Energy for primary active transport comes from AT.pdf

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Energy for primary active transport comes from ATP molecules. ATP is produced by the mitochondria. e.g. Na+/K+ ATPases are archetypal primary active transporters and they transport 3 Na+ ions out of cells and 2 K+ ions into cells by hydrolyzing one molecule of ATP. Energy for secondary active transport is stored in an established concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane and drives transport with the tendency of ions to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. e.g. Na+/glucose secondary transporters use the Na+ gradient (higher outside cells than inside) established by Na+/K+ ATPases to transport a molecule of glucose along with a sodium ion into cells. Solution Energy for primary active transport comes from ATP molecules. ATP is produced by the mitochondria. e.g. Na+/K+ ATPases are archetypal primary active transporters and they transport 3 Na+ ions out of cells and 2 K+ ions into cells by hydrolyzing one molecule of ATP. Energy for secondary active transport is stored in an established concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane and drives transport with the tendency of ions to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. e.g. Na+/glucose secondary transporters use the Na+ gradient (higher outside cells than inside) established by Na+/K+ ATPases to transport a molecule of glucose along with a sodium ion into cells..

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The main thing we have to do is correct tap on the system status notice symbol and open the Network and Sharing Center from the setting menu. At that point tap on the Change connector settings hyperlink on the left-hand side of the Network and Sharing Center. Presently right-tap on the system connector you wish to change the DNS settings for and select properties from the setting menu. At the point when the properties for your system connector open, you should choose Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) from the rundown, then snap properties. Our illustration will have opened the IPv4 settings for your system connector. You will find in the base portion of the discourse that your PC is set to get its DNS settings \"consequently\". You should change that with the goal that we can physically determine the DNS servers we need to utilize. Presently basically pick an administration underneath and enter the DNS server addresses. Google DNS Favored: 8.8.8.8 Interchange: 8.8.4.4 OpenDNS Favored: 208.67.222.222 Interchange: 208.67.220.220 We selected to run with Google DNS for the time being — while they could utilize this information to track your perusing propensities, by and by we\'re not that stressed over Solution The main thing we have to do is correct tap on the system status notice symbol and open the Network and Sharing Center from the setting menu. At that point tap on the Change connector settings hyperlink on the left-hand side of the Network and Sharing Center. Presently right-tap on the system connector you wish to change the DNS settings for and select properties from the setting menu. At the point when the properties for your system connector open, you should choose Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) from the rundown, then snap properties. Our illustration will have opened the IPv4 settings for your system connector. You will find in the base portion of the discourse that your PC is set to get its DNS settings \"consequently\". You should change that with the goal that we can physically determine the DNS servers we need to utilize. Presently basically pick an administration underneath and enter the DNS server addresses. Google DNS Favored: 8.8.8.8 Interchange: 8.8.4.4 OpenDNS Favored: 208.67.222.222 Interchange: 208.67.220.220 We selected to run with Google DNS for the time being — while they could utilize this information to track your perusing propensities, by and by we\'re not that stressed over.

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Many molecules contain bonds that fall between the extremes of ionic and covalent bonds. The difference between the electronegativities of the atoms in these molecules is large enough that the electrons aren\'t shared equally, and yet small enough that the electrons aren\'t drawn exclusively to one of the atoms to form positive and negative ions. The bonds in these molecules are said to be polar, because they have positive and negative ends, or poles, and the molecules are often said to have a dipole moment. for Eg : HCl molecules, for example, have a dipole moment because the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge and the chlorine atom has a slight negative charge. Because of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles, there is a small dipole-dipole force of attraction between adjacent HCl molecules. non-polar molecule has it\'s electron density shifted by a charged molecule, i.e., if a positively charged species is brought near a species with an evenly distributed charge, the electrons go towards the side where the positive species is, and away from the opposite side, creating an artificial dipole. Eg : a helium atom is perfectly symmetrical. But movement of the electrons around the nuclei of a pair of neighboring helium atoms can become synchronized so that each atom simultaneously obtains an induced dipole moment. Solution Many molecules contain bonds that fall between the extremes of ionic and covalent bonds. The difference between the electronegativities of the atoms in these molecules is large enough that the electrons aren\'t shared equally, and yet small enough that the electrons aren\'t drawn exclusively to one of the atoms to form positive and negative ions. The bonds in these molecules are said to be polar, because they have positive and negative ends, or poles, and the molecules are often said to have a dipole moment. for Eg : HCl molecules, for example, have a dipole moment because the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge and the chlorine atom has a slight negative charge. Because of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles, there is a small dipole-dipole force of attraction between adjacent HCl molecules. non-polar molecule has it\'s electron density shifted by a charged molecule, i.e., if a positively charged species is brought near a species with an evenly distributed charge, the electrons go towards the side where the positive species is, and away from the opposite side, creating an artificial dipole. Eg : a helium atom is perfectly symmetrical. But movement of the electrons around the nuclei of a pair of neighboring helium atoms can become synchronized so that each atom simultaneously obtains an induced dipole moment..

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shares.txt(Save the file in the D drive.Then the path of the file pointing to that file is D:\\\\shares.txt ) williams kane 500 15 18 ________________________________________________ C++ code #include #include using namespace std; int main() { //Declaring variables int noOfShares; double purPrice,sellPrice; string firstname,lastname,fname,lname; double no_of_shares_sold,purchase_price,selling_price,tot_amt_invested,amount_received_after_sell,se rvice_tax_during_buy,service_tax_during_sell,total_tax,amount_profit_lost; //fileInput reference ifstream dataIn; //Opening input file dataIn.open(\"D:\\\\shares.txt\"); //Reading the data from the file while(dataIn>>fname>>lname>>noOfShares>>purPrice>>sellPrice) { firstname=fname; lastname=lname; no_of_shares_sold=noOfShares; purchase_price=purPrice; selling_price=sellPrice; } //closing the input stream dataIn.close(); //calculating total amount invested tot_amt_invested=no_of_shares_sold*purchase_price; //Calculating service tax during buying of shares service_tax_during_buy=tot_amt_invested*0.015; //calculating the amount received after selling amount_received_after_sell=no_of_shares_sold*selling_price; //Calculating service tax after selling of shares service_tax_during_sell=amount_received_after_sell*0.015; //calculating Total Service tax paid total_tax=service_tax_during_buy+service_tax_during_sell; //calculating amount profit or lost amount_profit_lost=(amount_received_after_sell-tot_amt_invested)-(total_tax); //fileoutput reference ofstream myfile; //Opening the file myfile.open (\"D:\\\\SharesOutput.txt\"); //Writing the contents to the file myfile <<\"No_Of_Shares_sold\"<<\"||\"<<\"Purchase_Price\"<<\"||\"<<\"Sell_Price\"<<\"||\"<<\"Amt_i nvest\"; myfile<<\"||\"<<\"service_charges\"<<\"||\"<<\"Amt_Gained\"<<\"||\"<<\"Amt_received_After_s ell\ \"; myfile<<\"\\t\"< Solution shares.txt(Save the file in the D drive.Then the path of the file pointing to that file is D:\\\\shares.txt ) williams kane 500 15 18 ________________________________________________ C++ code #include #include using namespace std; int main() { //Declaring variables int noOfShares; double purPrice,sellPrice; string firstname,lastname,fname,lname; double no_of_shares_sold,purchase_price,selling_price,tot_amt_invested,amount_received_after_sell,se rvice_tax_during_buy,service_tax_during_sell,total_tax,amount_profit_lost; //fileInput reference ifstream dataIn; //Opening input file dataIn.open(\"D:\\\\shares.txt\"); //Reading the data from the file while(dataIn>>fname>>lname>>noOfShares>>purPrice>>sellPrice) { firstname=fname; lastname=lname; no_of_shares_sold=noOfShares; purchase_price=purPrice; selling_price=sellPrice; } //closing the input stream dataIn.close(); //calculating total amount invested tot_amt_invested=no_of_shares_sold*purchase_price; //Calculating service tax during buying of shares service_tax_during_buy=tot_amt_invested*0.015; //calculating the amount received after selling amount_received_after_sell=no_of_shar.

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Scientific approaches have been defined to depict the methods to study animal behaviour. These methods help in understanding not only animal behaviour but also enhance the understanding of an investigator in order to ddevelop a more comprehensive scienctific approach towards psychological facts associated with animals. These methods are discussed as below: 1. The Ethology-Technically, ethology is the study of animal/human behaviuor in its geographical location in association with its psycho-social environment with other factors by means of close observations. This includes observational analysis by field scans i.e. residing in the field/animal niche by the investigator for close observations. Importantly, ethology also comprises of a biological context with each and every aspect of human/animal behaviuor. This represents one of the most improtant tools to study and understand animal behaviour. 2. Comparative psychology- It is a comprehensive method which includes artificially designed algorithm based non-human in silico/in vivo animals as models with special relevance for their corresponding human behaviuor. This implies that a pre-defined set of rules are designed for a model and certain stimuli are given. The nature of comprehensive behaviour of the organismic model is then recorded and analysed. This gives a clear idea about comparative psychology of an animal with respect to humans. 3. Behavioral studies and ecology- These studies comprise of a close integration of various behavioral aspectso an animal with its specific environment. This field of science has been raised in a past few decades in order to enhance the psychological information about the animal behaviour. This helps the investigator to presume the behaviuor of an animals under a stimulus without putting the animal exactly under the stimulus based upon previous experience, recordings and integrated information. Thus, collectively, these set of informations can help an investigator to understand animal behaviuor scienctifically and psycho-socially. Solution Scientific approaches have been defined to depict the methods to study animal behaviour. These methods help in understanding not only animal behaviour but also enhance the understanding of an investigator in order to ddevelop a more comprehensive scienctific approach towards psychological facts associated with animals. These methods are discussed as below: 1. The Ethology-Technically, ethology is the study of animal/human behaviuor in its geographical location in association with its psycho-social environment with other factors by means of close observations. This includes observational analysis by field scans i.e. residing in the field/animal niche by the investigator for close observations. Importantly, ethology also comprises of a biological context with each and every aspect of human/animal behaviuor. This represents one of the most improtant tools to study and understand animal behaviour. 2. Comparative psychology- It i.

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Ques-1: Government funding is limited so that the factors are needed to consider to eliminate an infectious disease are whether the infectious agent mode of transmission and infectious agent etiology and disease symptoms in human beings. These factors are going to promote \"epidemiologists\" to better control \"both nosocomial infections\", pandemic infections of communicable disease. The possible preventive measures such as vaccination can be implemented to eliminate the disease. Assessment of chronic disease has not only been possible because of epidemiology but also acute disease conditions, causes, outcome of treatment to that disease conditions is also possible by studying the disease status in the public communities. This epidemiology study used to mainly for those infectious diseases prevailed to a large number of populations within a geographical area in a short period of time finally useful to implement public health policies against that infection based on epidemiological data; for example infectious disease often prevail in a population in 2 weeks. Example of epidemic diseases is meningococcal infections; Epidemiology studies also useful to study the nature of pandemic diseases to monitor the health of communities & populations; These studies are used for those diseases occurring in large number of populations across the world in almost all geographical areas. Example is flu infections. Ques-10: No, we never win war on microbes because microbes can change their genome persistently & actively through mutations when they reach the host genome. For example, HIV -1 infection therefore, it is difficult to introduce medication to defeat this microbe Some diseases causing bacterial spores are dormant for 1000 years also and medication is ineffective to combat these spores due to the following reason Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants. Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the possible mutation -inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium, hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast. These layers potentially protect spore DNA material. Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore possess DNA and it is covered .

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Please follow the data and description : Impact of absorption on transmission ranges : In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source comparitively. This ranges from the level, range, medium and all other factors. These also vary extensively based on the distances greater than about a hundred meters from the source. This variation is caused by changes in weather conditions and by topographical features such as ground cover, hills and other obstacles between the source and the receiver. There are several important factors which affect the propagation such as geometric spreading, atmospheric effects, and surface effects as discussed below : a) Geometric Spreading : This generally refers to the spreading of energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts. Geometric spreading is merely independent of FREQUENCY and has a major effect in almost all the propagation situations. b) Air Absorption : In general there are two types where the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. These are molecular relaxation and viscosity effects. High frequencies are absorbed more than low. The amount of ABSORPTION depends on the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. c) Wind and Temperature Gradients : The speed that the energy propagates in a gas depends on the temperature of the gas. Higher temperatures produce higher speeds of sound. Since the temperature of the atmosphere is not uniform there are local variations in the sound speed. For example, under normal conditions the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes. This results in the waves being \'bent\' upwards. This will result in the formation of a shadow zone, which is a region in which sound does not penetrate. In reality some sound will enter this zone due to scattering. Scattering occurs when sound waves are propagating through the atmosphere and meet a region of inhomogeneity and some of their energy is re-directed into many other directions. d) Ground Absorption : This is to be noted in general as the energy is propagating over the ground, and then the ATTENUATION will occur due to acoustic energy losses on REFLECTION. These losses will depend on the surface. Smooth, hard surfaces will produce little ABSORPTION whereas thick grass may result in sound levels being reduced by up to about 10 dB per 100 meters at 2000 Hz. High frequencies are generally attenuated more than low frequencies. These are some of the effects or the types where the absorption impacts the transmission of the data or the energy from the source to the destination. Hope this is helpful. Solution Please follow the data and description : Impact of absorption on transmission ranges : In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source comparitively. This rang.

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Part-a: Lactose is a disaccharide and composed of glucose and galactose through a glycosidic linkage Part-b: Process of lactose digestion & absorption: Simple digestion of glucose rich carbohydrates by salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and intestinal \"maltase, sucrase and lactase\" into simple monomers of glucose units Lactose digestion without lactose intolerance: It is common disaccharide that is present in the milk and dairy products as it can be digested internally by lactase at temperature 37 °C and at pH of 6. This is representing that enzymes specifically exerts their action at a specific temperature and PH. Beta glycosidic bonds of lactose digested and forms D-galactose and D-glucose individual units. Thereby substrate modification of the lactose by enzyme lactase revealing that 3’-OH and 2’-OH groups of the substrate galactopyranose component is very crucial for competitive lactase enzymatic binding in which predominantly 3’-OH is essential for enzymatic hydrolysis. C12H22O11 (lactose) + H2O (enzymatic hydrolysis by lactase) C6H12O6 (D-galactose) + C6H12O6 (D-glucose)+ heat. In the absence of lactases in the small intestine is leading to lactose digestion by gut bacteria through \"bacterial fermentation\" finally result in formation of lactic acid and CO2 result in persistent flatulence and abdominal distension Part-c: Osmotic gradient is produced due to lactose intolerance in the large intestine through lactic acid formation and bicarbonate formation between the \"lacteals of intestine\" and gut result in higher fluid secretion into the intestine to attain homeostasis finally loose fecal formation or diarrhea. Lactose intolerance: This is defined as a disorder in which inability of the production of enzyme lactase to properly digest lactose in both adults and children as well, when they had dietary intake of lactose containing food products (ex. milk). This condition is considered as congenital since the gene coding for the enzyme lactose to break lactose sugar polymer Solution Part-a: Lactose is a disaccharide and composed of glucose and galactose through a glycosidic linkage Part-b: Process of lactose digestion & absorption: Simple digestion of glucose rich carbohydrates by salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and intestinal \"maltase, sucrase and lactase\" into simple monomers of glucose units Lactose digestion without lactose intolerance: It is common disaccharide that is present in the milk and dairy products as it can be digested internally by lactase at temperature 37 °C and at pH of 6. This is representing that enzymes specifically exerts their action at a specific temperature and PH. Beta glycosidic bonds of lactose digested and forms D-galactose and D-glucose individual units. Thereby substrate modification of the lactose by enzyme lactase revealing that 3’-OH and 2’-OH groups of the substrate galactopyranose component is very crucial for competitive lactase enzymatic binding in which predominantly 3’-OH is essential f.

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Energy for primary active transport comes from AT.pdf

1. Energy for primary active transport comes from ATP molecules. ATP is produced by the mitochondria. e.g. Na+/K+ ATPases are archetypal primary active transporters and they transport 3 Na+ ions out of cells and 2 K+ ions into cells by hydrolyzing one molecule of ATP. Energy for secondary active transport is stored in an established concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane and drives transport with the tendency of ions to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. e.g. Na+/glucose secondary transporters use the Na+ gradient (higher outside cells than inside) established by Na+/K+ ATPases to transport a molecule of glucose along with a sodium ion into cells. Solution Energy for primary active transport comes from ATP molecules. ATP is produced by the mitochondria. e.g. Na+/K+ ATPases are archetypal primary active transporters and they transport 3 Na+ ions out of cells and 2 K+ ions into cells by hydrolyzing one molecule of ATP. Energy for secondary active transport is stored in an established concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane and drives transport with the tendency of ions to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. e.g. Na+/glucose secondary transporters use the Na+ gradient (higher outside cells than inside) established by Na+/K+ ATPases to transport a molecule of glucose along with a sodium ion into cells.

Energy for primary active transport comes from AT.pdf

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