This document discusses insect resistance in crops. It introduces the direct and indirect damage insects can cause to crops. It then covers several topics related to developing insect resistance in crops, including the orders of insects that most damage crops, using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to generate transgenic insect-resistant plants, and the mechanisms of non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance that confer resistance. The document also addresses the history of insect resistance, applications of insect-resistant crops, and their benefits for reducing insecticide use and integrating with other pest management methods. It concludes by discussing the importance of insect resistance for protecting agriculture, especially in potential future conflicts, and the need for education on optimal use of insect-resistant crops.

1. Insecticide
RESISTANCE DRUG

2. OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
INSECTS RESISTANCE
INSECTS ORDERS
ARTIFICIAL INSECTICIDE
GOVERNMENT FUND
GENETIC MAKEUP IN PLANT GENE
NON PREFERENCE
ANTIBIOSIS
TOLERANCE
APPLICATION
ANCIENT TO FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE Anti insect repeller
Insecticides
2010
20202030

3. INTRODUCTION
Insects are responsible for two major kinds of damage to
growing crops.
1) Direct injury done to the plant by the feeding insect
,which eats leaves or burrows in stems fruit or roots.
Grasshoppers,beetles,and beetles cause feeding
damage such a holes or notches in foliage and other plant
parts,leaf skeletonizing(Removal of tissue between the leaf
veins)leaf defoliation,cutting plants off at the soil surface,or
consumption of roots.
2) Indirect damage, no harm but transmits a bacterial
,viral or fungal infection into a crop.
viral diseases of sugar beets and potato,carried from
plant to plant by aphids .
Small proportion of the pest population may survive
exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic
makeup.

4. INSECTS RESISTANCE
Transgenic plants has been achieved through the use
of insect control protein genes of bacillus thuringiensis.
HISTORy
1941 First documented by insects
demonstrated resistance to an inorganic resistance.
1987--first reported in tobacco in vaeck at the same year
in fischhoff tomato.
approximately 40 different genes conferring insects resistance
have been incorporated into crops.
Insect resistance genetically modified
crops(primarily cotton and maize),they are toxic to certain
insects.They are often called Bt crops because the
introduction genes were originally identified in a bacterial
species called bacillus thurigiensis.
A.L.MELANDER

5. INSECTS ORDERS
The damage to crops is mainly caused by insects larvae
and to some extent adult insects.The majority of the
insects that damage crops belong to both orders.
Homoptera(Aphids)
Orthoptera(Grasshoppers)
Lipidoptera(Bollworms) Coleoptera(Beetles)
15% of the world’s
crop yield is lost to
insects or pests. A
selected list of the
common insects and
the crop demage

6. ARTIFICIAL INSECTICIDES
DEMANDED IN
MARKER
Cypermethrin
It is synthetic pyrethroid
used as an insecticide in
large scale commercial and
consumer products for
domestic purposes .IT
highly toxic to fish,bees
and aquatic insects.
It behaves as a fast acting
neurotoxin in insects.It is
easily degradea on soil and
plants but can be effective
for weeks when applied to
indoor surface.
It exposure to sunlight,water
and oxygen will accelerate
its decomposition
IUPAC---[Cyano(3-
phenoxyphenyl)meth
yl]3-(2,2-
dichloroethenyl)-2,2-
dimethylcyclopropan
e-1-carboxylate
Uses-in agriculture to
control ectoparasites
which infects
cattle,sheep,and
poultry.
In veterinary
medicine,it is effective
at controlling ticks on
dogs
Demetris-it may cause
allergic skin reactions in
human.nausea,headache
muscle
weakness,shortness of
breast and seizures

7. GOVERNMENT FUND
 G Importance of
ggrowing
Importance of growing insects
resistance crop in pest
management programmes id
discussed with reference to some
of the major aspects of insects
resistance in crop plants in
tamilnadu
Beneficial insects such as the
spider,ground
beetle,wasp,destroy pest
Insecticides used by
sprayer,dust power ect.it may
damage environment and
natural resourse.(Soil
,land,waterand air
THE HINDU

8. GENETIC MAKEUP IN PLANT GENE
Insects resistance plant is genetically
modified,genetic engieering,genetic makeup
mechanism material.
Insecticide smell like a garlic smell. It deivate
insect direction because thar irritated smell ,it
also damage respiratory system of insects.
ADVERSE
EFFECTS ON
INSECTS
BIOLOGY
ABILITY TO
WITHSTAND
OR RECOVER
FROM INSECT
DAMAGE
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ON INSECTS
BEHAVIOUR
INSECTS RESISTANCE
PROCESS

9. NON PREFERENCE
A plant resistance mechanism(Sometimes called
antixenosis) in which pests may occur on host plants without
damaging them nor suffering decreases in vitality.
 ANTIXENOSIS Plant that has characteristics that lead
pests away from a particular host plant.Non preference
feeding of beet leafhopper on tabasco pepper as a resistance
mechanism to beet curly top virus.
 Non preference to the response of the insect to the
charecteristics of the host plant,which make is unattractives to
the insect for feeding.
 Oviposition or shelter. Kogan and ortman(1978)proposed the
term antigenosis as the term non preference pertains to the
insects ana not to the host plant.

10. Some plants are the choose by insects for food
shelter or oviposition because of either the
absents of desirable characters in that plant like
texture hairyness taste,Flavour or presence of
undesirable character.Such plants are less
damaged by that pest and the phenomenon is
called non preference.
Eg.Hairy varieties of soybean and cotton are not
preffered by leafhopper for oviposition
ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE
Affects the biology of the insect so pest abundance and
subsequent damage is reduction compared to that which
would have occurred if the insects was on a susceptible crop
variety.Antibiosis resistance often results in increased
mortality or reduced longevity and reproduction of the insect.
OVIPOSITION
OOGENESIS
SPERM
STORAGE
OVULATION
EGG IN
OVIDUCT
SPERM
RELEASE
FERILIZATION
OVIPOSITION

11. ANTIBIOSIS

12. TOLERENCE Freeze tolerence
In adults insects
are able to survive
cold temperatures
easiest when the
temperatures are
the stable,not
fluctuating through
alternate thaws
and freezes
Insects can
gain shelter
and
nourishment
through the
winter in a
variety of
micro
habitats.

13. RdRPRdRP
DICERS
PLANT INSECT
DICERS
PRIMARYsiRNAs
AGRO
Taeger
mRNA
mRNAdegradation
Gut dsRNase(s)
DICERS
PRIMARY siRNAs
AGRO

14. Plant and insect gene is separated
DICERS endoribonuclease dicer or helicase with Rnase motif,is
an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DICERLgene.It
actived on the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC),which is
essential for rna interferance.
DICERS cut paricular phase of gene it convert to primary
siRNAs.
siRNAS Small interfering RNA,sometimes knows as short
interfering RNA or silencing RNA.Double stranded RNA non
coding RNA molecular.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens act as ago contant insect
toxicity or damage purpose gene.It join to RNA polimer.

15. Dependent RNA polymerase.It RNA replicase
is an enzyme that catalyzed the replication of
RNA from an RNA template.
Genome of RdRP essential protein
encoded in the of all RNA containing viruses
with no DNA stage.eg.only RNAviruses.
Fragment of mRNAgeneration
byRISC cleavage become degraded by the
general mRNA degradation machinery.
Finally resistance gene inject into
plant gene. Insect gene and plant gene
conjected to he same gene .
RdRP

16. TOLERANCE
 Tolerance refers to the ability of a variety to
production greater yield than susceptible
variety at the same level of insect attack.
 The tolerance is measured in terms of
rejuvenation potential .healthy leaf
growth.Flowering and superior plant
vigour.
 Hybrid cotton by virtue of their very high
potential.show tolerance to insect pest.
 tolerance act repair, recovey or ability to
withstand infestation
Transgenic resistance to caterpillars(eg.corn earworm)
Insects attracted and reproduction well but plant growth little effected

17. APPLICATION
HARMFULL
Insect resistance
damage the food
chain and
eycosystem
HELPFULL
Insect resistance corn and cotton have been credited with
reducing the amount of chemical insecticides applied worldwide to
those crops by 136.6 millon kg,a 29.9reduction.
Insect resistance have physical and biochemical defence .
Resistance plant leaves have no pesticide in food or the
environment.resistance plant easy to intergrated with other pest
management.
Insect resistance
some time change
human resistance
beacause it may
damage human
genome

18. Ancient to future
In 50 years back Our old insect
resistance is somg take by cowden
and paddystraw. SMOK damage insect respiratory
system
Anti insects repeller
Now a day different insects
killer app in formate
It provide ultersound ways it
destroy respriratory system
of insects nil problem of
human
INSECT SAFETY ALARM When a group insect to surround the
agriculture field that particular alarm to here sound of insect at the
frection of secound it sray the anti insect smog and anti ultra sound it
posibile In future and iii world war time
14KHZ
KILOHERTZ

19. CONCLUTION
 Insects one of the biologycal, living
Material,its eat agriculture production. that
That is economical problem for farmer
to consumer.
 2030 to 2050 may be world war lll is during our
opposite country destroy, first damage our wealth of
agriculture land by physical and chemical weapon.pest and
insects only on the most danger weapon for agriculture
damage.
Individual using insects resistance must be education about
the optional
AFRICAN SILIFARA
MENTAL FLOSS
AVOID INSECTICIDE
AVOID PESTICIDE
AVOID CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

20. Reference
 Text book of biotechnology
Plant biotechnology
 THE HINDU
 Disease and insect resistance in plant
U.SATYANARAYANA
H.S.CHAWLA
DHANPAL SINGI

21. DR.A.INDHUMATHI.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BON SECOURS COLLEGE FOR WOMAN