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PERSONALITY.pptx
- 1. PERSONALITY
- 2. What is Personality? the pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people. is the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social attributes and characteristics of an individuals. Aim of Personality Research? seeks to understand how and why our consistent patterns of thinking, emotion, and behavior make each of us different in some ways and alike in others (Carver & Connor-Smith,2010).
- 3. Important factors to consider in studying personality • Developmental experiences • Cultural differences • Genetic and other biological characteristics • perceptual and other information-processing habits and biases • Patterns of emotional expression • Social experiences and skills
- 4. PERSONALITY COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY o Habits oAttitudes oPhysicalTraits oMentalTraits oEmotionalTraits oSocialTraits oMoral and ReligiousTraits DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY o Heredity oEnvironment
- 5. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY 1. Habits - are reactions so often repeated as to become fixed characteristics of tendencies 2. Attitudes - are certain ways of viewing things gained from the environment , changed by the working of the mind, and the imagination and somewhat influenced by the physical endowment, particularly by the emotions. It may be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, learned or acquired 3. PhysicalTraits - include facial appearance, height, weight , physical defects complexion, strength , and health
- 6. 4. MentalTraits - Include our ability to control the mind: problem-solving ability, memory and learning ability, perceptual ability, soundness of judgment , general adaptability. 5. EmotionalTraits - An individual capacity to face different situations in life, and still maintain his composure. 6. SocialTraits - an individual ability to get along with others – to be sociable and friendly 7. Moral and ReligiousTraits - Standards for a person’s actions and behavior . Moral traits manifested by his conduct.
- 7. HEREDITY - is a biological process through which the transmission of physical and social characteristics takes place from parents to offsprings. - It greatly influences the different aspects of growth and development - Examples are height, weight and structure of the body, color of hair and eye, intelligence and aptitude. In short, it is the sum total of all the traits present in an individual at the time of birth ENVIRONMENT - Environment refers to all the factors except heredity, affecting an organism starting from the moment of conception. Individual’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimulations(physical and psychological) which he receives from his conception onwards.
- 8. ENVIRONMENT - Environment refers to all the factors except heredity, affecting an organism starting from the moment of conception. Individual’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimulations(physical and psychological) which he receives from his conception onwards. - The different types of environment are physical, social and psychological environment. (1)Physical environment consists of all outer factors such as food, clothing, shelter, weather and climate. (2)Social environment is constituted by the society-individuals and institutions, social laws, customs by which human behavior is regulated. (3)Psychological environment is rooted in the individual’s reaction with an object. One’s love, affection and fellow feeling attitude will strengthen human bonds.
- 9. Various methods to investigate personality: • Psychodynamic Approach • Trait Approach • Social – Cognitive Approach • Humanistic Approach • Theory of BodyTypes • Theory based on Body Chemistry, Endocrine Balance and Temperament
- 10. Theory of Body Types (William Sheldon) • This theory relates with bodily constitutions, health; according to body type • types’ names are derived from the names of the cell layers of the embryo where different bodily tissues originate 1. Endomorphic Component - Prominence of intestines and visceral organs, and fats are in proportion of height - Seeks comfort , love to find food , and eat too much; they are sociable and are greatly interested in seeking affection. 2. Mesomorphic Component - Refers to bone and muscles - Person is strong, tough , and athletic; well built and proportionate - energetic , like to exercise and are direct in manners, tend to be aggressive and self-assertive 3. Ectomorphic Component - Tends to be long, thin, and poorly developed - Generally weak physically - Excessive restrain, inhibition, and avoidance of social contacts
- 12. Theory based on Body Chemistry, Endocrine Balance and Temperament • Galen • Galen believed that four fluids were responsible for different moods, behaviors, and emotions. • He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of body fluids (“humors”): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. 1. Sanguine Person • warm-hearted and pleasant • Looks alive and is very optimistic • yellow bile 2. Phlegmatic Person • slow, unexcitable and calm, attributed to the phlegm • Cautious, and thinks twice before doing anything • black bile 3. Melancholic Person • One who suffers from depression and sadness because of having too much black bile • Very pessimistic • blood 4. Choleric Person • Easily angered, temperamental is influenced by yellow bile • Serious, easily provoked and aggressive when fails • phlegm
- 13. Psychological type of theory • Carl Jung 1. Introverted Individual • This type of person tends to withdraw into himself in times of emotional stress or conflicts • Characteristics include shyness and preference to work alone 2. Extroverted Individual • Tends to be very sociable and outgoing going • Attention and interest are centered on the immediate environment and tends to lose himself among people
- 14. Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud - A physician inVienna,Austria, during the 1890s - Specialized in treating “neurotic” disorders - Believed on psychic determinism, the idea that personality and behavior are determined more by psychological factors than biological condition or currents events - He proposed that people may not know why they feel, think, or act the way they do because they are partly controlled by the unconscious portion of the personality – the part of which they are normally unaware - From those idea, he created psychoanalytic theory- a theory of personality that also led to a way of treating psychological disorders - Thus, his theory became the basis of the psychodynamic approach to personality, which assumes that various unconscious psychological processes interact to determine our thoughts.
- 15. Freud’s Structure of Personality 1. ID • Storehouse of biologically based motives and instinctive reactions for satisfying motives • Unconscious portion of the personality where life and death instincts reside • Pleasure Principle 2. EGO • Controls the Id personality • Delays the satisfaction of motives and channels into reality • mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. • Reality Principle 3. SUPEREGO • Works closely with conscience • A set of socially derived motives that affect, and sometimes conflict with the first two personality structures • Morality Principle
- 16. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY (revised theory) ID - the aspect of personality allied with the instincts; the source of psychic energy - a powerful structure of the personality because it supplies all the energy for the other two components - It operates as the “PLEASURE PRINCIPLE” ID IT HAS NO AWARENESS OF THE REALITY Satisfaction?How? Reflex action and wish fulfilling hallucinatory or fantasy “Primary – ProcessThought”
- 17. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY (revised theory) EGO - the rational aspect of the personality, responsible for directing and controlling the instincts according to the reality - “REALITY PRINCIPLE” EGO IT HAS AWARENESS OF THE REALITY Satisfaction? deal intelligently and rationally with the outside world and to develop the powers of perception, recognition, judgment, and memory “Secondary-ProcessThought”
- 18. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY (revised theory) SUPEREGO - the internalization of parental and societal values and standards. - “MORALITY PRINCIPLE” SUPEREGO Unconscious part Satisfaction? to inhibit them completely, particularly those demands concerned with sex and aggression. It strives solely for moral perfection
- 21. inner clashes among Id, Ego and Superego * Intrapsychic or psychodynamic conflict
- 22. TheTrait Approach • A perspective on personality that views it as the combination of stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations • People differ in how much of a particular personality traits they possess; no two people are exactly alike on all traits • Largely based on the work of Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, and Hans Eysenck
- 24. • When Dr. Raymond Cattell published the first edition Sixteen Personality Factor (16pf) Questionnaire in 1949, it was a revolutionary concept. In the decades since, more than 2,700 peer-reviewed research articles have authenticated the tool. The current edition has been enhanced and updated and is available in more than 20 languages. The 185 multiple-choice questions take approximately 30 minutes to complete and are designed to comply with EEOC requirements. • The 16pf Questionnaire measures 16 different traits that influence the way individuals work and interact with others. In addition, these 16 traits are grouped into 5 Global Factors that parallel the widely used “Big Five” model, providing a broad overview of personality that looks at:
- 25. Hans Eysenck • BiologicalTraitTheory • His study led him to focus on two main personality dimensions known as Introversion- Extraversion and Emotionality – Stability
- 26. Hans Eysenck • BiologicalTraitTheory • His study led him to focus on two main personality dimensions known as Introversion-Extraversion and Emotionality – Stability
- 27. Gordon Allport • There is multiplicity of needs that are never quite the same from one individual to the next • Concepts of uniqueness of personality and functional autonomy are emphasized • Uniqueness of personality - Each person with his unique background of childhood experiences, develops a set of traits that are unique to him • Functional autonomy - Each person acquires or learns motives as part of satisfying motives
- 28. The Social-Cognitive Approach • The view that personality reflects from learned patterns of thinking and behavior • Some aspects of this approach reflect the view of traditional behaviorists, that all behaviors are learned through classical and operant condition • However, Social-Cognitive Approach expands that view by emphasizing (1.) the role played by learned patterns of thinking in guiding behavior (2)The fact that personality is learned in social situations as people observe and interact with other people
- 29. Humanistic Psychology Approach • A view that personality develops in accordance each person’s unique perceptions of the world • Focuses on mental capabilities that set humans apart: self-awareness, creativity, planning, decision making, and responsibility • Adopting this approach in understanding behavior and personality see human behavior as motivated mainly by an innate drive toward growth that prompts each of us to fulfill our own unique potential and thus to achieve an ideal condition known as Self-actualization • Self-Actualization - the reaching of one’s fullest potential;; the complete realization of a person’s talents, faculty, and abilities. • What shapes our personality and guides our behaviors are results from our own world view of our experiences, a process known as phenomenology.
- 30. Theory of Personality Based on Birth Order • Maxine Abrahams/Alfred Adler 1. First Born • They keep secrets than the other older siblings • Conscientious, task oriented and responsible and high achiever • Resent sharing parental attention and may not be happier than the other siblings • Because of strong parental influence, they are jealous of the latter-borns so they spend the rest of their lives in a subconsciousness effort to regain the spotlight 2. Middle Born • diplomatic, skillful in interpersonal relationships because of the interpersonal give-and-take they share with older and the younger siblings 3. Later Born • Very creative, charming and playful, popular and spoiled • Sometimes deprived because of constantly receiving hand-me-downs and financial leftovers 4. Only Child • Very dependent but may enjoy a high sense of self-esteem and optimism, reflecting the unchecked attention of two adults who praise him as he grows
Editor's Notes
- Psychologists generally view personality as the unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings, and actions that characterize a person. Personality – description of our total being PERSONALITY – is the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social attributes and characteristics of an individuals. Psychological characteristics – thoughts and feelings Behavioral characteristics – actions that characterize a person
- Concluding part: Psychologists want to know about personality in general, such as how it develops and changes across life span Ask about why some people are usually optimistic whereas others are usually pessimistic Whether people respond consistently from one situation tot e next.
- Attitudes – response to the situation , responses based from ur own perspective , usually influenced by the way we think
- The factors which affect growth and development can broadly be divided into HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. Role of Heredity and Environment in Personality Development www.psychologydiscussion.net › Psycholog › Educational Psychology › Heredity This difference is seen due to the influence of heredity and environment. Truly speaking heredity and environment play an important role in the development of the personality and other qualities in the individual. No person can be born without heredity and genes cannot develop without proper environment.
- The factors which affect growth and development can broadly be divided into HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT.
- to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements, somatotypes, named after the three germ layers of embryonic development: the endoderm, (develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm, (becomes muscle, heart and blood vessels), and the ectoderm (forms the skin and nervous system).
- If your humors and temperaments are in balance it means that you are healthy. Galen believed that if there was an excess or deficit of one of the humors it is caused by disease and disability. Deficits can be caused by vapors that were taken in by the body. ------Each was the result of an excess of one of the humors that produced, in turn, the imbalance in paired qualities------- ------------------------------------------------ At the heart of this typology is ancient medical concept — humorism. Humors here refer to bodily fluids that are present within one’s body. Different people have different proportions of these fluids; the predominance of one fluid defines one’s temperament and psychological type. Here are the four temperaments and their predominant humors (bodily fluids): CRITICISMS: Unfortunately for Galen, his theory has not withstood the test of time. It has been nearly 900 years since he created his theory, so it is through no fault of his own that his theory is no longer valid. At the time his theory was created, not nearly enough was known about the inner workings of the brain for serious doubt to spread amongst the medical community, but that is no longer the case. It is now known that the brain is responsible for the personality of a person and of course, that means that four fluids in the body have no bearing on somebody’s personality.
- We are born with basic needs or instincts Needs for food, water, sex aggression Needs for love, knowledge , security, and the like arise from these more fundamental desires Each of us has to find ways of meeting our needs in a world that often frustrates our efforts Personality develops, as we struggles with this task and are reflected in the way we satisfy a wide range of urges ID Represents the inborn and unconscious portion Life instinct – promote positive, constructive behavior Death instinct – responsible for human aggression and destructiveness PLEASURE PRINCIPLE – seeking immediate satisfaction of both kinds of instincts, regardless of society’s rules or the rights and feelings of others USE NEXT SLIDE FOR FURTHER EXPLANATION
- Pleasure principle -----The principle by which the id functions to avoid pain and maximize pleasure. ID Because the id is the reservoir of the instincts, it is vitally and directly related to the satisfaction of bodily needs. As we noted earlier, tension is produced when the body is in a state of need, and the person acts to reduce this tension by satisfying the need concern with tension reduction, the id functions to increase pleasure and avoid pain The id strives for immediate satisfaction of its needs and does not tolerate delay or postponement of satisfaction for any reason. It knows only instant gratification; it drives us to want what we want when we want it, without regard for what anyone else wants. The id is a selfish, pleasure-seeking structure, primitive, amoral, insistent, and rash.
- The ego does not prevent id satisfaction. Rather, it tries to postpone, delay, or redirect it in terms of the demands of reality. It perceives and manipulates the environment in a practical and realistic manner and so is said to operate in accordance with the reality principle. The ego serves two masters—the id and reality—and is constantly mediating and striking compromises between their conflicting demands. Also, the ego is never independent of the id. It is always responsive to the id’s demands and derives its power and energy from the id Secondary-process thought - Mature thought processes needed to deal rationally with the external world
- SUPEREGO a powerful and largely unconscious set of dictates or beliefs—that we acquire in childhood The basis of this moral side of the personality is usually learned by the age of 5 or 6 and consists initially of the rules of conduct set down by our parents. Through praise, punishment, and example, children learn which behaviors their parents consider good or bad. Punishment ------FORMS CONSCIENCE (one component of our superego) PRAISED Good, or correct, behaviors for which children have been praised. ------EGO-IDEAL In this way, children learn a set of rules that earn acceptance or rejection from their parents. In time, children internalize these teachings, and the rewards and punishments become self-administered. Parental control is replaced by self-control INTERNALIZATION * adopting the rules and values of society
- Conscious - the portion above the surface of the water—merely the tip of the iceberg Unconscious larger, invisible portion below the surface. This is the focus of psychoanalytic theory Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness Preconscious Clashes of ID, EGO and SUPEREGO Each personality is shaped by the number of, nature and outcome of these conflicts
- Conscious - the portion above the surface of the water—merely the tip of the iceberg Unconscious larger, invisible portion below the surface. This is the focus of psychoanalytic theory Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness Preconscious Clashes of ID, EGO and SUPEREGO Each personality is shaped by the number of, nature and outcome of these conflicts
- Eysenck – pronounced as Aysenck Stable characteristics – we are predictable People differ form each other – emphasized the uniqueness of every individual ======================================================== Gordon Allport There is multiplicity of needs that are never quite the same from one individual to the next Concepts of uniqueness of personality and functional autonomy are emphasized Uniqueness of personality Each person with his unique background of childhood experiences, develops a set of traits that are unique to him Functional autonomy Each person acquires or learns motives as part of satisfying motives
- Eysenck – pronounced as Aysenck Stable characteristics – we are predictable People differ form each other – emphasized the uniqueness of every individual This model of personality suggests that all people, regardless of gender, age, or culture, share the same basic traits, but differ in the degree of their manifestation. Keywords: personality; personality traits
- http://homepages.rpi.edu/~verwyc/sixteepf.htm https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/pa/pdfs/16pf5basicinterp.pdf
- Personality can be described in terms of where a person falls along these two dimensions Variations in personality characteristics that we among individuals can be traced to inherited differences in their nervous system, especially in their brains. These biological differences, create differences in people’s typical levels of physiological arousal and in their sensitivity to stress and other environmental stimulation. EXAMPLE: Extraversion VS. Introversion People who inherent a nervous system that normally operates below some ideal level of arousal will always be on the lookout for excitement, change and social contact in order to increase their arousal ------as a result = Extraverted People whose nervous system is normally “over aroused “ will tend to avoid excitement , change and social contact in order to reduce arousal to their ideal level ====Introverted Emotionality – Stability People fall toward the stability side have nervous systems that are relatively insensitive to stress People fall toward the emotional side have nervous ystems that react more strongly to stress Extraversion Introversion sociable, outgoing - tend to be quite - reserved, likes solitary pursuits Enjoys parties, social activities - thoughtful - avoids or less of social activities excitement or involvement Emotionality Stability moodiness, restless - calm Worry, anxiety - even tempered, relaxed, emotionally stable Negative emotions
- According to Eysenck, varying degrees of emotionally-stability and introversion-extraversion combine to produce predictable trait patterns *
- NOTE: The result is an ending variety of unique personalities Functional Autonomy – since we have different developed need there is a possibility that we also have different views and ways of satisfying those needs.
- Social-Cognitive Approach is sometimes called SOCIAL-LEARNING APPROACH because it defines personality as the sum of the behaviors and cognitive habits that develop as people learn through experience in the social world SCA - Interested in how out thinking affects our behavior as well as how our behavior and its consequences affect our thinking and our future actions.
- ASSIGNMEN --- Theory of Galena ad Sheldon