Ques-1: Government funding is limited so that the factors are needed to consider to eliminate an infectious disease are whether the infectious agent mode of transmission and infectious agent etiology and disease symptoms in human beings. These factors are going to promote \"epidemiologists\" to better control \"both nosocomial infections\", pandemic infections of communicable disease. The possible preventive measures such as vaccination can be implemented to eliminate the disease. Assessment of chronic disease has not only been possible because of epidemiology but also acute disease conditions, causes, outcome of treatment to that disease conditions is also possible by studying the disease status in the public communities. This epidemiology study used to mainly for those infectious diseases prevailed to a large number of populations within a geographical area in a short period of time finally useful to implement public health policies against that infection based on epidemiological data; for example infectious disease often prevail in a population in 2 weeks. Example of epidemic diseases is meningococcal infections; Epidemiology studies also useful to study the nature of pandemic diseases to monitor the health of communities & populations; These studies are used for those diseases occurring in large number of populations across the world in almost all geographical areas. Example is flu infections. Ques-10: No, we never win war on microbes because microbes can change their genome persistently & actively through mutations when they reach the host genome. For example, HIV -1 infection therefore, it is difficult to introduce medication to defeat this microbe Some diseases causing bacterial spores are dormant for 1000 years also and medication is ineffective to combat these spores due to the following reason Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants. Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the possible mutation -inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium, hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast. These layers potentially protect spore DNA material. Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore possess DNA and it is covered .

1. Ques-1:
Government funding is limited so that the factors are needed to consider to eliminate an
infectious disease are whether the infectious agent mode of transmission and infectious agent
etiology and disease symptoms in human beings. These factors are going to promote
"epidemiologists" to better control "both nosocomial infections", pandemic infections of
communicable disease. The possible preventive measures such as vaccination can be
implemented to eliminate the disease.
Assessment of chronic disease has not only been possible because of epidemiology but also acute
disease conditions, causes, outcome of treatment to that disease conditions is also possible by
studying the disease status in the public communities. This epidemiology study used to mainly
for those infectious diseases prevailed to a large number of populations within a geographical
area in a short period of time finally useful to implement public health policies against that
infection based on epidemiological data; for example infectious disease often prevail in a
population in 2 weeks. Example of epidemic diseases is meningococcal infections; Epidemiology
studies also useful to study the nature of pandemic diseases to monitor the health of communities
& populations; These studies are used for those diseases occurring in large number of
populations across the world in almost all geographical areas. Example is flu infections.
Ques-10:
No, we never win war on microbes because microbes can change their genome persistently &
actively through mutations when they reach the host genome. For example, HIV -1 infection
therefore, it is difficult to introduce medication to defeat this microbe
Some diseases causing bacterial spores are dormant for 1000 years also and medication is
ineffective to combat these spores due to the following reason
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to
mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation -inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of

2. chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore
possess DNA and it is covered by specifically small acid-soluble spore proteins an these are
similar to chromatin-like proteins and enable in protecting DNA from heat as well as UV
radiation inducing mutation.
Factor-3: In order to keep the spore dormancy all the spore structural components formed and
maintain signal transduction pathways, which further result in elevated activity of the cAMP-
dependent protein kinase, triggers rapid encapsulation.
Solution
Ques-1:
Government funding is limited so that the factors are needed to consider to eliminate an
infectious disease are whether the infectious agent mode of transmission and infectious agent
etiology and disease symptoms in human beings. These factors are going to promote
"epidemiologists" to better control "both nosocomial infections", pandemic infections of
communicable disease. The possible preventive measures such as vaccination can be
implemented to eliminate the disease.
Assessment of chronic disease has not only been possible because of epidemiology but also acute
disease conditions, causes, outcome of treatment to that disease conditions is also possible by
studying the disease status in the public communities. This epidemiology study used to mainly
for those infectious diseases prevailed to a large number of populations within a geographical
area in a short period of time finally useful to implement public health policies against that
infection based on epidemiological data; for example infectious disease often prevail in a
population in 2 weeks. Example of epidemic diseases is meningococcal infections; Epidemiology
studies also useful to study the nature of pandemic diseases to monitor the health of communities
& populations; These studies are used for those diseases occurring in large number of
populations across the world in almost all geographical areas. Example is flu infections.
Ques-10:
No, we never win war on microbes because microbes can change their genome persistently &
actively through mutations when they reach the host genome. For example, HIV -1 infection
therefore, it is difficult to introduce medication to defeat this microbe
Some diseases causing bacterial spores are dormant for 1000 years also and medication is
ineffective to combat these spores due to the following reason
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to

3. mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation -inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of
chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore
possess DNA and it is covered by specifically small acid-soluble spore proteins an these are
similar to chromatin-like proteins and enable in protecting DNA from heat as well as UV
radiation inducing mutation.
Factor-3: In order to keep the spore dormancy all the spore structural components formed and
maintain signal transduction pathways, which further result in elevated activity of the cAMP-
dependent protein kinase, triggers rapid encapsulation.