Why is it recommended that vegans take an oral vitamin B12 supplemen.pdf

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Why is it recommended that vegans take an oral vitamin B12 supplement? Provide a detailed answer and back up with research. Solution Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin- it is a water soluble vitamin so it does not stay in the body for long time, thus required from dietary intake or supplements. Sources- liver, fish, shellfish, crabs, tofu, soy milk, egg, dairy products, red meat, cheese etc. Importance of vitamin B12- It is observed in various studies that Vegetarians or vegans whose dietary intake does not contain vitamin B12- rich food items are usually deficient in vitaminB12 and hence are prone to diseases like- Depression Constipation Confusion and dementia Cardiovascular diseases Neurological and mood disorders Bone disorders According to a study published online by Kaam S Woo, et al,i n the journal Nutrients, vegans especially Indians and Chinese are more likely to suffer from metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency. Also strict vegetarians ( those who totally avoid consumption of eggs and dairy products) are even more vulnerable to vitamin B 12 deficiency, which eventually affects or alters the arterial endothelial function and carotid-intima-media thickness (changes in these 2 parameters leads to atherosclerosis). Further, the deficiency can also lead to neurological disorders like dementia etc. Thus it is recommended to vegans to consume food fortified with vitamin B12, diary products and vitB12 supplements. Regular checkup for serum level of vital B12 is mandatory to avoid any risks that are associated with its deficiency..

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http://www.lexorhealth.com/t/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/vitamin-b6/p/Methyl-B12-B6-Folic-Acid-(60-tablets)-90690 No Shot Methylcobalamin Vitamin B12/Vitamin B6 w/Folic Acid Micro Tablets go to work fast, bypassing the digestive system as they are quickly absorbed directly into the body under the tongue. Other forms of Vitamin B12 supplementation can result in a loss of as much as 50% of Vitamin B12 potency in the high acid environment of the stomach. The combination of Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 and Folic Acid works synergistically to support healthy heart function and provide essential nutrients for the cardiovascular system.*

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Whether you already are a vegetarian or just exploring alternatives, this seminar is for you! Learn about the benefits of a vegetarian diet, the types of vegetarianism, the common nutrient deficiencies and how to be a healthy, well-nourished vegetarian at any age. We will also focus on the special needs of vegetarians during pregnancy, breast-feeding, infancy, childhood and adolescence. Presented by Dr. Lisa Watson, a vegetarian for over 25 years and the mother of two vegetarian children.

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Lists the stages in the development of the earth and the formation of life on earth Lists the stages in the development of the earth and the formation of life on earth Solution Earth is the only habitable planet in our solar system known so far and the process of development of the Earth play an important role in sustaining life on Earth. Many theories exist which debate on the formation of Earth. But the most plausible theory is the core accretion theory. The development of the Earth was accompanied by immense geological changes which gradually gave rise to life on this planet and eventually evolution took place. Stages in the development of the Earth Formation of life on Earth.

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Martinez Company had 210,000 shares of common stock outstanding on December 31, 2018. During the year 2019, the company issued 8,000 shares on May 1 and retired 14,000 shares on October 31. For the year 2019, Martinez Company reported net income of $271,100 after a loss from discontinued operations of $41,000 (net of tax). What earnings per share data should be reported at the bottom of its income statement? Solution Weighted average shares outstanding = 210000+(8000/12*8)-(14000/12*2)= 213000 Earnings per share = Net income/Weighted average shares outstanding = 271100/213000= 1.27.

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Is fat soluble produced in the skin Vitamin K Cortisol Vitamin A Vitamin D Sucrose is a _ monosaccharide discolored polysaccharide triglyceride in certain kinds of muscle cell calcium ions are stored in _ The smooth ER the rough ER both smooth and rough ER the cytoplasm The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the factory site for protein formation is rRNA mRNA tRNA ssRNA A red Mood cell placed In pure water would _ shrink swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium it received neither shrink nor swell swell and burst Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? It is selectively permeable. It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. It encloses the cell contents. Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? stereo cilia microvilli cilia flagella Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? circulating antibody molecular transport through the membrane forms a lipid bilayer oxygen transport Solution 29 d. Vitamin D (also known as sunshine vitamin, exists in two forms. Vitamin D2 is obtained from UV) 30 b. Disaccharide ( sucrose is made of two monosaccharrides glucose and fructose) 31 a. The smooth ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum is a special type of smooth ER that regulates calcium ions in the muscles) 32 c. t RNA (it functions at specific sites in the ribosomes during translation). 33 d. swell and burst (endosmosis occurs causing the water to move inside the cell) 34 c. The phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell. (Also contains proteins embedded in this bilayer) 35 b. Prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cells ( their movement is controlled by sodium potassium pump) 36. Microvilli (epithelial cells in the intestine can have 1000 microvilli that increase surface area by 25 times) 37.b. Molecular transport through the membrane (transport of molecules and ions is mediated by transport proteins)..

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In bacterial chemotaxis, which feature of the bacterial flagella determines whether a bacterium is in a run or tumble? A. the shape of the flagella B. whether the flagella rotate of move in a whip-like fashion C. the speed of rotation of the flagella D. the direction of rotation of the flagella E. all of the above Solution E). All of the above Flagella are the elongated motile structures of some cell surfaces, which are composed of microtubules. They are needed for the locomotion of the organism. They consists of microtubules arranged in 9+2 array. The microtubules slide along one another and produce “whip-like” motion. When the bacteria is moving, we can detect by observing the flagella..

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How exactly do Protease inhibitors help HIV patients fight the disease? Where exactly do quinolones act to prevent bacterial multiplication? Cite 4 characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent Solution 1.Enzyme that breaks down protein into its building blocks, amino acids, is called a protease.In an HIV virus, proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide precursors into mature enzymes and structural proteins are catalyzed by HIV protease.HIV protease inhibitors are peptide-like chemicals that competitively inhibit the action of the virus aspartyl protease. These drugs prevent proteolytic cleavage of HIV Gag and Pol polyproteins that include essential structural and enzymatic components of the virus. This prevents the conversion of HIV particles into their mature infectious form. 2.Quinolones bind to a bacterial complex of DNA and DNA gyrase, blocking DNA replication. Quinolones such as nalidixic acid bind to the cleavage complex composed of DNA and gyrase during this strand passage. This interaction of quinolone acts to stabilize the cleavage intermediate which has a detrimental effect on the normal DNA replication process. The effects of this inhibition result in the death of the bacterial cell. The newer fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin also interact with DNA gyrase and possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. 3.solubility in body fluids-agent must dissolve in body fluids to be transported in the body and reach the infectious organisms selective toxicity-agents must be more toxic to microorganisms than to host cells. toxicity not easily altered-agent should maintain a standard toxicity and not be made more or less toxic by interactions with foods and other drugs or abnormal conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease in the host nonallergenic-agent should not elicit an allergic reaction in the host stability-maintenance of a constant, therapeutic concentration in blood and tissue fluids, agent should be sufficiently stable in body fluids.

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Fred, Tom, Jenny and Sarah pooled their money and purchased a packet of jellybeans. Tom received twice as many jellybeans as Fred while Sarah received tour less than Tom. Jenny was given a third of the number of jellybeans that Sarah received. How many jellybeans did each of the children receive if there were 40 jellybeans in the packet? Solution Let Fred has x jellybeans.so tom has 2x , sarah has 2x-4 , jenny has (2x-4)/3 jellybeans.since they total have 40 jellybeans then x + 2x + (2x-4) + (2x-4)/3 = 40 => 3x+4(2x-4)/3=40 =>17x-16=120 =>x=136/17=8 so fred has 8,tom has 16,sarah has 12 & jenny has 4 jellybeans..

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