The difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses is that vertical transmission is transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant the spread of viruses from trees and tall plants to bushes and other smaller plants, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of similar size the spread of viruses from upper leaves to lower leaves of the plant, and horizontal transmission is the spread of a virus among leaves at the same general level the transfer of DNA from a plant of one species to a plant of a different species, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of the same species What is the main structural difference between enveloped and nonenveloped viruses? Enveloped viruses have their genetic material enclosed by a layer made only of protein. Both types of viruses have a capsid and phospholipid membrane; but in the nonenveloped virus the genetic material is between these two membranes, while in the enveloped virus the genetic material is inside both membranes. Enveloped viruses have a phospholipid membrane outside their capsid, whereas nonenveloped viruses do not have a phospholipid membrane. Nonenveloped viruses have only a phospholipid membrane, while enveloped viruses have two membranes, the other one being a protein capsid. If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? There would be no more pathogens on Earth. Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. Viruses are referred to as obligate parasites because they cannot reproduce outside of a host cell viral DNA always inserts itself into host DNA. they invariably kill any cell they infect. they can iocorporate nucleic acids from other viruses they must use enzymes encoded by the virus itself Bacteriophage DNA that have become integrated into the host cell chromosome are called intemperate bacteriophages. traosposons. prophages. T-even phages. plasmids. Virulent pahges undergo a(n) life cycles, whereas temperate phages are capable of undergoing a(n) cycle. infective; retroviral lysogenic; lytic lytic; lysogenic retroviral; infective Infective; benign Solution 36.Answer a. In Horizontal transmission spread of virus takes place from one plant to other while vertical transmission involves transfer of virus from plant to offspring 37.Answer c. Phospholipid enclosed virus they are enveloped virus while other lack phospholipid membrane 38.Answer c.microbes help in recycling of material. 39.Answer a. Reproduction takes place inside host 40. Answer d. Known as phage 41.Answer c : Lyric and lysogenic phage.

1. The difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses is that vertical
transmission is transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and horizontal
transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant the spread of viruses from trees
and tall plants to bushes and other smaller plants, and horizontal transmission is the spread of
viruses among plants of similar size the spread of viruses from upper leaves to lower leaves of
the plant, and horizontal transmission is the spread of a virus among leaves at the same general
level the transfer of DNA from a plant of one species to a plant of a different species, and
horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of the same species What is the
main structural difference between enveloped and nonenveloped viruses? Enveloped viruses
have their genetic material enclosed by a layer made only of protein. Both types of viruses have
a capsid and phospholipid membrane; but in the nonenveloped virus the genetic material is
between these two membranes, while in the enveloped virus the genetic material is inside both
membranes. Enveloped viruses have a phospholipid membrane outside their capsid, whereas
nonenveloped viruses do not have a phospholipid membrane. Nonenveloped viruses have only a
phospholipid membrane, while enveloped viruses have two membranes, the other one being a
protein capsid. If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be
the most likely and most direct result? There would be no more pathogens on Earth. Human
populations would thrive in the absence of disease. The recycling of nutrients would be greatly
reduced, at least initially. Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. Viruses are
referred to as obligate parasites because they cannot reproduce outside of a host cell viral DNA
always inserts itself into host DNA. they invariably kill any cell they infect. they can
iocorporate nucleic acids from other viruses they must use enzymes encoded by the virus itself
Bacteriophage DNA that have become integrated into the host cell chromosome are called
intemperate bacteriophages. traosposons. prophages. T-even phages. plasmids. Virulent
pahges undergo a(n) life cycles, whereas temperate phages are capable of undergoing a(n)
cycle. infective; retroviral lysogenic; lytic lytic; lysogenic retroviral; infective Infective;
benign
Solution
36.Answer a. In Horizontal transmission spread of virus takes place from one plant to other
while vertical transmission involves transfer of virus from plant to offspring
37.Answer c. Phospholipid enclosed virus they are enveloped virus while other lack
phospholipid membrane
38.Answer c.microbes help in recycling of material.
39.Answer a. Reproduction takes place inside host

2. 40. Answer d. Known as phage
41.Answer c : Lyric and lysogenic phage