing your strategies for managing the project as follows:
Develop a project communication plan to describe how stakeholders and managers will be kept informed regarding project progress. This will include the form of communication (status reports, meetings, etc.), frequency, and specific project milestones that will aid in determining where the implementation stands.
Describe the various kinds of documentation that will be required to support the future system operation, including both user and technical documentation.
Describe the Change Control Process that will be employed on the project to properly manage any disruptions to the progress of the project.
Evaluate out-sourcing of implementation tasks, using consulting services versus performing them in-house, describing the costs, benefits, and challenges associated with each option.
Incorporate
feedback from your previous assignments.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Update
your project plan to include the tasks associated with this week's assignment.
Zip
your assignment into one file.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your ZIP file of this week's assignments.
.
Individual Refine and Finalize WebsiteDueJul 02View m.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Refine and Finalize Website
Due
Jul 02
View more
»
Expand view
Simple web forms can be used for order forms, a subscription to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
Using the course software,
refine
and
finalize
your website by doing the following:
Add a simple web form.
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
Finalize a navigation system between the pages.
Note
: Utilizing the server-side elements offered in the textbook for testing forms is allowable.
Validate
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
Submit
your website files in a compressed (zipped) folder to the Assignment Files tab.
.
Individual Cultural Communication Written Assignment (Worth 20 of .docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Cultural Communication Written Assignment (Worth 20% of Final Grade)
Complete a written paper (on a word document) about your culture. This paper requires correct grammar, punctuation, and APA format.
Requirements:
Use the following questions below as a template and address all questions within your written assignment.
The paper is worth 100 points (20%) of your course grade. A minimum of
Three (3)
references are required. References can come from a refereed journal article, course textbook, and or an Internet source.
You are expected to report on your cultural topic in a Four -Five pages (
Excluding Title and Reference Page
) typed word document. The assignment should be typed out on a Word Document with no larger than size 12 font, font names that should be used, times new roman or
Calabria
(not both), normal margins (no more than 1 inch), double spaced.
The following should be included in your assignment.
Assignment Layout:
1. Title Page:
Student Name (First and Last), Student Panther ID Number and Title
2. Introduction:
Describe what is Cultural Competency
Identify and describe your cultural ancestry. If you have more than one cultural ancestry, chose the one with which you most closely associate.
3. Assignment Content (Body of Paper):
Explore and describe the willingness of individuals in your culture to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Can you identify any area of discussion that would be considered taboo?
Explore and describe the practice and meaning of touch in your culture. Include information regarding touch between family members, friends, members of the opposite sex, and health-care providers.
Identify and describe personal spatial and distancing strategies used when communicating with others in your culture. Discuss differences between friends and families versus strangers.
Discuss your culture’s use of eye contact. Include information regarding practices between family members, friends, strangers, and persons of different age groups.
Explore and describe the meaning of gestures and facial expressions in your culture. Do specific gestures or facial expressions have special meanings? How are emotions displayed?
Discuss if there are acceptable ways of standing and greeting people in your culture?
Discuss the prevailing temporal relation of your culture. Is the culture’s
worldview
past, present, or future oriented? Prevailing temporal relations meaning, how do your culture perceive
healthcare
in general. Does your culture utilize certain remedies? Are they more relax about receiving proper
healthcare
? Do they seek a
healthcare
provider if their health is failing? How often they try to seek medical attention?
Discuss the impact of your culture in
healthcare
or within a
healthcare
setting.
4. Conclusion (Closing thoughts):
Discuss your closing thoughts (hypnotically), on how will your culture perceive
healthcare
in the future.
Discuss how being culturally competent will have an effect on you as a f.
Individual Project
The Basic Marketing Plan
Wed, 3/1/17
Numeric
100
0
1,200–1,500 words
Assignment Objectives
Demonstrate understanding of the use of a broad set of digital communication tools.
Determine the use of available tools for integrated marketing on the internet.
Assess which tools should be the most effective for promoting their specific new business ventures.
For this assignment, you will create a marketing mix document with the following 5 sections:
Product:
This section includes features, options, brand name, packaging, and service characteristics.
Price:
This section includes a pricing schedule, discounts, relative pricing, payment terms, and credit.
Place:
This section includes location, channels, in-store, on-shelf locations, on-site locations, and market coverage.
Promotion:
This section includes promoting, public relations (PR), and selling.
People, participation, or philanthropy:
This section includes information of your choosing.
.
Individual ProjectFinancial Procedures in a Health Care Organiza.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Project
Financial Procedures in a Health Care Organization
Wed, 7/26/17
2–3 pages; APA format, no errors. 100% turnitin check. NO Plagerism. On time.
healthinsurance companies provide the majority of the payment for medical services that clinics and physicians deliver. After the care has been delivered, the medical record is reviewed for completeness, codes are applied, and the billing office submits the claim to the insurance company or other third party payer for payment. There are several steps to take when submitting a claim form to the insurance company for reimbursement. The result of a clean claim is proper reimbursement for the services the facility has provided.
Discuss the following:
What does it mean to submit a clean claim?
List all of the information that is important before the claim can be submitted.
Discuss some of the reasons why a claim may be rejected.
State various reasons for the importance of a clean claim submission.
Address the consequences of not submitting a clean claim.
What steps should be taken to check the claim status?
As the practice manager, how would you ensure that the claims process results in clean claim submission and very few claim rejections.
.
Individual Expanded Website PlanView more »Expand view.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Expanded Website Plan
View more
»
Expand view
A Site Map is a diagram, similar to an organizational chart, which shows a visual mapping of your site and how the pages will be linked together.
Add
a Site Map to your website plan.
.
Individual Expanded Website PlanDueJul 02View more .docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Expanded Website Plan
Due
Jul 02
View more
»
Expand view
Expand
your website plan.
Select
at least three interactive features that could be added to your site.
Identify
the following:
What purpose would each feature serve for your site and its visitors?
How would you construct these features?
Note
: The form created in the next individual activity, "Individual: Refine and Finalize Website" can be included as one of the interactive features.
.
Individual Communicating to Management Concerning Information Syste.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Communicating to Management Concerning Information Systems
Due
Apr 17, 11:59 PM
View more
»
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Resources:
"Presentation Fundamentals" with Tatiana Kolovou on Lynda.com, Instructions for Completing a Video
Technology managers look for three critical fundamental skills from the IT professions hired today:
The ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing across all stakeholder levels
The ability to work in a team
The ability to think critically
You are on your second interview for a position in an Information Services Department. You will be presenting to a group of your peers, so they can see if you have good presentation skills. Your task is to:
Create a presentation containing eight to ten presentation slides including Introduction, Conclusion, and Reference slides.
Include speaker notes with each slide.
Describe one of the following type of systems:
A Transaction Processing System (For example, POS, ATM, Online Ordering)
A Functional Department System (For example, HRIS, Finance, CRM)
An Enterprise Resource Planning System
Describe the components or subsytems of the system and what business function they address.
Identify one vendor or open source solution for the system you chose to describe.
Discuss why you chose this system and how it will affect the overall business functions of the organization.
Note.
Be sure to include supportive graphics and appropriate backgrounds and styles. All references need to adhere to APA guidelines and images should not be copyrighted unless cited properly.
.
Individual Case Analysis-MatavIn max 4 single-spaced total pag.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Case Analysis-
Matav
In max 4 single-spaced total pages, please answer the following questions:
What is Matav’s strategy? Has it been successful?
Does Matav have competitive advantages in its domestic market?
Do Matav’s international expansion plans make sense?
If you were a member of the strategy group, what would you recommend to Andras Balogh?
DUE SUNDAY APRIL 2, 2017.
.
Individual Assignment Report Format• Report should contain not m.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Assignment Report Format
• Report should contain not more than 2,000 words, excluding cover page, content page and appendices. Indicate the total word-count at the end of your report.
• Report should be written with 12-pts Arial font type and 1.5line sentence spacing. Save the report in MS Word format with 1-inch margin on all sides of the A4-sized document.
• List the sources of your materials in the reference page.
.
Include LOCO api that allows user to key in an address and get the d.docxEstelaJeffery653
Include LOCO api that allows user to key in an address and get the directions on geolocation from their current location to the entered location. Most features that needs to be added is included in the attachment. Basic layout is provided. Application must work on phonegap. Uses only javascript and jquery. Let me know if interested then i will upload the basic layout
.
Include the title, the name of the composer (if known) and of the .docxEstelaJeffery653
Include the title, the name of the composer (if known) and of the performer. Describe the singing style.
Comment on the vocalist’s
breath control and vowel placement. Was there use of chest voice or
falsete
?
Comment on the lyrics (see translations in course reader) . Is the song
defiant, tender, passionate, remorseful, detached? Is there any imagery used? Is there any message? Identify the type of instrumental accompaniment.
required 4 pages
2 pages : track 16,
La Barca de Guaymas (Linda Ronstadt)
2 pages : track 19,
Paloma Negra
(Lola Beltrán)
I have the songs but i can't upload them
.
include as many events as possible to support your explanation of th.docxEstelaJeffery653
include as many events as possible to support your explanation of the term "globalization". it will help if included or more details and specifics. Essay Question below:
:
Why do historians believe that European civilization dominated the world
(economically, politically, and/or culturally) at the beginning of the 20
th
century? From your studies in this class, do you agree that the phrase “a global
village” accurately describes the 21
st
-century world? Explain why or why not
(use specific examples) ?
.
Incorporate the suggestions that were provided by your fellow projec.docxEstelaJeffery653
Incorporate the suggestions that were provided by your fellow project managers into your final
Project Management Plan
.
Finalize your Project Staffing subsection. This will be part of your Human Resource Management section or appendix.
Determine the number of resources that will be provided from within the enterprise and from outside contractors. Explain the reasoning behind the determination of the source for the personnel resources.
Make the necessary adjustments to the budget and the schedule, therefore establishing the baseline for those 2 areas.
An explanation will be required regarding the source of those personnel and why the use of that specific provider is necessary.
Thoroughly review your deliverable for spelling errors and correct word usage, grammar, and formatting.
**Please make sure to complete sections 3.0 (Human Resource Management) and 4.0 (Risk Management) of the Project Management Plan.
.
inal ProjectDUE Jun 25, 2017 1155 PMGrade DetailsGradeNA.docxEstelaJeffery653
inal Project
DUE: Jun 25, 2017 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
May 1, 2017 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
.
include 1page proposal- short introduction to research paper and yo.docxEstelaJeffery653
include: 1page proposal- short introduction to research paper and your intention. 2 page Annotated bibliography - Summary of Books and articles and relationship to your project(at least one book and 2 scholarly articles).
Main htings to consider the concept of ; ethos, building, dwelling and thinking, path.
think about the four elements of the fourfold; earth sky/hoorizon, mortals and divinities.
.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. *
(left) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, (middle) Visuals
Unlimited/Corbis, (right) University of Edinburgh,Wellcome
Image
2.1 Cell types (A) Red blood cells contain large amounts of a
protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin picks up oxygen when
red blood cells pass through the lungs and then drops off the
oxygen when these cells pass through the body’s other tissues.
(B) Goblet cells, found in the lining of the small intestine,
manufacture granules of a protein called mucigen. When a
goblet cell releases mucigen granules into the intestine, they
combine with water to make mucin, a component of the mucus
that lubricates the intestine. (C) Rod cells, which serve as light
detectors in the eye, contain a protein called rhodopsin that
absorbs light.
Genetics and DNAThe nucleus of each biological cell contains
chromosomes, which each contain a single molecule of
DNA.Within this molecule, genes govern the cell’s functioning
by providing detailed instructions for making proteins.
Biological influences on behavior are governed by genes: what
are genes and how does genetic inheritance operate? Genes are
sections of DNA molecules, stored within chromosomes in
every cell, that describe the structure and expression of specific
proteins.
*
3. *
(left) Jim Zuckerman/Corbis; (right) Biophoto Associates
2.2 The cell’s control center Cells contain nuclei, which contain
chromosomes, which contain DNA.
*
(photo) Science Photo Library
2.3 A DNA molecule The production of proteins is governed by
the sequence of subunits on the DNA molecule. The sequence
(for example, CAGGTC or TCCA) determines the structure of
the protein that will be produced as well as when, where, and in
what amount the protein will be made.
GenomeHumans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and roughly
25,000 protein-coding genes. These are collectively called the
person’s genome.
*
*
4. Leonard Lessin, Photo Researchers, Inc.
2.4 Human chromosomes The human genome consists of 23
pairs of chromosomes; these together contain roughly 25,000
genes. One pair of chromosomes (the so-called sex
chromosomes) is either XX or XY; this pair determines whether
the person is genetically female or male. The other 22 pairs are
called autosomes.
Gene ExpressionIn each cell, some genes are expressed at any
point in time and others are not.Gene expression is controlled
by the biochemical environment inside the cell, which is
influenced by the organism’s:overall environment.
experience.behavior.
*
Gene ExpressionAn organism’s genome therefore specifies only
its genotype.The overt traits and behaviors of the organism
define its phenotype.the product of the genotype and
experience, which are in continual interaction
- How genes are transcribed into actual proteins, or expressed,
in any given cell or individual is controlled by biology and
timing, but also by experience and the social and physical
environment.
- Thus, an organism’s specific sequence of genes (its genotype)
plays only an indirect role in determining its observable
features and behaviors (its phenotype).
5. *
*
2.5 Parents’ chromosome pairs combine to create a child’s Cells
in the human body generally contain 46 chromosomes— that is,
23 pairs. When females produce an egg, however, the egg
contains just 23 chromosomes—one from each of the mother’s
pairs. The same is true when males produce sperm cells—they
contain just one chromosome from each of the father’s pairs.
When egg and sperm combine, the baby ends up with the
appropriate number of chromosomes.
Interactions among GenesMost characteristics are influenced by
the action of many genes.Each gene is paired with another
gene.The pairs are located at corresponding positions on pairs
of chromosomes.
*
*
Bettmann/Corbis
2.6 Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) Our modern understanding of
genetics grows out of Mendel’s pioneering work 150 years ago.
6. Dominant vs. RecessiveThe genes may or may not be the same
allele. If they are different:one gene may be dominant and the
other recessive,or the genes may be codominant,or one may be
incompletely dominant.
- Genes are inherited from an organism’s parents, and the laws
of Mendelian inheritance control how traits shaped by single
genes are passed along; for example, a person who inherits a
gene for dimples (a dominant trait) from a single parent will
have dimples, while a person needs two copies of the gene for
PKU (a recessive trait) to have the disorder.
- Most genetic variation, though, is not so simple. Even single-
gene variations can be incompletely Mendelian (as in the
serotonin transporter). More importantly, the vast majority of
an organism’s traits, from physical variations like height to
specific disorders like schizophrenia, are influenced by many
genes. These traits are still influenced by biology, but in much
more complicated ways.
*
*
2.7 Inheritance of dimples Dimples are one of the few traits
largely determined by variation in just one gene. If someone
inherits the allele that favors dimples from both parents
(meaning the person’s genotype is DD), the person will almost
certainly have dimples. If someone inherits this allele from
neither parent (genotype dd), then dimples are unlikely. What i f
the person is heterozygous? The allele favoring dimples is
7. dominant, and so the genotype Dd usually leads to dimples.
Darwin and EvolutionCharles Darwin hypothesized that all
modern organisms:are descended from a small set of shared
ancestors.have emerged over time through the process of
evolution.An enormous amount of evidence has confirmed these
proposals.
If most traits and behaviors are influenced by patterns of many
genes, how have these complicated patterns arisen and been
maintained over generations? This is a question about why
biological forces would have shaped a particular behavior —the
“ultimate causes” of behavior. Darwin addressed these questions
with the principles of evolution: that all life had a common
origin, and that the process of natural selection had shaped
variations among organisms in both their physical traits and
their behavior.
*
*
Wikimedia Commons
2.8 Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Darwin’s theory of evolution
by natural selection has dramatically changed the way scienti sts
think about life on Earth. Here Darwin is shown at about 30
years old, in a watercolor by George Richmond.
Darwin and EvolutionThe key mechanism is natural selection.If
8. individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce, their genes will be better represented in the next
generation. And if the genes gave rise to the advantageous
traits, those traits will be more common in the next generation.
Natural selection occurs when a heritable variation in a species
leads to reproductive advantage (but not necessarily survival) in
a specific environment, and thus becomes “favored,” or more
common, as that variation is passed on to offspring. This
process, repeated over generations, results in organisms that are
increasingly adapted to their specific environment (but not
necessarily, as the text notes, “better” in any meaningful way).
*
*
The New Yorker Collection, 2006, Robert
Leighton/cartoonbank.com
2.9 Naturalistic fallacy
Naturalistic FallacyIt is important to avoid the naturalistic
fallacy, however—it does not follow that evolution somehow
improves organisms or that anything natural is good.
*
9. Genes and EvolutionDarwin’s three principles: There must be
variation among individuals within a population.Certain of the
variants must survive and reproduce at higher rates than others.
The traits associated with this advantage must be passed from
parents to offspring.
*
Genes and Evolution
Both the variation and the transmission of traits depend on the
organism’s genome.The emphasis is on the survival of
genes!This explains behaviors in which organisms endanger
their own survival to protect their offspring or relatives. What
matters is the survival of genes, NOT the survival of
individuals.
Although Darwin knew nothing of genes, we now know that
genes are the mechanism by which favored variations are passed
down to offspring. Sexual reproduction (and occasionally
mutations) helps introduce variations into the population, which
can be selected for over time.
*
*
Biosphoto/Cordier Sylvain/Peter Arnold
2.10 The broken-wing display When a predator approaches the
10. plover’s nest, the mother flies a short distance away and drags a
wing, as if she were injured. The predator is likely to turn away
from the nest and pursue the (apparently vulnerable) mother.
This behavior is easily understood in Darwinian terms—but
only if we emphasize the survival of the mother’s genes, and
not the mother herself.
Evidence for EvolutionThe evidence for modern evolutionary
theory comes from many sources, including:the fossil record.
examination of the resemblance between genomes of various
organisms.
- Modern biological research, from the fossil record to
molecular investigations of the genome, has produced
overwhelming evidence for evolution; understanding how
closely all life is related and how much of the genome is shared
between species provides the basis for learning about human
psychology by studying animals.
*
*
2.11 Public acceptance of evolution Despite overwhelming
evidence for the theory of evolution, many Americans remain
skeptical about it. In a 2005 survey (see figure), only in Turkey
did a larger group of people express reservations about the
statement that “human beings, as we know them, developed
from earlier species of animals.” This statement—almost
universally endorsed by scientists—was much more favorably
received in most European countries and in Japan.
11. *
Wikimedia Commons
2.12 Fossilized remains supporting evolution The four-winged
dinosaur (Microraptor gui) has flight feathers on its arms and its
legs. This is compelling evidence that this dinosaur is one of the
ancient ancestors of modern birds.
Evidence for Evolution
We can also document the unfolding of evolution in some
modern organisms.
The unity of life
Shared ancestry for many organisms is evident.
*
*
(photos) scienceblogs.com
2.13 Natural selection in the modern world In the 1950s, the
murky waters of Lake Washington hid the stickleback from the
view of predators. Now that the water has cleared, trout are
more easily finding and eating the sticklebacks. The result has
12. been a striking increase in the number of sticklebacks with bony
plates on their sides—plates that serve as armor, protecting the
fish from the trout.
*
Anthony Chan, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
2.14 The unity of life These baby monkeys make green
fluorescent protein because they have been implanted with
genetic instructions borrowed from a jellyfish. This result is an
extraordinary confirmation that the biochemical mechanisms
inside these animals’ cells are quite similar.
Genetics and BehaviorEvolution by natural selection has shaped
behaviors just as much as physical traits. Natural selection
favored behavioral flexibility. Organisms have evolved
mechanisms so they can: alter their responses.learn new skills.
*
*
Heinrich Van Denberg/ WWI/Still/Peter Arnold
2.15 Evolutionary influence on behavior In some cases,
13. evolution has guided organisms toward specific, well-defined
behaviors—like the weaver bird’s specific style of nest
building.
Say Cheese!The behavior of smiling seems to be species general
for humans, but is not species specific.Smiling is also evident in
individuals blind since birth.It does not depend on a history of
learning.
Smiling is a universal human behavior (as shown by evidence
from babies, from blind athletes, and from widely separated
cultures). It is also shared across species; many closely related
primates smile in specific social situations.
*
What Kind of Smile Is That?There are at least two types of
smiles.One type is expressive of an individual’s inner
state.produced even if no other people are around The other
type is more social. functions as a greeting or a means of
defusing tense situations
Primates, including humans, typically show at least two kinds of
smiles, one in response to pleasant stimuli and a distinctly
different one used as a social signal. Analyzing the role smiling
plays in animal behavior can thus help us understand how it is
used in human interactions today and how the behavior was
promoted and preserved by natural selection across species.
*
14. *
Andersen Ross/cultura/Corbis
2.16 The expressive smile The expressive smile involves both
changes in mouth shape and a shift in the muscles surrounding
the eyes. The shift creates the pattern known as “crows’ feet,”
radiating outward from the eyes.
*
Corbis
2.17 The polite smile This form of smile involves lips drawn
back, revealing the teeth—but with the teeth plainly closed.
This smile may be a gesture of submission or a means of
avoiding conflict.
What Kind of Smile Is That?These points provide powerful
indications that smiles have ancient roots.selected by evolution
as a means of communication, allowing others to read our inner
states and intentions
*
Genetics and IntelligenceAn individual’s level of intelligence is
influenced by genetic factors. Identical twins are a good
15. example: their levels of intelligence are similar, even if they
grew up separately.
People differ in their abilities to learn, solve problems, and
adapt; what psychologists call intelligence is a general version
of this capacity. Measurements of intelligence have a large
environmental component, but they interact with a significant
genetic component to intelligence, as suggested by twin studies
and studies of adopted children.
*
*
2.18 Monozygotic and dizygotic twins Sometimes a woman
releases two eggs in the same month and both are fertilized. The
result is dizygotic twins—conceived at the same time, born on
the same day, but with only 50 percent overlap in their
genotypes (the same overlap as for ordinary siblings).
Sometimes a woman releases a single egg that is fertilized and
then splits into two. This sequence results in monozygotic
(identical) twins with 100 percent overlap in their genotypes.
*
2.19 Genetic relatedness and intelligence Monozygotic twins
tend to resemble each other in intelligence, whether the twins
are raised together or not; dizygotic twins show less
resemblance, although they resemble each other more than do
randomly selected individuals.
16. Heritability RatioIntelligence is also influenced by
environmental factors.heritability = genetic variance ∕ total
phenotypic varianceThe heritability ratio is a summary of the
effect of genetic differences within a given population and
environment.
*
Heritability RatioThe value of the heritability ratio depends on
the group being examined.In groups with lower socioeconomic
status (SES), the heritability may be zero. Heritability also
increases with a person’s age. This may be because people
choose environments that amplify their genetic potential.
Heritability estimates measure how much of the variation in a
trait is due to genetics; for intelligence, estimates of heritability
are often around 60 percent, but they vary significantly
depending on the group that is studied (for example, middle-
class vs. low socioeconomic status). One possibility is that
genetic inheritance provides a potential for developing
intelligence, but this potential must be nurtured in the right
environment to be achieved. The evolutionary perspective on
intelligence suggests that intelligence has a genetic component
because natural selection favored the ability to adapt to
different environments.
*
18. Evolution of MatingMost mammals are polygynous; this is
easily understood in evolutionary terms. To maximize their
reproductive success, males should mate with as many females
as possible.females mate just a few times during their lives but
try to ensure the well-being of each of their progeny.
In mammals, mothers are far more critical to an infant’s
physical needs after conception (in pregnancy and following
birth) than fathers are, which results in different selection
pressures between the sexes. Males should be under pressure to
mate with as many females as possible to increase reproductive
success, while females should be under pressure to ensure the
success of each child. This argument explains mating patterns in
many mammalian species; evolutionary psychology argues it
also can address key differences in how human men and women
approach mating.
*
*
WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold Inc.
2.22 The cost of reproduction For mammalian females,
reproduction has serious costs. A doe must devote an entire
breeding season to carrying the young and then nursing them or
the offspring will not survive.
Human Mating HabitsThis logic helps explain why human males
express a desire for multiple partners, and why it’s the female,
in most species, who makes the choice about mating. By the
same logic Natural selection explains why males take the major
19. role in courtship.
*
*
Biosphoto/Vernay Pierre/Peter Arnold, Inc.
2.23 Males, females, and courtship In most species, it’s the
female who decides whether to mate, which causes the male to
do some self-promotion.
Mars versus VenusMen seem to care more about appearance.
Women seem to put greater weight on social status. Natural
selection likely favored these tendencies.appearance = health
and fertilitystatus = resources needed to raise young
Buss’ cross-cultural studies have identified widespread patterns
in how women and men choose mates. Among humans, females
appear to seek mates who demonstrate the ability to commit
resources to raising offspring; thus, women are attracted to
mates with wealth or high status. By contrast, men are under
pressure to mate with partners who demonstrate youth and
health (and thus maximize their future reproductive success);
men thus place more emphasis on physical attractiveness and
youth. However, virtually all men and women desire a long-
term, mutually exclusive sexual relationship, which suggests
that something more than the pressures for maximal
reproductive success are at play.
20. *
*
Stuart Freedman/Panos Pictures
2.24 Male preference for younger women In a wide range of
cultures, men prefer partners who are younger than they are;
women prefer high-status, slightly older men.
Evolution and InfidelityAn evolutionary perspective also leads
to the expectation that men will be more distressed by sexual
infidelity in their partners than by emotional infidelity, which
indeed is reported.Women should show the reverse pattern, as is
also reported.
Other pressures can account for how men and women vary in
concerns about jealousy and paternity; for example, unlike men,
women can be sure their children are their genetic relations.
Differences that men and women report in jealousy—that men
are more threatened by sexual infidelity and women by
emotional infidelity—are consistent with an evolutionary
perspective based on these different pressures; so are data that
men tend to prefer children that look like them. These data and
their interpretation, though, have been the subject of much
debate, highlighting the difficulty of examining human behavior
from a purely biological and evolutionary perspective.
*
21. *
Michael Newman/ Photo Edit
2.25 DNA testing Modern biotechnology now makes it easy to
compare the DNA of two individuals—and thus to establish the
identity of an infant's father.
Behavior: It’s ComplicatedBiology versus environmentEither -or
arguments are increasingly viewed as irrelevant as the constant
interaction between the two has become clearer.Does evolution
produce “good” traits?Natural selection can favor traits that
used to be valuable but no longer are.example: storing body fat
or responding to threat
*
Concept Quiz
Most of an organism’s traits are not controlled by a single gene,
but rather are influenced by a large number of gene pairs. This
pattern is called:
gene dominance.
genotype.
polygenic inheritance.
natural selection.
Answer: C
Type: vocabulary
22. *
Concept Quiz
An evolutionary perspective on jealousy predicts that males will
be more upset by their partner’s _________________ than
females will be.
imagined infidelity
emotional infidelity
sexual infidelity
serial infidelity
Answer: C
Type: conceptual
*
Video Clips
*
Scared Slow (1:32)
After a car accident or other frightening experience, many
people report feeling like the event happened in slow motion.
One neuroscientist set out to test whether our brains really
23. perceive things slowed down in response to fear. This
ScienCentral News story shows why he had to scare people in
order to do the experiment.
Featuring: David Eagleman, Baylor College of Medicine
Copyright ScienCentral, Inc.
Red Sways Men (1:30)
The way to a man’s heart on Valentine’s Day? Wear red. This
ScienCentral News video explains that there is scientific
evidence for the attractive power of red.
Featuring: Daniela Niesta, University of Rochester
Copyright ScienCentral, Inc.
Threat and Politics: Are Political Views Rooted in Biology?
(1:36)
If you’re ever been in an argument with someone who had
different political views, chances are neither of you won. Maybe
it’s not just stubbornness. New research has found that people
with strong opposing political views might also have very
different physical responses to threat.
Featuring: John Hibbing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
24. Copyright ScienCentral, Inc.
Baby Scent and Dads (1:32)
Even the toughest dads can be tender and nurturing when it
comes to their children. Now researchers studying monkeys
have found that’s not just an attitude, it’s a physical response to
the mere scent of their infant. This ScienCentral News video
explains.
Featuring: Toni Ziegler, Wisconsin National Primate Research
Center
Copyright ScienCentral, Inc.
This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 2
For more learning resources, visit the StudySpace at
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/psych/psychology8/
Page 1 of 2
Evaluation of Strengths
Building Family Strengths (44023)
Kent State University – Salem | Dr. Steven Toepfer
View the film Billy Elliot and evaluate the Elliot family
25. according to the instructions below. Answer every question
and its subcomponents. Always define terms and give
examples from the film whenever possible. Use the
worksheets provided on Blackboard.
Format: The Evaluations of Strengths project is not a
traditional paper. It is an informal report. The Elliot family is
the fictional client. There is
not perfect way to format this assignment, but it must be
professional, organized, and
easy to understand for a reader that may not be familiar with the
jargon or the Double
ABC-X Model.
PART 1: General Evaluation
Define all terms before applying them to the Elliot family.
These concepts are drawn
directly from class material over the semester. Feel free to bold -
face them in your work.
● The Elliot Family: Summarize the Elliot family’s strengths
(and weaknesses) in terms of their
relationships. From chap 6 (Flourishing) include an example of
appetite/aversion and
expectancy violation.
● The Elephant & Rider: Detail the relationship between Mr.
Elliot’s (Billy’s father) elephant
and rider.
● Defense Mechanisms: Discuss two defense mechanism used
26. by members of the Elliot
family. Billy must be used as one of the family members.
● Psychological Turning Point: What was the mechanism of
change? To answer this question
you must describe the circumstance before and after the idea of
turning points as reviewed
in Flourishing.
● Vital Engagement & Goals: Define vital engagement and
explain the role of Billy’s vital
engagement. What is it and how did it help him establish goals.
What were those goals?
● Flow: What activity completely absorbed Billy and how does
he describe that experience?
Page 2 of 2
PART 2: Double ABC-X Model Application
Everything you need to know about the Double ABC-X Model is
in the corresponding lecture.
When covering the stressors (aA) include the categories of
27. assessment (e.g., Locus of the
problem, tolerance, etc.) as well as the (D) and (F) modifiers
when making your assessment.
● Use the Double ABC-X model to evaluate the Elliot family.
Use the forms that have been
provided to organize and conduct the evaluation. Do not turn
these forms in with the
assignment. They are provided to help you organize your
analysis.
● In bulleted or bolded format list the aA, bB, cC, and xX
dimensions of the ABC-X model
which apply to the Elliot family. Elaborate with 1-3 sentences if
needed. In some cases you
will need to describe your rational for the inclusion of an
observation.
● Summarize the overall ABC-X findings to using the language
of the model to conclude this
portion of the assignment. In other words, discuss the change in
perspective and outcomes
that you observe.
Format Criteria
● Title page (Name, Title of the assignment, course name,
instructor name).
28. ● 4-8 pages, Typed, Double spaced, Page numbers, Stapled,
White bonded paper.
● Must be on time. Late papers will receive a massive deduction
of points.
When complete, upload the Blackboard.