Fracking Pros and Cons Environmental Economic

Hydraulic Fracking In The Oil And Gas Industry
Introduction and Background In the oil and gas industry, fracking is a major current issue that engineers are dealing with for the current state of the
United states. Hydraulic fracking, or "fracking" is the process of drilling a well to the depth in the earth where shale rock is located. Once the drill
bit reaches this specific depth, the drilling alters its path to a horizontal track into the shale rock in order to span the entire reservoir. Next, fracking
fluid, consisting of sand, liquid chemicals, and water, is injected into the shale rock at a high pressure, which cause small cracks, known as fissures, in
the rock. This action allows oil and natural gas to freely escape into the pipeline. The oil and gas mixture then flows to the surface ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the disposal of the fracking fluid should be regulated in a non–harmful way to the environment. Along with many other engineering activities,
there are ignorant people that rally against fracking due to the little information they know and their refusal to research the topic before making
accusations.Conclusion In conclusion, Fracking is an innovative way to extract oil and gas from shale rock. It differs from conventional drilling
from the fact that deeper wells and horizontal drilling are utilized in order to produce more. There are many benefits that accompany fracking,
such as increased employment and decreased cost of importation for the US because of their large reserves of shale rock. Fracking does come with
some drawbacks, such as environmental issues and fresh water reserves. With future regulations of fracking, the negative environmental effects can
be mitigated. Also, additional water purification systems should be implemented at fracking sites in order for excess water to be reused and not
disposed. Currently, OPEC has lowered the price to $54 per barrel, which limits fracking because the breakeven price per barrel is $64 ("A key
investor's guide to the crude oil market"). When the price per barrel exceeds $64, US will become an exporter rather than importing form outside
countries. This will ultimately increase the US
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Science Fair Project Report
This year, for my Science Fair Project I plan to do a study on how varying system parameters affect the dynamics of a multi–tank liquid–level hydraulic
system. The purpose of this type of system is to maintain a constant fluid flow. In order to maintain this fluid flow the tanks have to preserve a
certain liquid level, this necessary level depends on the other variables. My system will consist of: an inflow valve, the tanks, valves to go between
the tanks, and an outflow valve. I want to do this experiment because about two years ago, when I was in the seventh grade, I did a science fair
experiment where I tested how changing the variables in a mass–spring–damper system affected system response. In that experiment, I changed the
amount of mass,

Use Of Hydraulic Systems Used From Ancient Egypt
1.INTRODUCTION
___________________________________________________________________
1.1 Chronology of Hydraulics
A machine could be described as a device which reduces human effort. Machines consist of various components which perform their intended
operations to give the desired result. Engines, Vehicles, computers etc are all examples of machines we come across in our daily lives. Hydraulic
machines are those devices which use the power of a liquid to perform simple work. These machines are based on the principle of hydraulics which
deals with the mechanical properties of liquids. Properties of fluids provide the basis of hydraulics. A hydraulic press is one such device which is
based on this principle. The use of hydraulic systems can be traced to the regions of ancient Egypt, China and various other regions where the
principle of hydraulics was used for a variety of purposes but it was only in the modern era that the concept of hydraulics was put to use for operating
machinery and in the development of hydraulic power networks. Numerous scientists like Blaise Pascal and Benedetto Castelli contributed enormously
in this regard.
1.2 The Science of Hydraulics
The term "hydraulics" is derived from the Greek words "hydro" (meaning water) and "aulics" (meaning pipes). We come across hydraulic machines
like cranes, forklifts etc in our day to day lives. Aeroplanes and cars use the concept of hydraulics for carrying out certain operations. A hydraulic
system works on the

Advantages Of Cold Roll Forming Machine Industry
Cold Roll Forming Machine Industry is fully customized solution, Lean upon Copra FEA solution and experienced technician design capacity, Jingjing
Machinery has specialized in this industry over 10 years, with fabrication by advanced CNC controlled machine tool, adopt original Mitsubishi PLC
control system, and experienced assembling and testing team, Jingjing Machinery have confidence to supply you both European Style and Traditional
Style roll forming machiney with top quality in china. Cold Roll Forming Machine Product Feature:
The metalic profile produced by roll forming machine look beautiful, elegant and noble. They are widely used for garden, factory, hotel, exhibition
center and villa, etc. Cold Roll Forming Machine Components:

Fracking is considered one of the most controversial...
Fracking is considered one of the most controversial methods of obtaining Earth's natural gases. It is also known as hydraulic fracturing, which is
drilling and introducing fluid (mostly water) into the ground to get certain rocks to produce natural gases. Fracking could cause devastating effects to
the environment. According to the article "Hydraulic Fracturing 101" on the web–site earthworks.com, fracking can not only use up a lot of water, but
it can also contaminate groundwater. Two to ten million gallons of water can be used to fracture a single well. Also the water used to fracture has
many additives, such as hydrochloric acid, that can prove deadly to those who come in contact with them. In "Hydraulic Fracturing 101" it stated that...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the fracturing process is over, GasFrac is able to recover one hundred percent of it's fracturing components, un–like conventional fracturing which
can leave up to 80% of it's fracturing liquids in the ground, which causes pollution and extensive cleanup. Also it takes much less space to store LPG,
which decreases the amount of trucks needed to transport it compared to conventional fracking. As you can see, there are more positive factors to LPG
vs. conventional fracking liquids than being water–less.
But how does water–less fracking work? GasFrac.com stats that the GasFrac system is completely closed, pressurized well, that doesn't allow any
exposure to the air around it. Due to this there is no vapor build–up, or air pollution. The injection process uses LPG combined in a mixer with sand,
which stimulates the release of gas from the rocks in the ground below the GasFrac system. After the process is done, all the fracturing fluids, and
natural gases are efficiently recovered, leaving less of a footprint in the environment and reducing cleanup. The process itself is also much more
efficient than fracking with water, getting a greater uptake in less time. The system itself is controlled completely by computers. The personnel doesn't
even have to be near the GasFrac system while its fracking, which means greater workers safety. Monitors are constantly examining the work–site
searching for any sort of gas build–up, or LPG release into the

The Environmental And Economic Pros And Cons Of Hydraulic...
The Environmental and Economic Pros and Cons of Hydraulic Fracking Figure 1 – Drilling on the Pinedale Anticline (Rocco 2013) Submitted to: Dr.
Judy Sneller Professor of English Humanities Department South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Submitted by: Molly Nelson December 3,
2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................................3
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................5
BACKGROUND.........................................................................................5–11
METHODS....................................................................................................11 PRIMARY REESEARCH........................................................................11
SECONDARY RESEARCH.....................................................................11 EXPECTED
RESULTS.....................................................................................12 REFERENCES............................................................................................13–14
TIMELINE................................................................................................15–16 ACADEMIC ADVISOR'S
SIGNATURE...............................................................17 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES TABLE 1
– U.S. Crude Oil Price Per
Barrel...................................................10 FIGURES FIGURE 1– Drilling on the Pinedale Anticline.................................................1 FIGURE 2– Shale
Gas Extraction................................................................6 FIGURE 3– U.S. Oil and Gas Producing Wells................................................8 FIGURE 4– Oil
Boom in Williston, North Dakota...........................................11 ABSTRACT Our society has faced two major energy related problems since the
Industrial Revolution. The first is where our future energy resources are going to come from. The United States both consumes and produces an
immense

Numerical Modeling And Validation Of Neo Hookean Materials
Student number: s3378766
Project title: Numerical modelling and validation of Neo–Hookean materials in an automotive design application
1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
1.1BACKGROUND
Cauchy elastic materials, also known as simple elastic materials are a type of material in which the stress at each point can only be determined from
the state of deformation in which it is currently in with respect to a arbitrary co–ordinate system [1]. The fact that these stresses depend solely on the
state of deformation means that these stresses, which cause work, can depend on the path in which the material deforms. This translates to the material
being conservative, also known as a hyperplastic material (e.g. rubber).
Hyper–elastic material, also know as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, the hydraulics pressure is generated from either the geroter (generated rotor), or a rotary vane pump, which are driven by the engine of
the vehicle. The turning of the wheels is done by a hydraulic cylinder which has a force applied to it from a hydraulic cylinder, which is directly
controlled by valves allowing for flow according to the drivers steering. The more force applied by the driver allows for a grater flow in the hydraulic
system thus, allowing for a greater displacements of the steering heel, leading to an increased turning rate of the vehicle.
Considering hydraulic pumps are designed to in effect only during positive displacement the speed of the engine, directly relates to the flow rate of the
hydraulic pump meaning that at high speeds the cars steering operates easier and faster compared to low speeds.
FIGURE 2: Power steering unit layout [3].
The equivalent linear stiffness of the dust–boot covers is important for the feel of the steering, and the packaging constraints in that area are restrictive
so a trade–off needs to be found between the maximum diameter (minimum stiffness) of the concertina folded cover and the effect of the stiffness on
the steering.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Thin wall structures comprised of hyper–elastic materials are commonly found throughout many engineering disciplines (i.e. mechanical and
biomechanical engineering). Such devices are utilized

A Hydraulic Crane : The Present Work Is Carried Out On...
1.1 Telescopic crane: The present work is carried out on telescopic crane. A telescopic hydraulic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes
fitted one inside the other. A hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the boom.
It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus moves loads beyond the normal capability of human. These types of
booms are often used for short term construction projects rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic
booms makes them adaptable for many mobile applications. Boom play objective role in the load lifting operation and the maximum direct effect of
the stress is initializing from it and effects to another attached assemblies of crane. Sometimes this crane is truck mounted to travel on highway and
eliminating the need of the special transportation for crane. The telescopic boom is composed of a series of rectangular shaped symmetrically
cross–sectional segments which are fitted with one inside the other.The boom base section is the largest segment while the boom tip section is the
smallest. In between there are six sections exist in the telescopic crane boom. There are different types of Telescopic booms which may be pinned
boom, full powered boom, or a combination of both pinned boom and full powered boom. A pinned boom is one in which sections are pinned in the
extended or retracted

Fracking And Its Early Technological Advancements
Contents
Introduction1
What is Hydraulic Fracking?2
The Roberts Torpedo, 18643
Kelpper Well No. 1, 19475
Hydrafrac, 19496
The Growth of Hydrafrac, 1949 – 19548
Introduction
Hydraulic fracking ('Fracking') dominates the US oil and gas industry. Although it is currently a politically dividing topic due to environmental
concerns (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), the concept behind fracking has been around for over 150 years (Roberts, 1866),
and has been in use in its current state for over 60 years (Clark, 1949). This report will cover the early history of fracking, and its early technological
advancements.
What is Hydraulic Fracking?
Fracking is a well–stimulation technique used most commonly in oil and gas production. Hydraulic fracking is usually performed on shale reserves,
but conventional wells are also able to be fracked. Fracking is an extremely important technique; not only increasing production rates of wells but also
adding approximately 20 trillion m3 of natural gas and 9 billion bbl of oil to the US reserves (Montgomery & Smith, 2010).
Fracking follows this basic process:
1.Fracking fluid is pumped into the well under high pressure (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).
2.This flows into the (perforated) reservoir rock, and creates hairline fractures (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).
3.Minute particles such as sand, called 'proppant' are suspended in the fluid

Trench Shoring Of The Trenches
Trench Shoring Boxes
Shoring is a very critical and safe process of excavation that used to prevent collapse of the trenches. This quick and easy temporary earth retaining
structure works by ensuring ground stability within the trench. Trench shoring and excavation services are undertaken thousands of time everyday
throughout the US. However, because of the risk of accidents, safe equipments that comply with laws and regulations governing trenching and
excavation must be used. Trench shoring offers durable trench boxes made from steel or aluminum. This is certain securing the workers and protecting
the utility employees.
The boxes feature sidewalls of varying thickness and interchangeable steel or aluminum spreaders. Trench Shoring boxes, rent to own steel trench
boxes feature reinforced knife edge, pounding pads, all steel design and vertical and horizontal steel members for strength. The aluminum trench boxes,
on the other hand, are great for light repair work as well as scheduled maintenance service. The company also offers an array of Kundel lightweight
aluminum hydraulic shoring equipment models of different stackable range and sizes such as Shorelite, Shorelite Lite, TuffGuy, and V–Panel.
The TuffGuy box series features durable panels and steel made end members designed to maximum protection in the trench. Kundel boxes and safe and
incompliant with OSHA regulations and standards set for hazardous working conditions. The Kundel V–Panel, on the other hand, is used

Personal Statement In Water Engineering
"The best revenge is massive success." – Frank Sinatra
It may seem wired, but the sense of revenge threw me into the field of water engineering. I spent most of my childhood outdoors on my father's
farm close to a small city in the west of the province. As a hobby, my father gave me a small part of his farm, where I grew up different crops with his
help. During that time, I enjoyed nothing more than to see the farms green. But those days did not last long and water scarcity impacted the farm's
yield, resulted in water conflicts between farmers. The whole income of the family depleted and left no choice other than selling the farm and migrating
to the capital of the province for other means of income. During high school when my classmates were thinking about the major primary branches of
engineering such as chemistry, mechanic and electric for their post–secondary education, I was thinking about a different major. I missed... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among those courses, I found the hydraulic ones quite interesting, especially designing different hydraulic structures for various water engineering
purposes. Thereafter, hydraulics has become my all–time impressing subject. In fact, its attractiveness motivated me very much to become among the
three top students in related courses. Apart from hydraulics theories, I enjoyed the practical courses very much especially my internship in a
laboratory where I cooperated a PhD student to conduct experiments on the hydraulic jump over a rough bed. This event ignited my desire for doing
my own research and advancing my education to the next level. Therefore, I took the Iranian National Entrance Competition for Master Programs and
gained the rank of 23 out of 1710 rivals for Agricultural Engineering–Hydraulic Structures program in 2008. I spent a whole year studying intensively
for this competitive exam; however, my enthusiasm helped me win a place with a very good

Developing The Stormwater Master Plan
Following is a description of the important data and their potential uses in developing the Stormwater Master Plan:
a)The accuracy and resolution of topographic data that determines the drainage area boundaries, slopes and flow paths have a significant impact on the
quality of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and flood mapping. The FMC team expects that the high quality topographic data of Freetown, including
the upstream mountainous areas, will be provided by SLRA within a week of the project inception. A basemap showing ortho–rectified aerial imagery
will significantly help in ground truthing and resolving discrepancies in data. Additionally topographic survey will be required to determine the
centerline of existing and proposed storm drain alignment and establish vertical and horizontal geometric characteristic of the urban storm water
drainages and structures, centerlines and cross sections.
b)Geographic coordinates of significant features on or adjacent to the urban storm water drainages and structures, including buildings, markets and
roads will be required. It is assumed that such GIS data are readily available to support the development of the Master Plan.
c)Assuming the long–term rainfall data are readily available from the Meteorological Office, all rainfall records from local rain gauges will be
compiled. The rainfall data should have a time interval of one hour or less. The rainfall records will be used as input to the model and to determine the
peak flows

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Pneumatics
Introduction
The technology of Pneumatics deals with the application and uses of a compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas but hydraulics uses an
incompressible liquid such as oil. The application started to grow due to a gradual shift towards automated machines and equipment. The introduction of
pneumatics in manufacturing has introduced the cheaper mode of production in wide areas of application such as Packaging machinery, Bottle filling
Industry, artificial heart, logic control systems and robotic materials handling devices etc. Due to several advantages, pneumatics is preferred over
hydraulics. The coming future technology in this field is further improving the hydraulics in terms of cost and energy efficiency.
The early application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first compressors were seen around 3000 B.C. to provide small blows of air to aid in starting fire. In around 1500 B.C, these simple devices were
evolved into larger units and used in metal smelting. Around the 18th century, mechanical compressors were used to do useful work, any many
experiments were done to test the power and applicability of pneumatic systems. Pneumatics was used to power a tunneling project in Mt. Cenis,
located in the Alps. If traditional drilling methods were used (manual) the project would have taken around 30 long years. By using pneumatic drills,
the tunnel was completed in just 14 years and was open to traffic in 1871. This project caught the attention of many government agencies and they
began to talk of compressor stations for city–wide power consumption. (6)
Paris was actually the first city to try pneumatics in 1888 when a 65 horsepower (HP) rated compressor fed 4 miles of main wire with 30 miles of
branch circuits delivering 90 psi. By 1891 the capacity of the motor was increased to 25,000 HP. Electricity would become the most convenient on
large–scale energy transmission while pneumatics were used in more industrial applications including power, process, and control

Brake System Essay
HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR OFF–HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT
David E. Keyser Applications Coordinator
Keith Hogan OEM Sales
MICO, Inc. 1911 Lee Boulevard North Mankato, MN U.S.A. 56003–2507 Fax: +1 507 625 3212 Tel: +1 507 625 6426
ABSTRACT This paper will identify some prerequisites for brake actuation circuit design, describe three basic types of brake actuation circuitry, and
will point out some common problems to be avoided in brake actuation circuit design for off–highway vehicles and equipment. It will deal only with
the actuation of service brakes (as opposed to parking brake). Service brake selection, pneumatic, and vacuum powered brake systems are beyond the
scope of this paper. PREREQUISITES Although we are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The designer needs to know the minimum, nominal, and maximum volume of fluid required. Different types of actuation operate in different ranges of
volumetric displacements.
1
Input Pedal Force Input pedal force is generally expressed as a maximum force allowed to generate the desired maximum brake line pressure. Again,
there are governing agencies that make recommendations to assist in identifying this value. BRAKE ACTUATION CIRCUITS The system designer
can accomplish brake actuation in different ways. The use of a direct means of actuation, such as hydraulic pressure to apply the brakes is but one
method of brake actuation. Another type of actuation is reverse modulation or negative braking as it is referred to in the European community.
Reverse modulation uses hydraulic pressure to release a spring apply brake. Maximum torque is produced when hydraulic pressure is absent either
intentionally or due to system failure. The subject of reverse modulation requires further detailed explanation beyond the scope fo this paper. Also
beyond the scope of this paper are pneumatic and vacuum boosted hydraulic circuits as it is felt that the trend is clearly away from them toward full
hydraulic circuits. This paper will discuss three broad categories of hydraulic pressure actuation circuits, these are:
cylinder bore closing off the compensating port, see Figure 1 (E). This completely seals the hydraulic system.

E C
D
Figure 1
F B Straight Bore Master

The Basic Function Of The Hydraulic System
As we know that there is increase in population and due to this there is a very high demand of vehicles. As the sales of cars and bikes are increasing
there is a shortage of parking spaces. People park their cars on road, which causes very long traffic jams and due to this common man faces a lot of
problems. So we came up with what was called "Multilevel Parking".
Its sounds pretty cool, but the main problem was how are we going to achieve it?
We build track through the building for the vehicles to take them on different parking level, which will cost more and will not be for generations.
Another solution was using Hydraulics, motors and electric system to take the cars to different level and it will last much longer.
Why to Use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Automated multi–level car parking is less expensive because they use the volume but less ground area than a conventional facility with the same
capacity would use. Both automated parking system, automated car parking system protects the environment by saving emissions from the car while
the driver searches a parking space.
Automated Hydraulic car parking system
How Automated parking System Work
Automated car parking system using a similar type of technology to use the package for mechanical handling and document retrieval.
The driver leaves the car inside the system/parking lot with the help of equipments (like sensors) the vehicle is parked in an assigned area. Hydraulic
lift or Mechanical jack is used to move the vehicle to higher or lower levels of the parking for proper parking. The vehicle can be moved vertically
in the parking (up down) and horizontally (left or right) until the car needed again. When the vehicle is required, the process is reversed and the
transport car raises the vehicle again to the same area where the driver left. In some cases, a turntable be used to position the car so that the driver
comfortable drive away without saving the need. The car parking system uses hydraulic lifters for this purpose.
History
Over the years, the parking system and accompanying technologies have increased and diversified. Car parking

The Cause Of Plumbing In Katy
Low Water Pressure | Plumbing Katy
Low water pressure is annoying to deal with, and it may be a cause for concern. Low water pressure can make the simple task of taking a shower a
chore. Furthermore, it lengthens any of the tasks around the home requiring water. There a several potential causes of low water pressure, and
identifying the source is the first step in resolving it. In the following the most common causes are discussed. A Benjamin FranklinPlumbing plumber
can find the cause behind your home's water pressure problem, and provide the professional repair of your plumbing in Katy.
First, you need to verify the problem causing a low water pressure is in your home. Ask your neighbors if they are also experiencing unusually low
water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can count on our plumbers in Katy to provide professional and reliable plumbing services that meet and/or exceed the industry standards. Our
plumbers offer a wide range of plumbing services for residential and commercial plumbing in Katy, including emergency 24 hour service. We serve
Katy, Houston, Sugar Land and the surrounding areas. Ben Franklin is a member of the BBB with an A+

Disadvantages Of Rowing Machines
A rowing machine offers you a great chance to get a full–body workout. It does so by providing a low–impact exercise without having to damage your
joints. The trainee enjoys all the benefits of cardio workouts in one room. Thus, there is no high risk of getting injuries as with other kinds of fitness
machines. However, it is important to first understand the various types of these machines prior buying. By doing so, you are sure of getting the best
machine that will suit your needs. Such types include the following.
1.Piston resistance machine
This rowing machine contains arms that are mounted with hydraulic cylinders. It has features that make it more beneficial for use. In need to know
some of these features and how beneficial they are? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is very crucial especially to the beginners in order to have a comfortable training session. It is also very vital for warming up at a lower stroke rate
prior vigorous session.
4.High intensity rowing machine
This is yet another great workout machine that you may use. Is it not clear to you what makes it very important? Well, it is none other but its features
that are associated with the following benefits. To start with, this machine is as fast and hard as you can for a pre–determined period. This stimulates
the racing conditions needed. However, this one is not good for beginners. On the other hand, it is very beneficial for both intermediate as well as
advanced rowers. It is favored by the elite competition rowers for building stamina both physical and mental.
5.Water resistance rowing machine
The water resistance machine keeps on increasing its resistance as the pace of the trainee keeps on increasing. Its resistance changes as the trainee
removes or add water in the resistance tank. This gives the user more control over the workout. It operates silently since it uses water to operate. It
is the best choice for those looking for a machine that they can keep in one place for long periods of time. it is also good for those who want a real
feeling of rowing on

Statement Of Sop In Mechanical Engineering
Engineering, when I think about it or hear about it, the first thing that flashes in my mind is that preparing toy cars with bottle caps and cardboard.
From childhood my thoughts, imaginations was about creating a toy or a thing from scrap. When, I was in my school I read a magazine about cars
which created a zeal in me to know more about automobile and I started a bit of research about it. Encouraged and inspired by all those fascinating
models that came forth from my own dexterity, eventually I decided to pursue a career in Mechanical engineering. Alongside from routine curriculum,
daily I seek to learn a part or working of a part in an engine. This made to take a masters course in Automotive Engineering.
Right from childhood I am a meritorious student being in the top 5% of the school in every academic year. I completed my SSC from Tagore'sHigh
School with 90.16%. I stood in top 10% of the school in mathematics competition conducted by 'All India Mathematics Teachers Association'. For the
excellency in studies I received silver medal in HDFC ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I got placed in Tech Mahindra. The major courses I studied are Automobile Engineering, Thermal Engineering, Heat Transfer, Design of Machine
Members, Theory of Machines, Operations Research, Machine Tools, Production Technology, Robotics, Engineering mechanics, Mechanics of Solids,
Power Plant Engineering, Engineering Drawing, Machine drawing, Production Drawing, Mechanics of Fluids and Finite Element Analysis.
Till date in my course, I submitted one mini project which is about 'A Study of Industrial Hydraulics in Blast Furnace in Vishakapatnam Steel Plant' and
major project is yet to done. In this mini project I studied about of the working of hydraulic system of blast furnace and functioning of blast furnace to
produce steel, I studied about the hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic

The Crash Of The Air Crash
Nowadays, the airline industry is known as one of the most common type of transportation for long and short distances. Over thousands of
passengers are traveling by aircrafts every day. But, this industry had faced with serious failures during last decades that in some cases, the human
loss was one of these failures consequences. The Turkish 981 air crash (as shown in Figure: 1) is a known example of design process issues in airline
history because of losing all 346 passengers after 10 minutes of flight. The Turkish aircraft was the second Mc_ Donnell Douglas unsuccessful flight
that proved the weak performance of Dc_10 jumbo jet (Kilroy, para. 1–4). Douglas started to enter different jumbo jets to airline industry after
producing jet planes for US military in order to introduce a new method of cargo door design. While, after the disaster, it was found that technical
issues during the design of Douglas productions were the main reasons of Turkish flight crash (Johnston, 1976, p. 2).In this essay,Douglass history,
main reasons of this air crash as design issues with cargo door,vent floor, actutor and hydraulic system, also a compression of Douglass process with a
correct design process would be explained. Figure1: Turkish 981 aircraft
The history of Turkish air crash
On 3rd of March, the Turkish 981 flight left the Paris to London after 20 minutes delay. A few seconds later, at the height of

Advantages Of Pairee Machine
INTRODUCTION
In order to compete with the growing sectors in manufacturing industries, the manufactures must frequently looks for the cost reduction ways while
enhancing the quality of product and increasing through–put. The company should have the ability to adopt the fluctuation in marketplace. It can be
possible by automation. The machineries, process in industries are subjected to automatic control with use of various control system called automation.
It have various application in steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and various machining operations. The most advantages using automation is it
saves the labor. The advancement in industries leads to use of feedback control system, usually continuous which includes taking measurements using a
sensor and making the adjustments to keep the measured variable within a set range Automation has been achieved by various means including
mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic and computers usually in combination.
Due to the automation and innovative technologies a tough competition increasing between manufacturing industries. These are now much concerned
with their profitability and productivity. The researchers believe that reduction of time and cost of product and increasing quality of production are
very important aspects in achieving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pairee SPM was ordered and brought to the Rane (madras), pvt. Limited, Ambattur branch, Chennai in 1997 from Pairee machine tools private ltd.
As the name itself states it's a special purpose machine designed to perform Milling, Boring and drilling operations. During the year 2000 the machine
was transferred to Rane (madras) Mysore branch as the steering gear box housing component requires some operation in sequence eliminate the
procuring of new machine which cost to the company and also the machine can be modified as per the

Hydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique
Hydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in
North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so–called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds
and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional
fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling since the late 1980s, and the use of chemicals (known as
"slickwater fracturing") since 1997.
The conjunction of these techniques (directional drilling, high volume fracturing, fracture divergence systems, slickwater) with the development of
multi–well pads has been especially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the
fractures open.
The term "hydraulic fracturing" is nowadays widely used to mean the process of fracturing rock formations with water–based fluids. In general terms,
hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids (not just water).
2.2. Why Fracturing is used?
Fracturing is a technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock. Fracturing allows for extended production in older oil and natural gas fields. It
also allows for the recovery of oil and natural gas from formations that geologists once believed were impossible to produce, such as tight shale
formations in the areas shown on the map below. Hydraulic fracturing is also used to extend the life of older wells in mature oil and gas fields. The
process can be
INST2450 Technical Report Outline Muhammad Derya
XXX
carried out vertically or, more commonly, by drilling horizontally to the rock layer and can create new pathways to release gas or can be used to
extend existing channels
2.3. Types of Fracturing
2.3.1. Hydraulic fracturing
The technique of hydraulic fracturing makes use of a liquid to fracture the reservoir rocks. A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing
fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase

Diagnosis Of Street Sweeper : Failure Of Motor Shaft Seals
DIAGNOSIS OF STREET SWEEPER Problem 1– Failure of Motor Shaft Seals Recently one of the operators of street sweeper had a complaint that
the motor shaft seals of street sweeper were failing. Figure 4– Part of Brush motor. Source: Sheaf, 2013 It was found that "the motor on the curb side
seemed to fail more than the one on the street side" (Sheaf, 2013, para.2.). According to the manufacturer's catalog, the hydraulic motor was only
designed to work best at high pressure. Also, "High pressure Viton shaft seals eliminate the need for case drain" (Sheaf, 2013, para.3.). During the
working of the hydraulic system, it was observed that the pressure in the system was found to be in "between 1,500 to 2,000 psi" (para.3) instead of
3,000 according to the catalog. To overcome this situation, shaft seal kits were ordered, but it did not manage to overcome the failure. Solution High
pressure created in the system was one of the reasons for the failure of shaft seals. Moreover, oil contaminants were found to be the second cause for
its failure. (Sheaf, 2013, para.4.). "The rotation on most hydraulic motors can be reversed by switching the port connection" (para.5.). One of the
contractors in the New Orleans had no idea that switching the inlet with the outlet port can "cause premature shaft seal failures rotating in one
direction" (para.6). This was the third reason that was causing the problem. However, "the original circuit called for clockwise and counter–clockwise
motors both

Hydraulics Personal Reflection
As a second–year Marine Machinery Mechanic Apprentice, I am fortunate enough to continue my career on one the most knowledgeable teams. As a
member of the Hydraulics Team, I learned what it is like to handle some of the largest Hydraulic components in existence. I am specially trained to
disassemble, clean, rebuild, and test hydraulic components according to required specifications. Speech 251 has built my communication skills up to the
point where I can clearly communicate, with my team members, while conducting hydraulic tests. As the year is coming to an end, Hydraulics is
experiencing another slow period. As work slows down, I continue to educate myself by reading step processes in technical manuals and by studying
drawings to continue my growth in aspects that pertain to my job. Moreover, as a second–year apprentice, communication has proven to be one of the
most valuable skills, both written and verbal. Speech 251 has lent me a hand. Dr. Halbert's persistence in the value of public speaking has been
beneficial in establishing communication skills. In example, we regularly hold board meetings where job statuses and injury reports are discussed with
upper management. Having the confidence to speak professionally, in a public setting, helps the production move on schedule. Being able to update
those, who manage the projects, allows future planning to flow accordingly. In my opinion, a sense of pride can be seen in my work. Despite the ever
so changing environment that

Design Optimization Of Worm Gear Drive
Conventional tipper mechanism an unload materials only at the backside of the tipper using hydraulically operated cylinder which may cause the
problems of road blockage in the limited space area. The revolving hydraulic trailor overcomes the problem of unloading the vehicle on side way by
using hydraulic cylinder. By using cylinder the material can be unloaded in 180 degree as per requirement. The revolving hydraulic trailor is
developed and tested for its movement in all 180 degree possible angle to unload the materials in the tipper trolley and monitor the inclinations for its
gradualism (linearity).
Key words: Design Optimization of WormGear drive, Hydraulic Cylinder, Worm & Worm Gear
Introduction
Material handling in construction and civil works is one of the basic necessities. The material supply to civil and construction is provided through
trucks, tractor, dumper etc. The material should be properly loaded, managed, stacked, transported and unloaded. The trailor carries the material which
is loaded from the site, where the material is initially stored. It is then loaded to the trailor and transported to the required site and then unloaded. The
major issues raises over here, the incompatibility of the site with the fully loaded trailor causes a lot of settling time for the trolley to get the material
properly arranged and transportation time to reach its location. The trailor unloads the material in

Manufacturing Processes Research Report On The Production...
Manufacturing Processes Research Report
Introduction
In 2011 the US federal government spent approximately 6 billion dollars on research and development in the field of Engineering (National Science
Foundation, 2013). Through these technical revolutions we are entering into an age of advanced manufacturing, where down times and complete
turnaround times have been shorted exponentially. One advancement, Hydro–forming, has changed the way many products are produced and
manufactured in the past 3 decades. It is a die forming operation, used primarily for creating complex parts without the expensive cost of tooling, and
die making. Tubular–Hydroforming will be the focus of this report as it is a key process in the production of a Bicycle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages/ Disadvantages of Tubular–Hydroforming
The advantages of hydroforming highly out way other forms of manufacturing processes across the board. One of the largest factors that puts
hydroforming ahead of the other manufacturing processes is sheer cost of tooling.
Due to the fact that you only need the negative mold tool of the product that you are making, your cost drops significantly. Furthermore unlike
conventional tooling processes because the manufacturing requires no cutting or further machining after the part have been made. You can reduce the
amount of machinery that you need to correct any imperfections.
Also when hydroforming products you are able to deliver an equal amount pressure over the surface that is required giving a uniform thickness to the
part you are making. That reduces costs of material as well as the ability to guarantee that the part you are making is to the desired thickness, keeping
waste down and rejected parts down to a minimum.
When creating a bike frame, it helps the strength to make all the structural areas with the most surface area possible. As well, materials need to be
reduced to cut down cost, which is mitigated when hydro–forming because it is a highly calculated operation where the materials are specifically
chosen to maximize the potential. Hydroforming uses the same material and can also do high detail items within the product

Exerpose For Statement Of Purpose In Mechanical Engineering
Statement of Purpose
I have always been besieged by creative spurts to give shape to my imaginative streak. I revelled in making toys from scrap and cardboard and an
opportunity to come across a magazine about cars only served as a catalyst. Exhilarated and inspired by all those fascinating models that came forth
from my own dexterity, I eventually decided to pursue a career in Mechanical engineering. I made it a point to learn something outside the curriculum
regarding the working of a part in an automobile engine, jet engine and others. It is this eagerness that propels me to choose M.S in Automotive
Engineering. The elucidated inputs, received from various sources, about Esslingen University has aided me in pursuing my aspirations to ... Show more
Continuous knowledge gain of scientific theories, inventions, discoveries, machineries and the physics around me laid a path which helped me to take
a direction in choosing Mechanical Engineering.
Currently, I am pursuing my Graduation in Malla Reddy Engineering College (affiliated to Jawarharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
with Mechanical Engineering as my discipline. The curriculum includes major courses like Automobile Engineering, Thermal Engineering, Heat
Transfer, Design of Machine Members, among the many core subjects. My aggregate up to 6th semester is 83%.
The title of my main project is Measurement of cutting forces using grinding tool dynamometer. My project is yet to be finished. We started
calculations of cutting forces generated in work pieces using grinding tool dynamometer. From my main project, I learnt how the cutting forces
generated in metal cutting have a direct influence on heat generation, tool wear or failure, quality of machined surface and accuracy of the work piece.
By using this dynamometer, we measured the static and dynamic cutting forces by using strain gauge and piezo–electric accelerometer. As a team
leader of my project, I am responsible for the complete knowledge transfer within the team

Lock And Dam Research Paper
Recreational usage is a courtesy and is not considered in the outcome for the locks. This Lock and Dam's sole purpose is not for flood control, or
recreation, but it is for the transportation of goods. Accurate record keeping is a must to keep the money allocated by Congress for the Lock and Dam.
.2. Maintenance Communication My maintenance duties consist of a myriad of working knowledge of power tools, hand tools and heavy equipment. I
am required to have a working knowledge and to be proficient in the use of precision tools like multi–meter, volt meter, dial calipers, and micrometers.
I must also possess the skills to train others to use them. Basic knowledge of drawings, prints, and schematics is required. I conduct or ... Show more
Quality communication was essential in each of these situations not only for the repair but the safety of everyone. The maintenance part of my job
requires me to research where to find replacement parts for an aging system or like parts of the existing system every time something breaks or needs
preventative maintenance. I must read and research prints and plans for circuits and piping. There is not a perfect manual for everything so, I must
research and test hypothesis –to troubleshoot mechanical, lighting, hydraulic pumps etc. The data is then input into FEMS (Facilities and Equipment
Maintenance System) to track hours worked and non–routine maintenance. Maintenance is consistently monitored and stored in the FEM system
which has a record everything the operator needs to do to keep the facility running such as storing work orders. An example of data we store beyond
maintenance hours and scheduling, is the gap in the bull nose, which is an opening in the concrete at the end of the guard wall where the boats enter.
The guard wall keeps the boat from moving over and hitting the dam. This crack is frequently measured and recorded for repair and safety purposes.
3.Teaching classes
A.Military One of the important ways of communicating is teaching, it is rich in verbal, written, and nonverbal communication. I have given on the job
training and taught numerous classes in the military to hundreds of soldiers including: basic skills, marksmanship

Water Hammer: Plumbing Sugar Land
Water Hammer | Plumbing Sugar Land Water hammer, also called hydraulic shock, occurs when water stops suddenly after a faucet is quickly turned
on or off. The sudden stop of running water causes the loud banging characteristic of water hammer in a home's plumbing in Sugar Land. When it
occurs suddenly having never happened before, it indicates there is a problem in the home's pipes. Water hammer is not a benign condition; the
causes of water hammer requires repair to prevent damage to a home's plumbing in Sugar Land. Hiring a qualified plumber to correct the issue is
essential, in order to prevent the potential damage and leaks that can occur due to the condition. If your home's plumbing in Sugar Land is experiencing
water hammer, a Benjamin Franklin Plumber can determine the cause and provide the plumbing repair needed. Pipe Damage from Water Hammer The
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treating Water Hammer Treating water hammer will depend upon the cause. The homeowner can provide the following to restore air to the
chambers before calling a plumber. If the condition continues, other plumbing problems are likely present that will require a qualified plumber in
Sugar Land. You will need to shut off the water entering the home. Drain all the water out of your water pipes by turning on all outlets. Draining the
pipes will allow water to fill the pipes and air chambers. Close all outlets and turn the water back on. While this may solve the problem, it is typically
only a temporary solution. When high water pressure is the cause of water hammer, the installation of a pressure–reducing valve will ensure a normal
water pressure. High water pressure not only causes water hammer, it can also damage pipes, faucets, and water using appliances. A professional
plumber is required to provide this service as installation of the valve requires cutting the home's water

Pros And Cons Of Hydraulic Fracking
Hydraulic Fracking is a drilling method developed for the extraction of energy resources buried beneath shale formations located deep below the
Earth's surface. The practice of vertical drilling has been safely performed for more than 50 years, but the recent development of horizontal drilling has
exposed the practice to harsh scrutinization. Vertical drilling inserts pipe directly into the shale formations allowing for limited access to pockets of
methane. The last 10 to 15 years has brought about the development of horizontal drilling, which allows drilling to be conducted with greater economic
benefit. The process splinters shale formations horizontally, allowing the escape of larger amounts of methane. The methane travels through fractures
and eventually is stored for transport. Proponents of hydraulic fracking contend the practice is safe, provides jobs, and is healthier for the environment
than fossil fuels. Opponents postulate the practice pollutes the water table, is a health risk, is a viable danger to the climate, and causes earthquakes. The
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies, conducted in the Midwestern United States, have shown an increased amount to earthquake activity surrounding drilling locations. From
1970 to 200, the region experienced approximately 20 quakes per year; it experienced 29 between 2001 and 2008 with an exponential increase from
2009 to 2011 (Ehrenberg 22). The problems do not seem to be associated with the drilling itself, but with the waste water disposal re–injected back into
sandstone below the Earth's surface. The waste water acts as a lubricate between fault lines causing movement resulting in the shift of bedrock
formations. Both advocates and opponents acknowledge the possibility for earthquake damage, however fracking proponents believe the risk is
validated by the associated economic

Hydraulic Fracturing : Natural Gas
Hydraulic Fracturing
Natural gas is a keystone of United States economy, it providing the United States a quarter of the country's total energy; Outstanding to the many
advances in technology. Production from shale formations has gone from a small amount just a few years ago to being almost thirty percent of total
United States natural gas manufacture. This has gotten lower prices, domestic jobs due to the possible of extensive production growth. Although the
growth has also brought many difficult questions about both current and future making can be done in a naturally way that meets the needs of the
public trust.
Hydraulic fracturing is a gas and oil, which involves a process that involves injecting sand, water, and many other chemicals ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These wells are drilled to a depth of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Many argue that this water is taken out of the hydrologic cycle because it doesn't evaporate
back into the atmosphere.
In a political perspective is very uncertain many are against this because the facts surrounding chemical use are clear water and sand comprises and
majority of the mixture used. United States environmentalist and civic community groups are seeking specific chemical disclosure and supporting
lawsuits of potential drinking water contamination. Many other questions are being raised about the use and reuse and disposal of water in the
process of fracturing. The EPA had already concluded a study explaining that hydraulic fracturing environmental risks in 2004.If hydraulic fracturing
environmental risks existed, they would occur in the shallow fields. The federal government has been really reluctant to enact some environmental
regulation to the expanding industry to expand. As natural gas prices rise and the use to use a different source for oil has spread; it has become a very
large export for the United States (Mandel, 2010).
From an ethical point of view we have to look at both the harms and benefits that we can obtain from hydraulic fracturing. We have to view the dangers
of fracking; which can mean contaminating our water supply. But on the other hand there are huge benefits,

Taking a Look at Pal Fabricators
Offering a wide range of Hydraulic Product & Equipment, Coil Straightening Machine / Plate Levelling Machine, etc., at most reasonable prices. About
Us Pal Fabricators offers Hydraulic and Machinery Solutions to sectors like agriculture, heavy equipment and mining. We have acquired a reliable
status in these sectors as a prominent manufacturer of Hydraulic Product & Equipment, Coil Straightening Machine / Plate Levelling Machine, Power
Operated Shearing Machine, Fittings and Spare Parts. Our complete range of products commands a significant industry presence due to its impeccable
quality and wide usages. We develop the array using best grade of raw material and as per international quality standards. We understand the value of
our client's investment and show our gratitude towards it by delivering precision engineering solutions matching to our commitment and customer's
requirements. Conforming to it, we have strong manpower support whose deep engineering expertise and consistent approach towards developing
quality products has helped us in providing optimal solution to patron need. Our skilled professionals spend time with the purchaser to find out their
specific requirements and then suggest optimized solutions to them. The motto of our company is to make sure that customers are getting best
products at most competitive prices. Besides, our financial strength, commitment to quality and geographical diversity has strengthened our partnership
between employees, customers

The Cooper-JACOB Time-Jacob Method
1.1AQUIFER PAREMETER ESTIMATION
The transmissivity and storativity was estimated using the Cooper–Jacob (1965) time–drawdown and Theis (1935) recovery methods. The field data
was uploaded into the FC program for Aquifer Test Analysis (2014 version) which calculated the values for each method manually.
1.1.1COOPER–JACOB TIME–DRAWDOWN (1965)
Using the Cooper–Jacob method the T and S value had been estimated for early and late time, respectively, by plotting the best fitted straight line on the
time–drawdown plot (figure 18). The T and S values are tabulated in table X. Borehole B2017 has been excluded from the plots as no drawdowns
have been measured. It should also be noted that UO–13 plot should be ignored as the data obtained was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UP–16 and UO–25 falls outside this range. The T during late time is very consistent, ranging between 6.1 and 7.2 m2/d, for four of the six boreholes.
UP–15 and UO–23 have high T value indicating water influx from the matrix as well as fractures. The existences of fractures are supported by EC
profiling and flow characteristics.
1.1.2THEIS RECOVERY (1935)
The transmissivity of the eight boreholes was estimated by plotting the best fitted line on the Theis plot. This was done using the FC program for
Aquifer Test Analysis (2014 version) which produced the plots in figure 19. The transmissivity is tabulated in table. By comparing the transmissivity
estimated by Theis method to the transmissivity estimated by Cooper–Jacob method, the transmissivity corresponds moderately. According to Thies
method the T ranges from 22.4 to 54.8 m2/d with B2017 to have an exceptional high T of 111.0 m2/d. According Cooper–Jacob method the T ranges
from 23.0 to 53.5 m2/d for early time and 6.1 to 28.0 m2/d for late time. By applying the transmissivity standards (Gheorghe, 1978) six of the eight
boreholes are classified as low potential and two boreholes as moderate potential.
Since the test was done in a well in the Karoo Supergroup, it should be noted that the Theis method tent to measure errors during the drawdown
observed during the constant rate test, specifically when the drawdown is measured manually (van Tonder et al., 2001a).
1.1.3COOPER–JACOB

The Major Components Of Street Sweeper
In my report, I will be discussing some of the major components of street sweeper and will be explaining the function of each component. Some of the
major features of street sweeper are– Pick–Up Head– As stated in Key Features (n.d.), street sweeper contains a very sharp feature which is a pick–up
head which contains two attractive features in it. One is suction system and other is air blast. The main motive of these systems is that it helps to
remove debris from the streets. In addition to that, it has another interesting feature in it which is skids that improves wear life of pick–up head
(para.1.). Figure 2. Pick–Up Head attached to the street sweeper. Sources: Pick–Up Head, n.d. The Pick–up head also contains another device which is
knows as BAH that is only preferred during "broom–assisted sweeping" (para.2.). The broom is very long in size that helps during dust control. It has
one positive thing that its pressure can be adjusted according to our needs that helps to throw dirt from the streets into air. Hopper– Hopper has
attractive and good features as compared to the pick–up head. It has a smooth dumping system in it that collects junk from the ground. The main
advantage of hopper over pick–up head is that it does not need any "telescoping hydraulic cylinders" (para.4.) which is used "for hoisting,
hydraulically controlled door latch assemblies" (para.4.). Figure 3. Opening of Hopper in street sweeper. Sources: Hopper, n.d. Gutter Broom– The

Unit 8 Assignment
Unit 80 Aircraft Hydraulic Systems Manual and Hydraulic Flight Control Systems and Components. Assignment 4 / 4 CONTENTS Title page1
Introduction3 References9 TASK P6 Task P6.1– Alighting gear assembly4 Alighting gear assembly sketch4 Alighting gear assembly major component
description4 –Main actuator4 –Downlock actuator and bracing strut4 –Piston/oleo strut4 –Scissor (torque) link4 –Wheel axle4 TASK P7 Task P7.1–
Alighting landing gear circuit operation5 How the alighting circuit works through one complete cycle of its operation.5 TASK P8 Task P8.1–
Operation of two retardation systems6 Aircraft dual disc brakes6 Thrust reversers6 TASK M2 Task M2.1– Relationship between landing gear weight
switches and the nature of the landing gear indications and warnings.7 Aircraft dual disc brakes7 TASK D1 Task D1.1– Compare a conventional
hydro–mechanical anti–skid unit with a modern hydro–electronic anti–skid unit.8 Comparison of both anti–skid units8 Advantages and disadvantages8
INTRODUCTION In this assignment, I will: пѓ Describe the construction and explain the operation of a rod and a cable operated system and for each
system, state the purpose of their major components. пѓ Explain the operation of a hydraulically powered aircraft rudder system and state the purpose
of each of the major components within the system. пѓ Explain the operation of a hydraulically powered aircraft trailing edge flap

The Sampling Interval For The Current Clamps
The sampling interval for the current clamps can be changed depending on what we want to know. For the air compressor we may log more
frequently, for example every five seconds, if we find that the compressor is switching mode very frequently, otherwise logging at 60–second intervals
may be enough. The purpose of the continuous measurement will also affect the logging interval. If the first visit gives us the impression that the
compressed air system is an important part of the energy use, we may measure more carefully to have enough information to suggest detailed measures.
The drawing of the electric
(Table 3. Example of plan for energy measurements to allocate electricity use to unit processes.)
In this case we will have a measurement from a switchgear cabinet that covers several unit processes, for example lighting and forklift charging for a
garage and picking stock, as shown in Figure 8. The data from clamp no. 1 in the switchgear must be complemented by simultaвЂђ neous
measurements from clamps 2 and 3 in the distribution board, where clamp 2 measures the total incoming current to the Central Garage board and
clamp 3 measures the outgoing current to the forklift chargers. Later, the data from clamp 2 in the Central Garage distribution board can be
subtracted from clamp 1 in the switchgear to get a picture of the energy use in Central Picking Stock and Central Large Hall. At the same time you
have parallel measurements of the air compressor from clamp no 4. The clamp

The Advantages Of Top Down Approach To Engineering Problems
PART 1
*QUESTION;
*Research, describe and explain in your own words the advantages of using 'TOP DOWN' approach to engineering problems.
*ANSWER;
Top Down Approach
There are many strategies available to solve the engineering problems. One of the most famous strategies is Top Down approach. The strategy, in
which the complex engineering problem is solved by dividing it into many sub small problems, is called Top Down approach in problem solving. At
below part, four advantages are described which are related with the top down approach of problem solving.
Advantages of Top Down Approach;
If the problem is divided into the parts, it is easier to understand clearly what should to do.
Reproduce the parts to new parts reduces the level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smaller size: In alike capabilities, electrical actuators generally have a lesser footmark than either pneumatic or hydraulic actuators because of the
lesser number of components but in the all implementation or designs, the lesser dimension results are more intensive so, is gained more elasticity due
to including the actuator.
8.Cleaner: Pneumatic and hydraulic devices may have some failure probability. Pneumatic ones count on compressed air and if failures occur, it may
cause an environmental pollution with blow contaminants. In the same way, hydraulic ones may danger for every kind of thing that next to it because,
it may leak and contaminate the area and product as well, especially workers may be at risk as life hazard. In contrast, an electrical actuator utilises just
efficient, clean and safe electricity to run that's why is much better than

Literature Review : The Small Hydropower ( Shp )
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1SMALL HYDROPOWER (SHP) AAAAAAA 1.Powers et al (1985) did an assessment study on the
fishway development and design. Method of water control and the degree and type of water control were formed the basis to classify fish passes.
Swimming speed of the fishes was related to their lengths for designing the fish passes. Energy required by the fishes upstream was determined for
three scenarios: (i) passing through the pools in fishways (ii) ascending a sloping channel like waterfall or spillway (iii) jumping over a weir or
waterfall. [23] 2.Kamula et al (2000) studied the effects of modifications on the hydraulics of Denil fishways. The location of the highest velocities in
the cross section of Denil fish passes was determined to be on the sides and not in the center. Since there is a non– uniform flow in the fish passes
hence the velocities are not symmetrically distributed along the mid–axis. The plots for dimensionless discharge for the studied designs and for the
standard Denil pass were found to be almost parallel to each other. The topmost portion of the Denil fishpass is subjected to higher velocities so must
be designed accordingly. [24] 3.BoubГ©e et al (2003) studied the downstream migration and passage technologies for diadromous fishes in the United
States and New Zealand. Intake screens in the form of rotating drums have been the most

Excavator Boom Design
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
MENG 2005 – ENGINEERING DESIGN 1
LECTURER – DR. BRIDGE
GROUP PROJECT – DESIGN OF A MINI – EXCAVATOR
DATE SUBMITTED– 19TH NOVEMBER, 2010
GROUP NAME – THE A–TEAM
GROUP MEMBERS п‚· п‚· п‚· п‚· GERARD MOHAMMED JUSTIN KALLOO SHIV RAJ BALROOP ADRIAN PIRTHYSINGH 809000675
809002400 808000136 809000847
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
Introduction Literature Review Definition of Problem Functional Analysis Final Design Project planning Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis
Calculations Discussion and Interpretation of Findings Individual Attachments References List of Figures and Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table
4 Table 5 Table 6 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Morphological Table Part 1 Morphological... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to this, there were even excavators whose arms and its mechanism for digging were run by cables, running along pulley systems. Excavators
have a wide variety of uses and can be customized to fit the desired job. The customization of an excavator involves changing of the bucket or adding
hydraulic attachments. The standard bucket can be changed with various sizes of different types of buckets (ditch/trench cleaning) and other
attachments include augers, hammers, vibratory compactors, dozers, breakers, grapples, thumbs, clamshells, wood clippers, brush cutters and concrete

crushers. Excavators are used in digging of trenches, holes for foundations beams, general construction or even demolition of old buildings, sewage
works, road widening works, pipe laying and rock breaking and dragging; resources mining which include overburden, removal in coal mining, gravel
collection; forestry works which entails timber handling and prune off work; metal recycling which involves slag handling and scrap handling; brush
cutting with hydraulic attachments, general grading and landscaping. To assist in understanding the basis of operation of the excavator, an article on
hydraulics was used. This article gave a general understanding of the principles governing the transmission of pressure due to hydraulics and its
widespread application. The basic idea behind any

Fracking For Oil And Natural Gas
ASSIGNMENT #13
Fracking for Oil and Natural Gas
WRITTEN BY
MOSOPE ODUWOLE
250817380
moduwol@uwo.ca Table of Contents
1.0INTRODUCTION3
1.1CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL3
1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL
For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due
to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently,
concerns have been raised regarding the over–exploitation of these resources, as various reports show that with the current level of exploration, these
reserves will soon be depleted. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method
used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional oil is
drilled at depths farther below in the earth's surface (depths of up to 10,000 feet have been recorded), by making use of horizontal bores (figure 1).
1.2HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR OIL AND GAS
Prior to what is today known as Hydraulic Fracturing or "Fracking", in the 19th century, water wells and bores had been fractured using explosives to
create high permeability for both water and oil wells. Over the years, the technology has been refined and improved into what is used today for
exploration in Shale rocks due to their low–permeability.
Fracking is the process of pumping large gallons of water, mixed with sand and a "cocktail" of chemical compounds into existing crevices of
underground oil and gas reserves, under very high pressure, thereby creating fissures and cracks in the rocks and hence improving the porosity and

permeability of the rock formation. Figure 1: Conventional Gas reservoirs and Unconventional Gas Reservoirs (Shale Rock)
Naturally occurring veins in the rock formations are used in the conventional sources to tap the oil, but in unconventional sources, these veins are either
not large enough, or are too far apart and not

Fracking Pros and Cons Environmental Economic

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