2. INTRODUCTION:
• ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF CEREBRAL TISSUES,
TYPICALLY ACCOMPANIED BY MENINGEAL INFLAMMATION.
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IS MOST COMMONLY CAUSED BY VIRAL
INFECTION. LIKE MENINGITIS, ENCEPHALITIS CAN BE INFECTIOUS
AND NON-INFECTIOUS AND ACUTE, SUBACUTE, OR CHRONIC.
3. DEFINITION
• ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF BRAIN THAT IS CAUSED
ESPECIALLY BY INFECTION WITH A VIRUS ( SUCH AS HERPES
SIMPLEX OR WEST NILE VIRUS) OR LESS COMMONLY BY BACTERIAL
OR FUNGAL INFECTION OR AUTOIMMUNE REACTION.
4. TYPES
THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES OF ENCEPHALITIS.
1:- PRIMARY ENCEPHALITIS:- IT OCCURS WHEN A VIRUS DIRECTLY
INFECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
2:- SECONDARY ENCEPHALITIS:- IT OCCURS WHEN AN INFECTION
STARTS ELSEWHERE IN THE BODY AND THEN TRAVELS TO YOUR
BRAIN.
5. RISK FACTORS
I. OLDER ADULTS
II. CHILDREN'S UNDER THE AGE OF 1 YEAR.
III. PEOPLE WITH WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
6. ETIOLOGY
• PRIMARY (INFECTIOUS) ENCEPHALITIS:
• COMMON VIRUSES, INCLUDES HSV (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) & EBV
(EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS).
• CHILDHOOD VIRUSES, INCLUDING MEASLES AND MUMPS.
• ARBOVIRUS (SPREAD MOSQUITO, TICK & OTHER INSECTS.)
INCLUDING JAPANESE VIRUS, WEST NILE ENCEPHALITIS.
• SECONDARY ENCEPHALITIS:
• COULD BE CAUSED BY A COMPLICATION OF A VIRAL INFECTION.
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DUE TO VIRAL AGENT INVASION INTO BRAIN
BRAIN BECOMES INFLAMED
LYMPHOCYTES INFILTRATE BRAIN TISSUE AND THE MENINGES OF
THE BRAIN
CEREBRAL EDEMA RESULTS, FOLLOWED BY BRAIN CELLS CAN
DEGENERATE
WIDESPREAD NERVE CELLS DESTRUCTION
9. COMPLICATIONS
• LOSS OF MEMORY
• BEHAVIOURAL/PERSONALITY CHANGES
• PHYSICAL WEAKNESS
• FATIGUE
• EPILEPSY
• VISION PROBLEM
• SPEAKING ISSUES
• DEATH
10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• CAREFUL HEATH HISTORY & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
• CSF STUDY HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE THE CONDITION FROM
MENINGITIS.
• CT SCAN.
• EEG.
• URINE EXAMINATION, TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY AND VIROLOGICAL
STUDY.
• BLOOD EXAMINATION FOR SUGAR UREA, UREA, ELECTROLYTE &
METABOLIC PRODUCTS.
12. • MANNITOL GLYCEROL MAY NE NEEDED TO REDUCE ICP.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• ANTICONVULSIVE DRUGS
• VIT. AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION.
13. • NON PHARMALOGICAL DRUG'S:
• OXYGENATION TO BE PROVIDED BY NASAL CANNULA.
• MECHANICAL VENTILATION IS NECESSARY IN CARDIO-
RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY.
Oxygenation m. Cardio resp.
14. NURSING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT
• OBTAIN A HISTORY OF RECENT INFECTIONS SUCH AS UPPER
RESPIRATORY INFECTION & EXPOSURE TON CAUSATIVE AGENTS.
• ASSESS NEUROLOGIC STATUS & VITAL SINGS.
• EVALUATE FOR SIGNS OF MENINGEAL IRRITATION.
• ASSESS SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS (VISION & HEARING),
CRANIAL NERVE DAMAGE (E.G., FACIAL NERVE PALSY), DIMINISHED
COGNITIVE FUNCTION.
15. DIAGNOSIS
• INEFFECTIVE TISSUE PERFUSION (CEREBRAL) RELATED TO
INFECTIOUS PROCESS & CEREBRAL EDEMA.
• RISK FOR IMBALANCED FLUID VOLUME RELATED FEVER AND
DECREASED INTAKE.
• ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO MENINGEAL IRRITATION.
• IMPAIRED PHYSICAL MOBILITY RELATED TO PROLONGED BED REST.
• HYPERTHERMIA RELATED TO THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS &
CEREBRAL EDEMA.
16. PREVENTION
• PRACTICE GOOD HYGIENE
• DON’T SHEAR UTENSILS
• GET VACCINATIONS
• DRESS TO PROTECT YOURSELF
• USE INSECTICIDE
• APPLY MOSQUITO REPELLENT
• GET RID OF WATER SOURCES OUTSIDE YOUR HOME
• LOOK FOR OUTDOOR SIGNS OF VIRAL DISEASE –SICK OR DYING
BIRDS OR ANIMALS.
17. SUMMARY
• WE HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT ENCEPHALITIS, TYPES, ITS,
CAUSE, RISK FACTORS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION,
MANAGEMENT & PREVENTION.
18. CONCLUSION
• ENCEPHALITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. USUALLY THE
CAUSE IS A VIRAL INFECTION, BUT BACTERIA CAN ALSO CAUSE IT.
IT CAN BE MILD OR SEVERE. MOST CASES ARE MILD. PEOPLE MAY
HAVE FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS.
