Plant parasitic nematodes attack many important agricultural crops r.pdf

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Plant parasitic nematodes attack many important agricultural crops resulting in millions of dollar in damage. In roots, injury by nematodes may be detected by the presence of lesions, cysts or galls/knots. Identify one genius of nematode that produces cysts, lesions and galls on an important agricultural crop in Ontario. List the crop and describe the damage. Solution Answer: Nematodes are microscopic multicellular organisms that thrive in the soil and water. They are benificial for the ecosytem balance as they feed upon the organic matter and conver it into essential nutrients. Some epecies of nematodes are act as biocontrol agents for varoius plant pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and insects. However, some nematode genus are act as plant parasite and tend to damage agriculture crops by damaging roots, stem and bulbs. In different regions of Ontario, different agriculture crops are adversaly affected by several genus of nematodes. One of them is genus Heterodera which affect soybean crop and detected by the presence of lesions, cysts or galls/knots in roots. Other crops are also affected by other nematode genus as given in the table below:NematodeCropsDamageHeterodera sp.Soybean , Sugarbeet, OatCyst formationMeloidogyne sp.Soybean , Sugarbeet, OatRootknot formationPratylenchus sp.Soybean , Sugarbeet, Oat, Tomato, OnionRoot lesion formation, stunting and discolouration of rootsDitylenchusOnion, GarlicDamage of bulb (bloating) and stem (twisting).

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Root-knot nematodes begin their lives as eggs that rapidly develop into first-stage juvenile nematodes (J1). This stage is occupied inside a translucent egg case, where it transitions into a second-stage juvenile (J2) nematode. The J2 stage is the only stage that can initiate infections. J2s cause damage by attacking growing root tips and entering roots behind the root cap. After this, they move to the area of cell elongation, where they create a feeding site.

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ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are ubiquitous parasites with an amazing capacity to interact with a very large variety of plant species. They are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes that depend on the induction of a permanent feeding site in living roots to complete their life cycle. RKNs interfere with the genetic programmes of their hosts to transform root vascular cells into giant cells (GCs) through the injection of nematode effectors from their oesophageal glands. Dramatic rearrangements in GCs cytoskeleton, alteration of cell cycle mechanisms, such as mitosis and endoreduplication, readjustment of enzymes involved in carbohydrate synthesis and degradation are among those processes modified in GCs. GCs act as sinks to provide nutrients for life cycle completion from J2 larvae to adult females. The female produces an egg offspring protected by a gelatinous matrix and the free-living stage, J2, hatch from these eggs, completing the nematode life cycle. The understanding of the processes subjacent to GC differentiation and maintenance, as well as a deeper knowledge of RKN mode of parasitism, will provide tools for new control methods of these devastating agricultural pests.

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In Drosophila, gray body color is dominant to ebony body color, while long wings are dominant to vestigial wings. Assuming that the P_1 individuals are homozygous, work the following crosses through the F_2 generation, and determine the phenotypic each generation. Enter your answers in fraction form (ex: 1/4) in the blanks provided by the list of phenotypes: gray, long gray, vestigial ebony, long ebony, vestigial Solution In Drosophila, gray color is dominant to ebony body color, while long wings are dominant to vestigial wings. Assuming that the P1 individuals are homozygous, work the following crosses through the F2 generation, and determine the phenotypic ratios for each generation E = gray; e = ebony V = long; v = vestigial It is a dihybrid cross, in which phenotypic ratio should be 9:3:3:1 P1: ----> EEVV (homozygous dominant) *eevv (homozygous recessive) F1 generation offspring are all are EeVv representing ---> heterozygous for both traits (genotype and dominant phenotypes); therefore, all gray body & and long wings can be seen as phenotypic appearance. P1 dihybrid cross: Punnet square * ev ev ev ev EV EeVv EeVv EeVv EeVv EV EeVv EeVv EeVv EeVv EV EeVv EeVv EeVv EeVv EV EeVv EeVv EeVv EeVv F2 –generation -dihybrid cross: * EV Ev eV ev EV EVEV EVEv EVeV EVeV Ev EEVv EEvv EeVv Eevv eV EeVV EeVv eeVV eeVv ev EVev Evev eVev evev Genotypic ratios ----> 1/16 EEVV; 1/8 EEVvl; 1/16 EEVV; 1/8 EeVV; 1/4 EeVv; 1/8 Eevv; 1/16 eeVV ;1/18 eeVv; 1/16 eevv Phenotypic ratio ----> 9/16 gray body and long wings 3/16 gray body and vestigial wings 3/16 ebony body and long wings 1/16 ebony, vestigial Staphylococcus aureus.

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G and g are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, for a gene. If a mating of a gg female with a Gg male resulted in offspring that all have the recessive phenotype, this would most likely be an example of Solution Answer: Maternal inheritance The mitochon dria, like the chloroplasts, are self-replicating organelles which contain their own genes and have a limited number of characters which are independent of the nucleus. They are transmitted mainly through the female line and mutations in their genes show the same pattern or maternal inheritance..

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