2. INTRODUCTION
• Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905 –
1998) was a British and American
psychologist
• He is well known for his exploration
of many areas in psychology.
•He attend London University where
he was drawn to the burgeoning field
of chemistry.
• In 1997, he was awarded a lifetime
achievement award from the American
Psychological Foundation.
3. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
• Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist
who was born March 20, 1905, Staffordshire, England.
• When Cattell was 9, England entered World War 1.
• At age 16, Cattell enrolled at the University of London to study
physics and chemistry, graduating with honors in 3 years.
• Cattell was a bright student, graduating with his doctorate in
psychology in 1929 from the University of London at 23.
• A bleak job market forced Cattell to take a clinical position doing
school psychology for 5 years. This helped him with his future
career in personality research.
4. • Whereas Spearman had used factor analysis to measure mental
abilities, Cattell
resolved the apply the method to the structure of personality.
• In 1937, Cattell was invited to the states by E.L. Thorndike in New
York.
• Cattell stayed in the US after this, taking positions at Clark
University,
Harvard University, and the University of Illinois.
• It was in Illinois, that he spent his most productive years developing
personality tests.
• He published more than 500 articles, as well as 43 books
5. Cattell’s Approach to Personality Traits
• According to Cattell Trait is relatively permanent reaction tendencies that are
the basic structural units of the personality.
• He classified traits into several ways
• Common traits • Constitutional traits
• Unique traits • Environmental-mold traits
• Ability traits
• Temperament traits
• Dynamic traits
• Surface traits
• Source traits
6. Common Traits and unique Traits
• Cattell distinguished between Common Traits and Unique Traits
• Common Traits
• Possessed by everyone to some degree.
• Everyone has these traits, but some people have them to a greater
extend than others. Eg: intelligence , extraversion
• Unique Traits
• Specific to one person
• These traits are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes
eg: interest in baseball
7. Ability, Temperament and Dynamic traits
• A second way to classify traits is to divide them into Ability traits,
Temperament traits and Dynamic traits
• ABILITY TRAITS
• Determine how efficiently we will be able to work toward a goal.
Eg: intelligence
• TEMPERAMENT TRAITS
• Describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior.
These traits affect the ways we act and react situations. Eg:
Assertive, easygoing and irritable.
• DYNAMIC TRAITS
• Driving forces of the behavior. They define our motivations,
8. Surface Traits and Source
Traits
• A third class of traits is to Surface traits versus source traits
according to their stability and performance.
• SURFACE TRAITS
• These are personality characteristics that correlate with one
another but do not constitute a factor because they are not
determined by a single source.
• Surface traits are composed of several elements , they are less
stable and permanent and therefore less important in describing
personality.
• SOURCE TRAITS
• Single, stable, permanent elements of our behavior. Each source
trait gives rise to some aspect of behavior.
• All have same source traits in differing degrees.
9. Constitutional Traits and Environmental-
mold Traits
• Source traits classified by their origin as either constitutional traits
or environmental-mold traits.
• CONSTITUTIONAL TRAITS
• Source traits that have biological origin, such as the behaviors that
result from drinking too much alcohol like carelessness,
talkativeness.
• ENVIRONMENTAL-MOLD TRAITS
• Source traits that have environmental origins, such as behavior
that result from the influence of our friends, work environment, or
neighborhood.
10. Source Traits: Basic Factors of
Personality
• After more than two decades of intensive factor-analytic research,
Cattell identified 16 source traits as the basic factors of
personality. These factors are known as Sixteen Personality Factor
(16PF) Questionnaire.
• Cattell represented the traits in bipolar form and the personality
characters are associated with words we are likely to use everyday
conversation when describing our friends and ourselves.
• Cattell later identified additional factors he designated
temperament traits because the relate to the general style and
emotional tone of behavior. He gave as examples as examples
excitability, zest, self discipline, politeness and self-assurance.
• In Cattell’s system, source traits are the basic elements of
personality just as atoms are the basic units of physical world.
11.
12. DYNAMIC TRAITS: THE MOTIVATING
FORCE
• Cattell described dynamic traits as the traits concerned with
motivation. Cattell believed that a personality theory that failed to
consider the impact of dynamic , or motivating , forces is
incomplete, like trying in describe an engine but failing to
mention the type of fuel on which it run.
• Ergs and Sentiments
• Two type of dynamic, motivating traits.
• The word erg derives from the Greek word ergon, which means
work or energy.
• Cattell used erg to denote the concept of instinct or drive.
• Ergs are the innate energy source or driving force of all behaviors,
the basic units of motivation that direct as toward specific goals.
• Erg is the permanent structure of the personality, it may
14. • Sentiment is an environmental-mold source trait because it derived
from external
social and physical influence.
• Sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focus on an
important aspect of
life, such as a persons community, spouse, occupation, religion, or
hobby.
• Sentiment can be unlearned and can disappear so that it is no
longer important to
a persons life.
ATTITUDES
• Cattell defined attitude as our interest in and our behavior toward
some person,
object, or event.
• As Cattell applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an
15. SUBSIDIATION
• The ergs and sentiments are related to our attitude through the concept of
subsidiation, which means that within the personality some elements subsidiate or
subordinate to, other elements.
• Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. Cattell
expressed these relationship in a diagram he called the dynamic lattice.
• THE SELF-SENTIMENT
• Each person’s pattern of sentiment is organized by a master
sentiment called the self
sentiment.
• The self sentiment provides stability, coherence, and organization to
the source traits
and linked to the expression of the ergs and sentiments.
• It contribute to the satisfaction of the dynamic traits and therefore controls all of the
16. • Fragment of a dynamic lattice showing attitude subsidiation, sentiment
structure, and
ergic goals.
17. The Influence of Hereditary and
Environment
• Cattell great interest in the relative influences of heredity and
environment in Shaping Personality.
• He investigate importance of hereditary and environmental factors
by statically comparing similarities found between twins reared in
the same family , twins reared apart. Thus , he was able to
estimate the extent to which difference in traits could be
attributed to genetic or to environmental influences.
• the result of his analysis showed that for some traits , heredity
plays a major role. For example, Cattell’s data suggest that 80
percent of intelligence (factor B) and 80 percent of timidity-
versus-boldness (factor H) can be accounted for bye genetic
factors. Cattell concluded that overall, one-third of our personality
is genetically based, and two-third is determined by social and
18. Stages of Personality Development
• Cattell proposed 6 stages in the development of personality
covering the entire life span.
19. Infancy:
Development of :
• Social attitudes
• Ego and Superego
• Security and Insecurity
• Attitudes toward authority
• Possible tendency toward neuroticism
Childhood (age 6 to 14)
• Independence from parents
• Identification with peers
• Few psychological problems
20. Adolescence (age 14 to 23)
• More troublesome and stressful
• Conflicts center on drive for independence, self assertion, and
sex
• Emotional disorders and delinquency may result
Maturity (age 23 – 50)
• Satisfaction with career, marriage and family
• Personality becomes less flexible yet more emotional stablity
21. Late Maturity (age 50 - 65)
• Personality changes in response to physical ,social, and
psychological changes
• Reexamine values and search for a new self
Old Age (age 65+)
• Adjustment to loss of friends, spouses, and career
• Loss of status in a culture that worships youth
• Pervasive sense of loneliness and insecurity
22. Assessment in Cattell’s
Theory
• Cattell’s objective measurements of personality used three
primary assessment techniques, which he called L-data ( life
records), Q-data (questionnaires), and T-data (tests).
• Life records (L-data)
• L-data is obtained by gathering life history of person (personal
records), such as grade point average, driving history, letters of
recommendation, etc.
• L-data involve overt behaviors that can be seen by an observer
and occur in a naturalistic settings rather than in the artificial
situation of a psychology laboratory.
• It provides limited information about the individual.
23. Questionnaires (Q-data)
• It is obtained by asking people to describe themselves in response
to a set of
standard questions (Multiple choice, true/false).
• It is easy to administer & quick access to information.
• people may impression manage (e.g., lie to make themselves look
good). Therefore
Cattell warned that Q-data must not automatically be assumed to be
accurate.
24. Personality tests (T-data)
• T-data is obtained by asking people to take various tests
(projective, physical,
reaction times) in which the purpose of the test isn’t obvious.
• It involves the creation of Special situations in which the
person’s behavior may
be objectively scored.
• This should reduce impression managing; provides objective
data.
• Objective tests may be of limited use.
25. The 16 PF (Personality Factor)
Test
• Cattell developed several tests to assess personality. The most
notable is the 16PF, which is based on the 16 major source traits.
The test is intended for use with people 16 years of age and older
and yields scores on each of the 16 scales.
• The response are scored objectively; computerized scoring and
interpretation available. 16 PF is widely used to assess personality
for research, clinical diagnosis.
• Cattell developed several variations of the 16 PF test. Scales have
been prepared to measure special aspects of personality such as
anxiety, depression, and neuroticism and so special purposes such
as marriage counseling and performance evaluation of business
27. THE BIG FIVE
• Based on Cattell’s model of factor analysis, five factors have been
identified that may describe the full spectrum of personality.
• The proponents of the Big Five are Paul Costa Jr. & Robert McCrae,
who are interested in describing personality.
• Five broad factors have been identified to describe personality.
They are:
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Conscientiousness
• Openness
28. 1. Extraversion
• People high in extraversion are often talkative, passionate, active,
dominant, & sociable.
• Those scoring high have more interactions with others than those
scoring low.
• Extraverts tend to develop more social relationships during
college, are more
likely to fall in love, & are more responsive to pleasure.
29. 2. Agreeableness
• Agreeableness refers to how “likable” we are.
• People scoring high on agreeableness tend to be good-natured,
soft-hearted, and
trusting. Those low on the factor are irritable, ruthless, and
suspicious.
• People who score high on this factor report little conflict in their
relationships. They
are less likely to assert power when they do experience conflict as
well.
30. 3. Neuroticism
• Describes people who frequently are troubled by negative emotions
such as worry &
insecurity.
• People high on neuroticism can be described as those who worry,
those who
emotionally unstable, they are often anxious, & have low self-
esteem.
• People who score low on this factor report being much happier than
people scoring
higher on this dimension.
31. 4. Conscientiousness
• Describes someone who is hardworking, dependable, ambitious,
responsible, & is
tenacious.
• People scoring high on this dimension value cleanliness, &
ambitiousness.
• They tend to be organized, punctual, do well academically, are
well liked by their
superiors, & dedicated to their significant others.
32. 5. Openness
• Refers to how cultured, intelligent, & receptive a person is to
new ideas, places, & interests.
• Those who score high in openness are more likely to be artistic,
curious,
imaginative, insightful, and intuitive.
33. Research on Cattell’s
Theory• Cattell listed three ways to study personality: bivariate, clinical and
multivariate approaches.
• The bivariate, or two variable, approach is the standard laboratory
experimental method. This approach has also been called
univariate because only one variable is studied at a time. For
Cattell, the bi variate approach was too restrictive to reveal much
about personality traits.
• The clinical approach which includes case studies, dream analysis ,
free association, the similar techniques, is highly subjective.
• Cattell chose study to personality through the multivariate
approach, which yields highly specific data. It involves the
sophisticated stastical procedure of factor analysis.
34. • Cattell favored two forms of factor analysis: the R technique and the
P technique. The
R technique involves collecting large amounts of data from a group
of people. The P
technique involves collecting a large amount of data from a single
subject over a
long period.
• Cattell also used the 16 PF test to define the relationship between
personality traits
and marital stability. Factor analysis showed that marital stability
could be
predicted from the test scores. Partners in stable marriage has
similar personality
traits where as partners in unstable marriage showed highly
different personality
traits.
35. REFERENCE
• Schultz, Duane P., and Sydney Ellen Schultz. Theories of
personality. Cengage Learning, 2016.
• Hall, Lindzey and Campbell, Theories of Personality,4th ed.,1998.
• Internet
