The causal relationship in epidemiology is generally an observation rather than experiments.The criteria for studying this relationship are bias, chance or confounding. Also, according to the Bradford- Hill criteria, one can assess the strength of association, statistical findings of the recurrence of the problem in a particular set of population, biological gradient, the biological mechanism, the history of the disease and experiments performed for the removal of the disease. Solution The causal relationship in epidemiology is generally an observation rather than experiments.The criteria for studying this relationship are bias, chance or confounding. Also, according to the Bradford- Hill criteria, one can assess the strength of association, statistical findings of the recurrence of the problem in a particular set of population, biological gradient, the biological mechanism, the history of the disease and experiments performed for the removal of the disease..

1. The causal relationship in epidemiology is generally an observation rather than experiments.The
criteria for studying this relationship are bias, chance or confounding. Also, according to the
Bradford- Hill criteria, one can assess the strength of association, statistical findings of the
recurrence of the problem in a particular set of population, biological gradient, the biological
mechanism, the history of the disease and experiments performed for the removal of the disease.
Solution
The causal relationship in epidemiology is generally an observation rather than experiments.The
criteria for studying this relationship are bias, chance or confounding. Also, according to the
Bradford- Hill criteria, one can assess the strength of association, statistical findings of the
recurrence of the problem in a particular set of population, biological gradient, the biological
mechanism, the history of the disease and experiments performed for the removal of the disease.