This document discusses interpersonal relationships and their importance in nursing. It defines interpersonal relationships as reciprocal social and emotional interactions between individuals. In nursing, interpersonal relationships are crucial for building trust and cooperation between nurses and patients. The document outlines several types of interpersonal relationships including friendship, family, love, marriage, and professional relationships. It also discusses phases of the nurse-patient relationship according to Peplau's model including orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. Finally, it examines barriers to interpersonal relationships such as personal, situational, and socio-cultural factors and how the Johari window model can improve self-awareness and communication between individuals.

1. INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
Presented by:
Mr. Anslin Sugil Kamesh., M.Sc(N)
HOD of MHN
SACON.

2. INTRODUCTION
One of the most distinctive aspects of
human beings is that we are social
beings.
Interpersonal relationships are & have
been the core of our social system
since the dawn of civilization.
Nursing is a therapeutic process &
demands an association between the
nurse & the patient.

3. Interpersonal relationships refer to
reciprocal social & emotional
interactions between two or more
individuals in an environment.
Interpersonal relationship is defined as
a close association between
individuals who share common
interests & goals.
DEFINITION

4. PURPOSE OF INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
I. Interpersonal relationship for an
Individual
Personal growth & development
Source of enjoyment
Sense of security
Context of understanding
Interpersonal needs
Establishing personal identity

5. CONT…
II. Interpersonal relationship for
Nurses
 Building a positive functional multidisciplinary
team
 Improving intra-and/or inter-team
communication, coordination & cooperation
 Building mutual understanding & cooperation
 Understanding self
 Improved decision making & problem solving

6. CONT…
III. Interpersonal relationship for
patients
Developing a sense of security & comfort
Fostering trust & cooperation
Facilitating communication
Improving socialization
Developing & maintaining
positive feelings

7. TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
 Friendship
 Family & kinship
 Love
 Marriage
 Platonic relationship
 Casual relationships
 Brotherhood &
sisterhood
 Acquaintances
 Interpersonal relationships are classified based
on relational contexts of interaction & the types of
mutual expectations between communicators.
Some common types of interpersonal relation are:-

8. FRIENDSHIP
 Theories of friendship emphasize the concept
as a freely chosen association where
individuals develop a common ground of
thinking & behaving when they enter into the
relationship by including mutual love, trust,
respect & unconditional acceptance for each
other.
 Friendship is a relationship with no formalities &
the individuals enjoy each other’s presence.

9. FAMILY AND KINSHIP
 Family communication patterns establish
roles & identify & enable personal & social
growth of individuals.
 Family relationships can get distorted if there
is an unresolved conflict between members.
 Most of the time, a significant family member
senses other family members have significant
emotional difficulties but fails to bring them
out unless the physician or nurse enquires .

10. PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP
Individual working for the same
organization are said to share a
professional relationship & are called
colleagues.
Colleagues may or may not like each
other

11. LOVE
A informalized intimate relationship
characterized by passion, intimacy, trust
& respect is called love.
Individuals in a romantic relationship are
deeply attached to each other & share a
special bond

12. MARRIAGE
Marriage is a formalize intimate
relationship or a long-term relationship
where two individuals decide to enter
into wedlock & stay together life-long
after knowing each other well.

13. PLATONIC RELATIONSHIP
 A relationship between two individuals
without feelings of sexual desire for each
other is called a platonic relationship.
 In such a relationship, a man & a woman
are just friends & do not mix love with
friendship.
 Platonic relationships might end in a
romantic relationship with partners
developing feelings of love for each other.

14. CASUAL RELATIONSHIPS
 In these relationships, the individuals
usually develop a relationship that
exclusively lacks mutual love & consists of
sexual behaviour only that does not extend
beyond one night.
 These individuals may be known as sexual
partners in a wider sense of friends with
benefits who consider sexual intercourse
only in their relationship.

15. BROTHERHOOD & SISTERHOOD
Individuals united for a common cause
or a common interest (may involve
formal membership in clubs,
organization, associations, societies,
etc.) may be termed as a brotherhood or
a sisterhood.
In this relationship, individuals are
committed to doing good deeds for
fellow members & people.

16. ACQUAINTANCES
An acquaintance is a relationship
where someone is simply known to
someone by introduction or by a few
interaction.
There is an absence of close
relationship & the individuals lack in-
depth personal information about other.
This could also be a beginning of a
future close relationship.

17. PHASES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution
Hildegard Peplau(1952) gave the interpersonal
relationship model.

19. ORIENTATION
Start with an initial encounter with nurse &
patient
The pact formulation begins between the
nurse & the patient.
The nurse clarifies his or her roles &
responsibilities within the therapeutic
boundary to the patient.
The Nurse identifies the patient’s problem
& settles on the type of nursing services
needed.

20. CONT…
After developing a trustworthy
relationship, the patients start
clarifying doubts, share perceptions &
convey their needs & expectation to
the nurse.
There are several factors that may
affect this phase in a nurse-patient
relationship

21. Values
•Culture
•Beliefs
•Past experience
•Expectations
•Preconceived ideas
Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past experience
•Expectations
•Preconceived
Nurse Patient Relationship

22. IDENTIFICATION
The nurse must approach the patient
with empathic understanding to perceive
the patient’s current feeling.
The nurse must avoid vagueness &
ambiguity by using specific terminology
rather than abstractions in
communication process.

23. CONT…
The nurse helps the patients identify
their problems in their own context &
use the available resources to solve
the problem.
The patient’s self esteem will be
boosted by having feelings of
belongingness.

24. EXPLOITATION
 In this phase, the patient are made to
understand the problems by exploring all
available avenues to solve the problem.
 The nurse can help the patient by extending
minimal professional assistance to learn how to
solve the problem.
 The patient starts exploitation all the available
resources in spite of making requests to others
to extend help
 Finally the patient is able to deal adequately
with his or her problems

25. RESOLUTION
 This is the termination of the professional
relationship that begins with convalesce
&rehabilitation stage of hospitalization.
 The patient’s needs have already been met by the
collaborative efforts of the patient & the nurse in
previous phases.
 If psychological dependence persists between both
of them, it become difficult to resolve the
transferences or counter transferees. A nurse must
aware of the techniques to resolve it.
 The relationship must be terminated by maintaining
a healthier emotional balance by both the parties.

26. BARRIERS OF INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
Barriers
Socio
cultural
Situational Personal

27. TYPES OF BARRIER
Personal
Barriers
Lack of
honesty &
trust
Gender
Psychiatry
problems
Fear of
rejection
Feeling of
compatibility
Feeling of
insecurity
Ineffective
communi-
cation
Distorted
self concept
Lack of
flexibility
Lack of
respect

29. Cultural diversity
Ethnic diversity
Social diversity
Language diversity
Socio
cultural
barriers

30. BARRIERS OF IPR & METHOD OF
OVERCOMING THESE BARRIERS
Categories of
barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of
overcome barrier
of IPR
Personal barrier Gender variation In IPR, gender must
to given due
consideration
Lack of honesty &
trust
Honesty & trust
must be maintained
while establishing &
building IPRs

31. Categories of
barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of overcome
barrier of IPR
Personal
barriers
Lack of compatibility Compatibility between
the individual involved in
IPR must be ensured.
Feeling of insecurity A sense of security must
be ensured between the
people involved in an
IPRT
Ineffective
communication
Effective communication
is a key aspect of
efficient IPRs, therefore,
effective communication
must be ensure.

32. Categories
of barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of overcome
barrier of IPR
Personal
barriers
Distorted self-
concept
Individuals involved in IPRs
must have a sound self-
concept & +ve self-esteem
Lack of flexibility There must be flexibility in
ideology & philosophy of the
individuals in a relationship
for an effective adaptation &
success of the IPR
Lack of respect for
others rights
A mutual senses of respect
must be ensured by the
people involved in personal
& professional relationships

33. Categories
of barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of overcome
barrier of IPR
Personal
barrier
Fear of rejection Fear of rejection must be
eliminated between the
individual involved in a
relationship
Pre-existing
psychiatric
problem
Skilled therapeutic
communication is required to
interact with individuals suffers
from psychiatric or personality
problems.
Situational
barrier
Complex
interaction setting
The individuals must try to
make the interaction setting
simple & familiar & must make
the other person feel
important.

34. Categories of
barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of overcome
barrier of IPR
Situational
barrier
•Adverse
environmental
situations
•Lack of
territoriality
•High density of
individuals
Special care must be taken
while developing a
relationship between
individuals of diversified
territories & high density or
interaction in adverse
environmental situations.
•Lack of distance
•Lack of time
Even in an organization,
individuals must spend
quality time with their co-
workers to strengthen the
bond between them

35. Categories of
barrier
Description of
barrier of IPR
Methods of overcome
barrier of IPR
Socio cultural
barriers
•cultural diversity
•Ethnic diversity
•Social diversity
Individual can try to
overcome cultural diversity
to trying to enhance the
four primary factors that
decide interaction patterns
(such as openness, trust,
owing & risk to experiment)
•Language
diversity
Individuals must try to
enhance interpersonal
communication skills (such
as maintaining good eye
contact, appropriate body
language, listening with
patience, etc.)

36. JOHARI WINDOW
 The johari window model is a simple &
useful tool for illustrating & improving self-
awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals within a group.
 The johari window terminology refers to self
& others.
 Self refers to the person subject to the
Johari window analysis & others refers to
other people in the person’s group or team.

37. FACTS RELATED TO JOHARI WINDOW
 The johari window model was devised by American
psychologist, Joseph Luft& Harry Ingham, in 1955.
 The model was first published in proceedings of the
Western Training Laboratory in Group Development
by UCLA extension Office in 1955.
 The Johari window model represents self-awareness
of an individual towards himself or herself, & later on
become a widely used model for self-development by
helping the person understand & learn about
improvement of communication skills & IPRs

39. known to self unknown to self
Known to
Others
Unknown to
Others
The open or
public self
The unknowing
self
The Private self The unknown
self

40. THE OPEN OR PUBLIC SELF
The upper left quadrant of the window
represents the part of the self that is
public; that is, aspect of the self about
which both the individual & others are
aware.

41. EXAMPLE
 Susan, a nurse who is the adult child of an
alcoholic, has strong feelings about helping
alcoholics to achieve sobriety. She volunteers
her time to be a support person on call to
help recovering alcoholics. She is aware of
her feelings & her desire to help others.
Members of the alcoholics Anonymous group
in which the volunteers her time are also
aware of Susan’s feelings & they feel
comfortable calling her when they need help
refraining from drinking.

42. THE UNKNOWING SELF
The upper right (blind) quadrant of the
window represents the part of the self
that is known to others but remains
hidden from the awareness of the
individual.

43. EXAMPLE
When susan takes care of patients in
detox, she does so without emotion,
tending to the technical aspects of the
task in a way that the clients perceive
as cold & judgmental. She is unaware
that she comes across to the clients in
this way.

44. THE PRIVATE SELF
The lower left quadrant of the
window represents the part of the
self that is known to the individual,
but which the individual
deliberately & consciously
conceals from others.

45. EXAMPLE
Susan would prefer not to take care of
the client in detox because doing so
provokes painful memories from her
childhood. Because she does not want
the other staff members to known
about these feelings, however, she
volunteers to take care of the detox
client whenever they are assigned to
her unit.

46. THE UNKNOWN SELF
The lower right quadrant of the
window represent the part of the
self that is unknown to both the
individual & to others.

47. EXAMPLE
 Susan felt very powerless as a child growing up
with an alcoholic father. She seldom knew in
what condition she would find her father or what
his behaviour would be. She learned over her
life situation, & left home as soon as she
graduated from high school. The need to stay in
control has always been very important to
susan, & she is unaware that working with
recovering alcoholics helps to ful fill this need in
her. The people she is helping are also unaware
that susan is satisfying an unfulfilled personal
need as she provides them with assistance.

48. FUNCTIONS OF JOHARI WINDOW MODEL
 It has become a widely used model for
understanding & training self-awareness &
personal development & improving
communication, IPRs, group dynamics, team
development & inter-group relationships.
 It puts emphasis on soft skills, behaviour,
empathy, cooperation, inter-group development
& interpersonal development.
 It can also be used to improve an individual’s
relationship with others or a group’s relationship
with other groups.

49. CONT…
 The model is a simple & useful tool for illustrating &
improving self-awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals in a group.
 The Johari model can also be used to assess &
improving self-awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals in a group.
 The johari window actually represents information –
feelings, experiences, views attitudes, skills,
intentions, motivation, etc. -within or about a person in
relation to their group from four perspectives.
 The johari window provides a useful way to graphically
visualize the process of self-disclosure.

50. Thank
you