Factors That Affect The Concentration Of A Solvent

Factors That Affect The Concentration Of A Solvent
Colligative property is a basic of science and tends to happen in our everyday lives. According to
our section, colligative property is a property of a solvent that depends on the number of solute
particles issued in it, but not on the identity or nature of those solute particles. When more solute
that is added to a given amount of solvent, the more a colligative property of that solvent changes.
The change in vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point are all examples of colligative
properties.
Vapor pressure is reversible due to the fact that gas particles can come in contact with the surface of
a liquid and can become attached to the liquid particles and then condensed back to the liquid phase.
As you increase the temperature of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disruption of the freezing process results in a lower freezing point for the solution compared to
the pure solvent." Freezing point occurs quite frequently in our everyday lives especially in the
winter, for example, when ice freezes on the streets where people walk and drive. We put salt down
on the road to prevent accidents and salt can lower the freezing of water. As I understand, salt melts
the ice and won't let that water freeze again until the temperatures get even lower that they are at
that time. Due to the salt melting the ice and freezing again it can create black ice.
Black ice tends to be smooth, hard, and clear. Packed snow more than likely will turn into black ice,
especially when it rains and then temperatures drop below freezing. Black ice occurs when
temperatures are below 30 degree C. Black ice is similar to regular ice, although, black ice is very
hard to see. Black ice is transparent to the surface it is on. Having this type of ice makes driving,
walking, biking, skating, or any other type of movement very dangerous. To prevent black ice,
remove packed snow completely. If not removed, the snow consist of feathery, six–sided crystals of
ice. These feathery snowflakes can cause fluffy and light snow. A few days after, snow gradually
compacts together and get less fluffy. Inside the snow, water molecules are
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Oxidation Of Hydrocarbon Essay
2.2 Experimental Method
Numerical experimental facilities can be used to investigate the oxidation of hydrocarbon, including
the JP–8 surrogates. While different facilities have their own advantages on different research with
wide ranges of temperature, pressure and residence time, every single research on various facilities
is necessary to depict the whole hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism of JP–8 surrogates. In this
chapter, a brief review of each of these facilities is described below
2.2.1 Pressure Flow Reactor
In the pressure flow reactor (PFR) method, premixed hydrocarbon/oxidizer gases continuously flow
into the reactor and the products continuously flow out the reactor to investigate the effects of
pressure, temperature and residence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lenhert (2004) conducted the experiment of n–dodecane in the PFR facilities. The oxidation of n–
dodecane in the low and intermediate temperature regime can produce broad array of hydrocarbons
species. The identified species indicates significant insight into the oxidation mechanism. Compared
the experimental results to a lumped model by Ranzi and Faravelli (Agosta et al., 2004), the
experimental results suggest several changes to the mechanism that could improve its accuracy.
Firstly, the experiment results suggest that a C6 radical species should replace the current C7
radicals. Secondly, the very low carbon balance suggests that C12 oxygenates are likely formed
although the mechanism assumes that no conjugate alkenes of n–dodecane are formed. Lenhert also
conducted experiment of mixture of n–dodecane and selected hydrocarbon, which is compared to
the same lumped mode. Other than this, some kinds of JP–8 surrogates are investigated in this
research and illustrates that a relatively simple surrogates mixture is adequate to mimic the complex
behavior of JP–8.
Farid (2005) conducted experiment of 2,7– dimethyl octane (2,7–DMO), a lightly branched isomer
of decane, in Drexel PFR facility, to investigate the low temperature combustion. The effort resulted
in an updated version of the 2,7–DME mechanism, improving some of the key features such as
calculated CO2 profile and final yield of iso–butene over the

How Safe Bottled And Tap Water
The objective of this experiment is to see how safe bottled and tap water is to drink based on what is
in the water; specifically the contaminants and the pH balance of the water. As well as if the
temperature of the environment that the water is placed in affects the pH balance of the water along
with if bacteria is grown due to the condition it is in. Water is one of the most important things in
life, being as it is known as the universal solvent, and humans and many other animals need it to
survive. Along with water, the balance of pH is also extremely important in the maintenance of any
organism 's life, including the lives of humans. Temperature is known to affect the speed of
movements of ions within a solution. There are specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While if water with a pH above seven (basic) will not cause the person who consumes it any health
effects. It will just have an alkaline taste which may not be pleasing to the consumer. pH is
extremely important to our cells as a slight change in pH in our cells can be harmful. For example, if
the pH of human blood is not maintained, the person will end up dying in a few minutes. pH is also
important to the environment. For example, if precipitation becomes acidic (a pH of less than 5.6 is
considered acidic precipitation), it can kill some organisms in the environment by interfering with
the organisms' chemical processes of life. If water is contaminated, it can be fatal for one to drink.
Usually, water is contaminated with contaminants such as copper, lead, iron, sodium and bacteria. If
water is contaminated with higher level of sodium than there is water, and a person drinks it for a
long period of time, it will be unsafe, and most likely fatal to the person. This is because the person's
cells will shrivel up as they are drinking a hypertonic solution. Thus if one were to drink water with
a high sodium concentration than there is water, they will eventually end up being dehydrated, (due
to their cells shrivelling up) and face an inevitable death if they continue to drink the water that has
a high concentration of salt. Also if a person drinks water that is

How does the number of maggots in the mass affect the...
Investigation: How does the number of maggots in the mass affect the temperature of maggot mass
and development of maggots in the mass?
Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to find a correlation between the number of maggots in the mass and
the temperature of maggot mass. To find the correlation the different number of maggots in each
mass was placed in (the isolated by glass beakers) polystyrene cups. The internal temperature of
masses was obtained regularly every 10 minutes during 30 minutes time period under the same
temperature of surroundings. The experiment was repeated several times and all results were
recorded, averages were calculated and the graph showing the correlation was plotted. The result of
the investigation is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How the number of maggots in mass affects the temperature of the mass and development of the
mass?
Larvae can form feeding masses on a corpse and can generate an enormous amount of heat. They
develop slower at lower temperatures and more rapidly at higher temperatures because metabolic
rate is more active at higher temperatures and slower at lower temperatures. As larvae are
poikilothermic (cold–blooded) the major factor which can increase the metabolic activity of them is
external temperature.
How temperature affects enzymes?
Enzymes are very large globular proteins with three dimensional shapes which is vital for enzyme
activity as natural catalyst in chemical reactions within the living organisms (7).
The rate of enzyme–catalyzed reaction increases as the temperature is raised (). An increase of
temperature by 1–2 degrees may introduce changes of 10%–20% in the results. As the temperature
increases the kinetic energy that molecules possess increases as well. This results in more random
collisions of substrate and enzymes increasing rate of the chemical reaction, more product is formed
(6). The metabolic rate of an organism increases, hence it develops faster. However metabolic
activity of the larvae cannot be responsible for high mass temperatures which affect larval
development. The heat produced by larvae is normally heat to regulate body temperature.
Increasing in temperature also increases the vibrating energy in molecules. High temperatures can
denature

Lab Report : Steam Distillation
Introduction:
Steam distillation is a process used often in chemistry to extract a particular component of a mixture
at a temperature above the temperature where the substance starts to degrade. As a homogeneous
mixture is cooled while being exposed to a component in gaseous form, the partial pressures of the
parts (hypothetical pressure of a gas if it had the same volume as the total volume at the same
temperature) increases over time. Extraction can occur when the sum of the partial pressures is
greater than the atmospheric pressure. Two qualitative tests are conducted in this lab: one with
KMnO4 and another using FeCl3. KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) is able to oxidize a double
bond forming a 1,2–diol at room temperature. This tests for a presence of a double bond and a
positive test is a color change from purple to brown. FeCl3 (iron (III) chloride) reacts with phenols,
forming into chemical complexes with different colors. This tests for a presence of a phenol group
and a positive test is a color change from yellow to blue, green, red, or purple. Eugenol, or clove oil,
has a double bound with a phenol group attached to it so when tested with potassium permanganate
and iron (III) chloride, positive results should occur. These tests will help check if eugenol was
successfully extracted. The purpose of this experiment is to isolate clove oil from freshly ground
cloves by steam distillation and then analyze the clove oil with the two tests described above.
Materials

Pt1420 Unit 1 Assignment 1
Step 1: The volume of the quarter–sphered tank rounds up to 478,676. You use the condition to find
the volume. Volume of Sphere: V=4/3(3.14)R^3 V=4/3(3.14)(70)^3 V=4/3(1,077,020)
V=478675.5555555556 – I ran this through plag checker I don't know if it's saying plagiarized
because others have used this answer or not so if there is another way to write this answer change it.
Step 2: The volume of both tanks is equivalent to 84,780. You utilize the recipe, and module the
numbers to get the answer. Volume of Cylinder: V=(3.14)R^2H V=(3.14)(15)^2(120) V=(3.14)(225)
(120) V=84,780 – Same here I ran this through plag checker I don't know if it's saying plagiarized
because others have used this answer or not so if there is another ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Using the information from #4, answer the following question by filling in the blank: The volume of
the actual tank is ____% of the mock–up of the tank.In step 1, you found the volume (in cubic feet)
of the principle tank. In the event that the greatest thickness of executioner whales per cubic foot is
0.000011142, what is the most extreme number of executioner whales permitted in the primary
show tank at any given time? You should clarify your answer utilizing words, and you should
demonstrate all work and figurings to get credit. 1. 4/3*3.14 (70*70*70) = 1,436,026.67 ft 2.
1436026.67.4= 359,006.6675 3.14*15^2*120

Investigating The Co2 And Temperature Changes From The...
In this investigation, we were required to design our own self–sustaining ecosystem, and monitor the
changes in temperature and CO2 levels. We compared the outside temperature and CO2 levels, to
those of our ecosystem. Self–sustaining ecosystems are in the process of being designed tested, so
that one day humans will be able to survive and thrive on other planets, like Mars. The outcome of
our ecosystem was a failure, like all other previous attempts. Our ecosystem was too hot and had too
higher CO2 levels, to be able to sustain the life of insects, and grow plants. This was because, we
did not have enough fresh water, going into all the layers and fresh oxygen, as a result of no
greenery growing. I believe, if we placed grown plants in our bottle at the start of our experiment,
we would have had a very different outcome. Aim:
In this practical we are going to investigate the CO2 and temperature changes from the outside
environment, compared to our ecosystem in a bottle. We are also creating a fully self–sustaining
ecosystem in a bottle, which needs to grow a type of plant and provide a habitable environment for
an insect/animal.
Hypothesis:
I believe that the temperature and CO2 levels inside our ecosystem will be a lot higher than outside
the bottle. I also do not think that our insects or plants will survive and thrive, because there is not
enough oxygen in the bottle, and it is too hot. Other groups that have plants and water in their bottle,
will have lower CO2

Winter Wonderland Research Paper
Living in a winter wonderland can be enjoyable with lots of snow for skiing and freezing weather
and ice for skating. Cold climates can have their drawbacks as well. For instance, if you live in areas
that have freezing temperatures, then you might be familiar with what damage frozen water pipes in
your home can do. A sudden or unexpected drop in temperature, especially at night, may catch you
off guard if you have not taken the proper precautions to winterize your home's water pipes. Then
your winter wonderland can become can become a living nightmare.
It is most unpleasant to deal with frozen water pipes on the outside or underneath your home. In a
scenario of having water pipes freeze and burst inside the house, it can be downright disastrous.
When water is inside ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you do not know a pipe has frozen and has been damaged, when the frozen water thaws enough to
allow water flow to return, this is when unexpected flooding can occur due to a burst pipe. Frozen
water applies thousands of pounds of pressure per square inch on a pipe, so it is no wonder that they
sometimes break. If you happen to be away from home when this happens, it spells disaster.
If you have a pipe that burst unexpectedly, shuts off the valve to that pipe. You may need to turn off
all the water to your home. The more quickly you can get the water off, the less flooding there will
be. If appliances or any electrical thing is getting wet, turn off the electricity first, then the water.
After you get the water off, clean up the flood as quickly as you can to prevent damage to your
floors, walls, appliance, cabinets, or furniture.
If plumbing is not your thing, then call one. Hopefully, you only have one pipe that has burst,
although, there could be more than one. Inspect all your pipes before turning any water back on, and
that means underneath your home especially.
Remember, prevention is better than

Hyperventilation Lab Report
Discussion
Results obtained from the experiment were consistent with the hypothesis and expected values. The
alternative hypothesis is accepted. Manipulated ventilation patterns altered the alveolar gas
compositions. Alveolar partial pressure of O2 and CO2 baseline values of normal breathing was
recorded as 108.06mmHg and 42.51mmHg respectively.
When the subject was instructed to breath–hold after normal breathing results obtained showed a
significant decrease in pO2 (p=7.11e–20) and significant increase in pCO2 (p=8.06e.–16). An
increased level of carbon dioxide is called hypercarpnia. When inactive tissue isn't in demand for
oxygen, the dissociation curve as seen in figure 1 will shift to the left. Oxygen will have a high
affinity for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The point when the subjects breath–hold after hypoventilation and breath–hold after
hyperventilation 'broke' their breath hold was at pO2; 80mmHg and 60mmHg respectively. This
value is significant (p=5.12e–16). It indicates that oxygen levels do not control ventilation, as the
results were completely different when the subjects broke breath–hold. Oxygen levels have not
decreased to the trigger values so chemoreceptors would not have been a driving force for the
subject to breath normally. Hyperventilation greatly increased the length of breath–hold by roughly
three times longer, yet the pCO2 did not

Freezing Point Lab
Introduction: The experiment's goal was to determine the freezing point of a pure solvent and the
freezing point depressions of two solutions. The freezing point and the freezing point depressions
were determined by graphing the temperature of the pure solvent and two solutions as they cooled
and observing when crystals first formed.
Experimental Tf for benzophenone and percent error: The experimental freezing point of
benzophenone was 45.06oC. With an accepted value of 47.8oC, the percent error was 5.74%.
Differences in cooling curves: The Part 1 cooling curve for 5.0 g benzophenone had higher
temperatures when compared to the two curves in Part 2. Also, the temperature when crystals
formed was significantly higher than the other two and after

How Can Different Liquids Cause The Liquid To Rise More...
Experimental design
Investigative Question: Will different liquids cause the liquid to rise more under constant pressure
and temperature?
Hypothesis: If salt, sugar, and vinegar solutions were tested by putting them in a container and
setting it under a lamp to see which will rise the highest, the the water with salt will rise the highest.
Independent Variable: The liquids used for thermal expansion.
Dependant Variable:Which liquid solution would rise the highest in a controlled setting
Control Group: Water
Constants:
Amount of liquid with solution in the plastic bottle
Size of container
Amount of heat each liquid solution is receiving with 100 watt light bulb
Amount of time put under lamp Experimental Groups: Plaster water bottle with 30g ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insert a straw in the hole of the drilled cap bottle making sure that the tip of the straw does not touch
the base of the bottle
Seal and making sure the straw stay in place
Place the plastic bottle with water under the heat lamp with 100 watts of incandescent light bulb
turned on
Observe and place ruler beside the straw. Record the height of water level in the straw at 1 minute, 2
minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, and 5 minutes with a ruler
Record observation and repeat 5 times
Repeat step 1 and add 30g of salt in a pitcher
Fill plaster water bottle with 500ml of salt solution wudion a funnel and label it "salt"
Repeat Step 3 to Step 7 using the plaster water bottle filled with the salt solution and record
Repeat step 1 and add 30g of sugar to the water
Fill paster water bottle with 500ml the sugar solution with a funnel and label it "sugar"
Repeat step 3 to Step 7 using the plastic bottle filled with the sugar solution and record.
Repeat step 1 and add 30 ml of vinegar to the water
Fill plastic water bottle with 500 ml of the vinegar solution and label it

Diels Alder Reaction Lab Report
Purpose: In this experiment, I performed a Diels–alder reaction by refluxing anthracene with maleic
anhydride in xylenes to form a bridged bicyclic product at high temperature. The reflux technique
involves continuous boiling of a solution to the temperature of reaction solvent where evaporating
solvent is condensed back into the original reaction flask. The product was collected by
recrystallization technique and characterized using melting point. A white powderish anthracene and
white somewhat–crystallized maleic acid were used as starting product to yield 9, 10–
dihydroanthracene–9, 10–succinic anhydride via diels–alder mechanism. A very simple and easy
reflux technique was used to run the reaction followed by recrystallization. There was

Essay on Crowd Control vs Crowd Management (for a Powerpoint)
Crowd Control
(All persons have the right to march, demonstrate, protest, rally, or perform other activities protected
by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and The California Constitution. However, any
limitations or restrictions placed on demonstrations or other First Amendment activities must be
justified by the requirements of maintaining public safety, public health, or safe access/ egress from
the area, and should restrict no more speech than necessary.)
*Definition:
–Techniques used to address unlawful public assemblies, including display of formidable numbers
of police offenders, crowd containment, dispersal tactics and arrest procedures
*When is control needed?
–When a demonstration turns into a riot, police ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numbers and letters on helmets, jackets, and vests should be clearly visible at a distance in order to
provide a measure of safety for officers and demonstrators /observers.
3. Techniques and weapons: a. Physical
–Striking with hands or feet, baton, pain compliance holds, water cannon, pressure point, beanbag
round, plastic bullet, rubber bullet, sticky foam
b. Chemical
–tear gas (CN or CS gas), pepper sprat (OC aerosol spray), MACE (CN in an aerosol spray
propelled by volatile solvents), stun grenade.
c. Electrical
–electrified water cannon (proposal), electroshock gun (stun gun),
d. Laser dazzlers (intended to cause temporary disorientation and blindness)
–veiling–glare lasers, the laser dissuader, personnel halting and stimulation response (PHASR) rifle
e. Other
–active denial system, pulsed energy projectile, long range acoustic device, police dogs (police K–9
unit)
**to control the violence with minimal risk to human life, non–lethal or less–than–lethal riot control
techniques were developed in the 1960's**
Crowd Management
*Definition:

–Techniques used to manage lawful public assemblies before, during and after the event for the
purpose of maintaining their lawful status. This can be accomplished in part through coordination
with event planners and group leaders, permit monitoring and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nanowires
transport is expected to be blocked in thin 1D nanostructures. Nonetheless, if employing an
alternative perspective, poor heat transport is useful for thermoelectric materials, which are
characterized by a figure of merit :ZT = α2T/[ρ(κp + κe)], where α, T, ρ, κp and κe represent the
Seebeck coefficient, absolute temperature, electronic resistivity, lattice thermal conductivity and
electronic thermal conductivity, respectively. It is found that as the proceeding of the phonon
transport worsens, the value of the figure would improve. In fact, the Dresselhaus research group
has predicted that ZT can be increased above bulk values in thin nanowires as long as the diameters,
compositions and carrier concentrations are carefully manipulated [14,15]. This contention has been
confirmed by different levels of experiments. Various types of nanowires have been fabricated using
different methods, including evaporation [16], laser ablation [17], chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exceptionally high surface–to–volume ratio of thin one–dimensional nanostructures has enabled
them to function well with inherently high sensitivity and short response time. A common sensing
device can be produced by configuring high performance, field–effect nanowire transistors, in which
the specific function of sensing is achieved by coupling a recognition group and the surface of the
nanowire. The device incorporates a Si nanowire with distinct p– or n–type doping, source drain
electrodes that are insulated from the environment, and a microfluid device for delivery of solutions.
Since the Si nanowire is suspended in ethanol and flow aligned on substrates, and the contact leads
are characteristic of emerging with electron –beam lithography, for manufacturing purposes, it
would be beneficial to grow the device directly from

Gas Chromatography Lab
Simple Distillation and Gas Chromatography The objective of the lab was to purify compounds that
can be turned into gas at a reasonable temperature without using decomposition. Gas
chromatography was also used to identify the proportions of the volatile compound in the different
samples. The mixture of hexane and octane was assigned to me and my partner. The apparatus for
simple distillation was assemble using a thermocouple, air condenser, distillation head, metal keck
clamps, and a conical reaction vial. The joints of the glassware were greased before assembly. Four
boiling chips were placed in the conical ration vial before it was assembled. After being assigned a
mixture, 3.5 mL of the mixture was put into a reaction vial. The apparatus ... Show more content on
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There was no distillate in the distillation head after 20 minutes on the setting of 40 so the Variac
transformer was turned to 45. The first fraction was collected at 55.6°C. The ratio of hexane to
octane was 87.437% to 12.563%. The second fraction was collected between 47.3°C and 40.5°C.
88.429% to 11.571% was the ratio of hexane to octane for this fraction. The third fraction was
collected at 30.6°C, and the ratio of hexane to octane was 94.957% to 5.043%. The contents of the
conical reaction vial were placed in a fourth vial and a chromatogram was obtained for it. The ration
of hexane to octane was 7.501% to 92.499%. During the collection of the three fractions, a piece of
the glass pipet broke off into the distillation head. The results of the experiment could have been
incorrect because the glassware was not properly cleaned. The distillate also could have collected
too fast which would have lowered the separations efficiency. From this information, infer that
hexane has a lower boiling point than octane because most of the distillate was hexane. The majority
of what was left in the conical reaction vial was octane because the temperature was not hot enough
to turn it into a gas to go into the distillation

Using Fractional Distillation
25ml of an unknown alcohol will be purified using fractional distillation, the unknown alcohol will
begin to boil when heated, until it reaches its boiling point, distillate will be collected. The
temperature of this alcohol will be recorded and will be analyzed to the literature boiling point
values of the substances listed below. the unknown alcohol will slowly begin to boil and reflux will
begin to form, the temperature will slowly increase as the phase changes from liquid into vapor with
additional heat. the vapor will then condense into a liquid form which will be collected. while
distillate being collected the temperature of the unknown alcohol is to remain constant until
distillation is complete.
If boiling stones are not placed in the

Essay On Compositional Variation Of Recorded At Room...
The compositional variation of recorded at room temperature is shown in Fig. 13. It is clear that, as
Al concentration increases increase up to its maximum value at x = 0.4 and then decreases. The
initial permeability of ferrite material depends on many factors like reversible domain wall
displacement, domain wall bulging as well as microstructural features viz., average grain size, intra–
granular porosity, etc. [35]. According to Globus model [65], the initial permeability is dependent on
the grain size, saturation magnetization, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy, , where , and D are
saturation magnetization, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant and the average grain size,
respectively. Generally, the larger grain sizes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disturbs the movement of domain walls [66, 67]. When this exaggerated grain growth occurs,
porosity will increase [54, 68]. However, the variation of initial permeability with Al content was
not consistent with the variation of microstructures, saturation magnetization, the bulk density and
the above empirical principle. This phenomenon might be explained by the equation, , where is the
initial permeability, is the saturation magnetization, is the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, λ
is the magnetostriction constant, σ is the inner stress and a, b are two constants [69]. According to
Nlebedim et al. [70] Al substitution plays a crucial role in the properties of Co ferrites by reducing
magnetostriction effects. This is because substitution of nonmagnetic Al3+ cations for Fe weakening
the super–exchange interaction between the A–sites and B–sites which also lowers the
magnetocrystalline anisotropy. It is known that the anisotropy field in ferrites results from the
presence of Fe2+– ions which formed during the sintering process [32]. The change in can be
estimated qualitatively by applying the single ion anisotropy model [55, 71] which shows that Fe3+
ions in A and B–sites contribute to the anisotropy energy. The Fe3+ ion occupying A–site has a
positive value of anisotropy constant while the one occupying B–site has a negative value twice as
large as

Surfactant Lab Report: Gas Exchange In The Respiratory System
Surfactant Lab Report: Gas Exchange
In the Respiratory System
Amanda De Los Santos
Texas State Technical College
4/28/16
Introduction
This experiment was conducted to show the importance of a surfactant using common household
items and demonstrating how surface tension works in the respiratory system. Surface tension,
according to Marieb and Hoehn, is when water molecules in the alveoli lining are attracted to each
other and draw each other to a smaller dimension (Marieb & Hoehn, pg. 715). This means that this
type of attraction can pull the lungs inward and cause them to collapse due to the attraction of
molecules, but other opposing forces prevent them from staying that way, such as the lung's ability
to produce a fluid that reduces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Marieb and Hoehn, the surfactant works similar to how laundry detergent reduces the
magnetism of water molecules and allows water to interact and pass through the fabric (Marieb &
Hoehn, pg. 719). When our group added the food coloring to the center of the milk, it turned yellow
but did spread like it did when we added the soap. When we added the soap to the same spot as the
food coloring, the food coloring then expanded into ripples and continued to do so along the surface
of the milk. This means that the dish washing detergent was discouraging the attraction of water
molecules, allowing the gas molecules to spread across the surface and create those 45 mm ripples.
The surfactant decreases the attraction of water molecules across the alveolar surface of the
respiratory membrane. Without a surfactant reducing the tension of water molecules, our lungs can
collapse. This is shown in our textbook, where Marieb and Hoehn explain how conditions like
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) can be debilitating when it comes to keep the alveoli
open during inhalation and exhalation (Marieb & Hoehn). How this works is that since the body
cannot produce enough surfactant, this means that there's not enough pressure to keep the alveoli
open between breaths and the lungs cannot push outwards like they'd

Fractional Distillation Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to use a form of distillation to separate a mixture of two volatile
liquids occupying different boiling points into their independent components. The experimental
approach of this experiment was to utilize a fractional distillation apparatus in separating a certain
amount of a 3:2 mixture of cyclohexane and toluene into three fractions of distillates, and then
analyzing the retention time of the samples through the separation of the components in an oven
containing helium gas via gas chromatography for verification.
Distillation is a wide–range laboratory technique used to separate and purify liquids based on the
differences between their conditions.1 Mixtures of liquids with different boiling points are heated ...
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The column is covered with a foam insulating sleeve before it connects to a vacuum. Steel wool lets
the cyclohexane and toluene mixture separate into their individual components when moving up the
column. Due to cyclohexane's lower boiling point in comparison with toluene, the former will
vaporize first. As a result, as the temperature continually remain within 1 degree of an initial
distillate point, cyclohexane will distill out. When the temperature begins to increase, the first
fraction is set aside, and a new receiver replaces its position for the second distillate with toluene
and cyclohexane as the temperature rapidly increases. When the temperature stabilizes again, the
receiver end is replaced with a new one to collect toluene as the third and final fraction. Quantitative
analysis regarding the retention time and peak areas of the fractions of distillates were evaluated
with gas chromatography, a technique involving the investigation of volatile substances in the gas
phase.5 Comparisons with theoretical standards in the same instrument makes classification of the
compounds

Experiment : Melting Point And Percent Yield Of Dimethyl...
A. Melting Point and percent yield of Dimethyl Fumarate Dimethyl Fumarate was not successfully
created during the course of this particular experiment, likely because of a failure of the bromine to
mix with the other components of the test tubes. It was observed that the bromine had formed a
separate fraction at the top of the rest of the test tube contents, and because of this the necessary
reaction could not occur in substantial amounts for a precipitate of dimethyl fumarate to form. The
amount of bromine that was in contact with the dichloromethane and dimethyl maleate was simply
too small for a significant reaction to occur. The data discussed below is sourced from Alexander
Boley. Alex reported the melting point range to be 94–97°C, with an accepted range of 102–105°C.
The lower boiling point is most likely due to the compound not being dried sufficiently before the
melting point was tested. Alex also reported isolating 0.348 grams of dimethyl fumarate. Since he
utilized 0.5 g of dimethyl maleate solution, and the accepted density of dimethyl maleate is 1.153
g/ml, the theoretical maximum amount of dimethyl fumarate that could have been obtained is
0.5765 g; dimethyl fumarate would be present in the same amounts as it's steroisomer because of
their identical constitution, so dimethyl maleate's density is a valid input for calculating the final
amount of product. The result indicates that his percent yield was 60.36%. The percent loss
indicated could be attributed to

50 Foxc Essay
Purpose
To find the vapor pressures of water from 50ºC to 80ºC and see if there is any obvious trend in the
changes that can let us predict vapor pressures for a wide variety of temperature values. It is also to
find the enthalpy of vaporization for water at a specific interval of temperature values between 50ºC
and 80ºC.
Procedure
Nikith
Data
Temperature of the Calorimeter (ºC)
Volume of H2O(g) with correction
(mL)
Vapor Pressure
H2O (atm)
Pair
(atm)
80.0ºC
9.18 mL
0.409 atm
0.577 atm
75.0ºC
8.19 mL
0.348 atm
0.638 atm
70.0ºC
7.39 mL
0.289 atm
0.697 atm
65.0ºC
6.78 mL
0.237 atm
0.749 atm
60.0ºC
6.30 mL

0.192 atm
0.794 atm
55.0ºC
5.95 mL
0.158 atm
0.828 atm
50.0ºC
5.60 mL
0.120 atm
0.866 atm
2.0ºC
4.20 mL
0.003 atm
0.983 atm
Calculations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The values will using Vander Waals equation will change the most at the lower temperatures
because the intermolecular forces between particles is greatest here and is assumed to be negligible
by the ideal gas law. These sources of error increase the range of acceptable final values by a small
factor, but a considerable enough factor to include in a conclusion.
Questions
What is vapor pressure and why does it change with temperature?
Vapor pressure is the pressure of the vapor of a substance in its liquid form, in this case water. The
pressure is generally denoted in units of atmospheres or mmHg (mm of mercury) at a specific
temperature, since the particles have different kinetic energies at different temperatures, therefore
having different temperatures (also can be seen by the equation PV=nRT – pressure is directly
proportional to temperature).
What is enthalpy of vaporization?
The enthalpy of vaporization is the necessary energy that must be added to a substance to make it
change from liquid form to gaseous form. The energy is generally supplied in units of kJ/mol or kJ.
The assumption was made that the vapor pressure of water is negligible at a temperature close to
zero. Find the actual vapor pressure of water at your low temperature and comment on the validity
of the

Effect Of Air Pressure In Basketball
ABSTRACT
The air pressure inside a basketball has the biggest affect on bounce. The purpose of conducting this
experiment is to determine if a basketball with a greater air pressure (psi) inside the basketball will
bounce higher. The hypothesis for this experiment is 'If air pressure is decreased inside the
basketball, then the bounce height will decrease as well'. I have participated in numerous inflatable
ball sport activities and from personal experience this has enabled me to make an opinion on the
results of the experiment, which is expressed in the hypothesis. A video camera was set up on a
tripod, this was the main means of collecting the information by recording the bounce of the
basketball after being released from a height of 2.7 meters in front of a measuring stick. The
experiment was commenced with the basketball inflated to 12 psi and then the psi was decreased by
one unit until the basket ball was measuring zero psi. It was essential that at each level of psi the
basketball was dropped three times to gather an average resulting in more reliable data. When
conducting this experiment the findings revealed the hypothesis was proven correct. When the
basketball had the greatest amount of psi (12) it bounced the highest with a average height of
186.7cm. When the basketball had the least amount of psi (zero) it bounced the lowest height of
16.7cm. The results of this experiment provide valuable information to basketball players as it
identifies that having the right

Hexane And Toluene Lab Report
Jessie Nalley
24 October 2017
Sailajah Gukathasan
Fractional Distillation of Hexane and Toluene
Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to separate and purify the liquid components of a
mixture with a known composition using a technique called fractional distillation. In order to do so,
a liquid mixture is separated into three fractions in the first distillation; then, one of the fractions
produced is redistilled to increase the purity of the liquid. Since two rounds of distillation occur, the
process is termed fractional distillation. Additionally, it is crucial for students to understand the
principles of gas chromatography so the purity and percent composition of each fraction can be
determined.
Theory: The basis for this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theoretical plates represent the stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phase of a
substance, establish equilibrium with one another. Thus, since the Hickman still has a short column
and a complete separation of hexane and toluene cannot be achieved in one cycle, there are two
theoretical plates in this experiment: one from the original distillation where three fractions are
recovered, and one from the redistillation of one of the fractions to produce more pure portions. This
experiment involves the separation of a solution containing hexane and toluene.
These compounds meet the criteria mentioned above since their boiling points are approximately
40°C apart (hexane: 69°C; toluene: 111°C). During the first distillation, the liquid mixture is
separated into three fractions. These three fractions must be collected at the specific temperature
ranges shown below:
Desired Composition
Temperature Range
Mostly Hexane
60°–70°C
Equal Portions of Hexane and Toluene
75°–85°C
Mostly Toluene
85°–105°C

The phase diagram of hexane and toluene depicts the relationship between temperature and the mole
fraction of the mixture, revealing that as the mole fraction of hexane and toluene changes, the
boiling point of the mixture changes as well. It is important to note that at any given point, the mole
fraction of hexane and toluene must equal 1.0. The graph below displays the changes mentioned
above in regards to the phase diagram and the

Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of...
Investigation in to the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of Glucose
Aim:
To investigate the factors that affects the rate of fermentation of
Glucose.
Background knowledge.
ENZYMES
Fermentation is a form of an anaerobic respiration where by glucose is partially broken down so
only a small amount of energy is released.
The yeast cells use the enzymes, ZYMASE to break down sugars unable to obtain. GLUCOSE
CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL(+ENERGY) C6 H12 O6 6CO2 + C2H5OH (210KJ)
Enzymes have several properties.
1) Specific actions–Zyamse in yeast works on glucose.
2) A small amount is required as the enzyme is used again and again as it is uncharged at the end
therefore one of my variables could be varying the quantity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to high temperature the energy increases of the collisions, because it makes all particles move
faster.
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE ONLY CAUSES FASTER COLLISIONS.
KINETIC THEORY
'The behavior of molecules of solids, liquids and gases depending on their state of pressure and
temperature since kinetic theory is the nergy of movement,'
The 3 states, solids, liquids and gases have a different type of kinetic energy.

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.
1) gases consist of a very large number of extremely small particles (molecules) which are in state of
continuous rapid motions.
2) The molecules move in straight lines until they collide with one another or with the wall of the
container.
3) The collisions are perfectly elastc ie. There is no change in the total energy as a result of a
collision.
4) The distances between the molecules are largecompared to their size. The supposition is indicated
by the great compressibility of gases.
5) The molecules are so far apart the the attractive forces between them are neligible.
KINETIC THEORY OF LIQUIDS.
The main difference between liquids and gases is that the molecules in a liquid are much closer
together. Therfore the molecules in a liquid are less free to move about independently. The velocities
of the molecules will be continually changing as a result of the collisions.
Many molecules will have the average welocities, whilst some will have either a greater or slower
velocities. Some fast molecules

Aircraft Instruments System Reviewer
ANEROID – sensitive component in an altimeter or barometer that measures absolute pressure of
the air. –Sealed, flat capsule made of thin corrugated disks of metal soldered together and evacuated
by pumping all of the air out of it.
PRESSURE – amount of force acting on a given unit of area and all pressure must be measured
from some known references.
BAROMETRICSCALE/KOLLSMAN WINDOW– small window in the dial of a sensitive altimeter
in which the pilot sets the barometric pressure level from which the altitude shown on the altimeter
is measured.
AIRSPEED INDICATOR – A flight instrument that measures the differential between the pitot, of
ram air pressure and the static pressure of the air surrounding the aircraft.
BOURDON TUBE – type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ISOGONIC LINE – a line drawn on an aeronautical chart along which the angular difference
between the magnetic and geographic north poles is the same.
AGONIC LINE – a line drawn on an aeronautical chart along which there is no angular difference
between the magnetic geographic north poles.
RATE GYROS – mounted in single gimbals and they operate on the characteristic of precession.
ECAM –Electronic Centralized Aircraft System * 2 ECAMS display * Engine Warning Display *
System Display
EFIS – Electronic Flight Instrument System
ADIRU – Air data /Inertial Reference unit and located rear ECAM
ADR – (Air Data Input) Input: AOA, TAT, and Pitot & static ports. Output: Airspeed, Mach
no., Barometric altitude, TAT, Static Air Temp. And Sensors.
Inertial Reference Section (output) * Gives inertial data to the EFIS.
ADIRS – control and display unit (CDU) located at the overhead panel.
GENEREAL SYSTEMS
1st group * ADIRUs * DDRMI * ISIS
2nd group * GPS * TCAS * DME * ADF * VOR
3rd group * ILS * Marker Receivers
4th group * EGPWS * RAs * WXR * PWS
DME – measures a slant distance from an aircraft to a station.
FWC – Flight Warning Computer (Oral & Visual)
ISIS – Enhanced/Integrated Standby Instrument System * Replaces 3 conventional standby
instruments * Capable of ILS
EIS– Electronic Instrument System
SDAC – System Data Acquisition Concentrators

The Evaporation Race
Leanna Lim
Mrs. Stout
P1 1/20/16
The Evaporation Race
When it rains, puddles of water are often left behind, but it starts to disappear after just a few hours.
What is happening? This is called evaporation. Evaporation is a very common natural process that
occurs all around the world, where a liquid changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state.
Evaporation occurs when enough heat energy is absorbed by the molecules in a liquid state to the
point where it starts to vaporize. Do other liquids react in the same way? The answer is yes, but in
this experiment, a heat source will be used to evaporate different liquids. The results will show if
certain liquids do, in fact, evaporate faster or slower than others depending on their ingredients.
How do liquids change from a liquid to a gas phase? A liquid is a primary state of matter that has no
specific shape. According to chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, "Liquids are more dense and less compressible
than gasses. Liquids have a definite volume, independent of the size and shape of their container.
The attractive forces are not strong enough, however, to keep neighboring molecules in a fixed
position and molecules are free to move past or slide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How is the dependent variable, evaporation rate, affected by different liquids? As said on
water.usgs.gov, "Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occurs. Energy is used to break the
bonds that hold water molecules together, which is why water easily evaporates at the boiling point
(212˚ F, 100˚C)..." Water's boiling point is a known fact, but other liquids with lower boiling points
evaporate faster, and that is what will make the evaporation rate for each liquid vary. If energy is
added to a liquid, the molecules will react by vibrating faster and spreading apart, eventually
changing the liquid to a gaseous phase. With these facts in mind, one can resume with the topic of
this

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Membranes
The permeability of membranes can be altered in several ways. From previous preliminary work I
know that reagents, for example detergents and alcohol alter the arrangement of the phospholipids in
the membrane allowing substances to leak out of the cell. Temperature also affects the membrane.
As membranes relay on protein molecules to allow molecules to enter and leave the cell through
facilitated diffusion the temperature must not exceed the approximate temperature of 50°C as at
roughly this temperature proteins are denatured. This is due to an increase in kinetic energy making
atoms in the protein to vibrate more; this breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds. These proteins ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be used, as it will provide me with a set of figures that a mean and standard deviation can
be taken from in order to produce more accurate results.
11.Samples to set the colorimeter, a sample of clear liquid, water and a liquid containing a deep
colour will be needed to set the scale of the colorimeter, the water will have a high transmission and
set it to 100% and the deep colour will give a low transmission and set it to zero (0%)
12.Syringe, to measure out volumes of water, this will be used as it provides a more accurate
measurement than a beaker.
13.Test tube rack, to store the samples of beetroot when they are taken from the water baths to
ensure nothing is spilled.
14.Tongs, to remove the test tubes from the water baths to minimise the risk of burns from hot
water.
Risk Assessment
Care will need to be taken when cutting lengths of beetroot with a scalpel. Beetroot should be cut in
a direction away from the body to minimise the risk of cutting yourself. A cutting mat should be
used as not to damage surfaces underneath by cutting or stained by any of the leaked pigment as a
result of cutting the beetroot. Plastic gloves and apron may be used to avoid the staining of hands
and clothes with beetroot pigment. Care will also need to be taken when placing and removing
samples of beetroot in hot water, tongs should be used to avoid burns.

Diagram
Method
Firstly the equipment needed should be gathered in order to carry out the

Descriptive Essay : ' My Boots '
Lacing your boots Sweat was dripping down my face. I was readjusting my helmet for the last time
as it broke earlier in the day. The trench almost looked like a vacation spot near the beach. The soft
yellow light reflecting off the sand and the complete silence of the immediate area. My breath got
shallow. I kept trying to practice perfect breathing but almost at the same time afraid that I would
not hear a command. The sound of alternating radio beeps was inconsistent.
Then out of nowhere, a man yells "GO! GO! GO!". In an instant, I flung my way to the top of trench
wall landing flat on my face. I then preceded to crawl using only my right and left leg, face dragging
across the cold sand. Dragging myself in full body armor and M–16 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Still, 4th out of some 230 privates is a great confidence booster. Due to my early finish I was put on
a detail to collect the brass that had fallen from the gun nests. me and 7 other private's rangers
walked over to the gun nest. I could only pick out a few of the others soldiers. I ether did not know
them, or our camo Army Combat Uniform (ACU) kept their identity secret on this muggy night. We
took several minutes gathering up the scattered casings, some still hot from firing. NIC was part of
our finale Field Training Exercise (FTX). Its seems like it has been years since I first gave my oath
to serve in the Army. Basic is nothing like I have ever experienced. I was put on a flight and sent to
Fort Benning Georgia for 3 months. I had enlisted in the NC national guard, and while they do their
own training to prepare out for basic training, nothing can ever prepare you. When I had arrived in
the Atlanta airport it was the first time I ever felt alone. This was brave new ground for me. I was
about to embark on a journey that would change my life forever. Basic Training is divided into 4
stages, reception, red, white and blue. Reception is the phase before basic training even begins. It
consists of medical exams, shots, long lines and meaningless tasks. It is considered the most
mentally challenging part of basic training by some. This is where you get your first glimmer of
your

The Human Body is An Example of Amazing Efficiency Essay
The way our body works is an amazing thing. Millions of different actions come together so that our
bodies can function the way that they do. If you really think about it, it is amazing how we can
survive day to day. There are certain laws and forces that are the reason behind the human body can
function as efficiently as it does. Gas laws help us understand certain aspects of human anatomy
such as pressure. Laplace's Law is one gas law that helps explain distending pressures within the
body. Terry Jardins explained in his book, Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology Essentials of
respiratory care that "Laplace's law describes how the distending pressure of a liquid bubble is
influenced by (1) the surface tension of the bubble and (2) the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We can apply this to respiratory therapy because in cases of pulmonary edema, the greater the
pressure of the liquid the greater the force inside the alveoli will be. This could lead to collapse of
the alveoli (Gardenhire). As stated previously the human anatomy is an amazing and complex work
of art. Laplace's law helps us to understand just a small part of how the human body works. It is now
understood that Laplace's law can be applied to the lungs because the alveoli are in constant contact
causing them to have only one surface area. Also in the case of pulmonary edema, the pressure of
the liquid outside of the alveoli will cause greater pressure within the alveoli which can cause then
to collapse.
Summary
In our Anatomy textbook Laplace's law describes how the distending pressure of a liquid bubble is
influenced by (1) the surface tension of the bubble and (2) the size of the bubble itself. If the sphere
only has one liquid–gas interface then the equation is written as P= 2ST/r .In this equation P
represents the pressure difference which will be measured in dynes/cm2. ST will be the variable for
surface tension and will also be measured in dynes/cm2. R equals the radius and will be measured in
centimeters. Our Pharmacology textbook describes it a little differently by saying that Laplace's law
the physical principle describing and quantifying the relationship between the internal pressure of

What Are The Different Rates Of Liquids Evaporate At The...
Do you think that all liquids evaporate at the same rate? Without any research an average person
would think that water and oil would evaporate at the same rate since they are both liquids. Through
research, science shows that due to their density oil will take longer to evaporate since it has more
mass. Does the amount of density in the liquids make them all evaporate at the same rate? All
liquids do not evaporate at the same rate because denser liquids take longer to evaporate. Why does
water evaporate? Evaporation is a very important part of the water cycle. Heat from the sun, or solar
energy, powers the evaporation process. How fast will different liquids evaporate? If liquids can
evaporate and have a rate when they do then nail polish

Avogadro Research Paper
LORENZO ROMANO AMEDEO CARLO AVOGADRO
Was born in Turin in August 9, 1776 and he died in July 9, 1856. His father was Fillipo Avogadro
Conte di Quaregna e Cerreto, a distinguished lawyer and senator in the Piedmont region of northern
Italy. He became married with Felicita Mazze of Biella in 1815; together they had six children.
Avogadro graduated in jurisprudence in 1792, but did not practice law until after receiving his
doctorate in ecclesiastical law four years later. Beginning in 1,800 Avogadro private pursued studies
in mathematics and physics and he focused his early research on electricity. In 1,804 he became a
corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Turin and in 1,806 he was appointed to the
position ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three years later he became professor of natural philosophy at Royal College of Vercelli.
CONTRIBUTIONS :
1] Avogadros law: controlled conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of gases contain
an equal number of molecules. –A statement that under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure equal volumes of molecules. This empirical relation can be derived from the kinetic theory
of gases under the assumption of a perfect gas. The law is approximately valid for real gases at
sufficient low pressure and high

The Heating Phases That Occurred During The Experiment Essay
1. Figure 1 shows the heating phases that occurred during the experiment. There is an exponential
decrease in temperature as the depth of the water increases. Water has a high specific heat capacity
which means that it can resist changes in temperature. This is coupled with the fact that solar
radiation progressively loses its penetrative ability as the depth of the water increases. The light
attenuation in lakes describes the decrease in actual light that can penetrate a water column as well
as the fact that most of the energy that the light has is absorbed by the surface of the water.
2. The end of step 4 during the experiment creates the tripartite thermal structure within the lake
substitute. This is composed of three parts called the epilimnion, the thermocline and the
hypolimnion. The epilimnion represents the surface of the lake which experiences the most heat
during the summer and has the highest temperature compared to the other parts of the thermal
structure. The thermocline is the section of water that has the large exponential decrease in
temperature. This is shown in figure 1 at the end of the heating phase, the temperature decreases by
a large amount as the depth increases from 1cm to 9cm. Finally there is the hypolimnion which is
shown in figure 1 in all phases as the cold part of the water column. This is the most unaffected part,
as the solar radiation does not effectively penetrate that deep into the water hence the temperature
stays almost constant. The

What The Boiling Points And Enthalpy Of Vaporization Of...
The goals of the first assignment are to learn and execute proper document formatting, resource and
data gathering, data analysis, and to demonstrate knowledge of plagiarism. In order to successfully
complete the first assignment, I will complete a short series of tasks to help get me started. First, I
read all supporting documentation on the formatting of the assignment. Then, I read through the
assignment and found some information in the tasks that I had questions on. Knowing the
assignments tasks, I will gather a short list of reliable resources to help get me started. Next, I will
look up background information that I need more knowledge on. For example, I need to look up
what the boiling points and enthalpy of vaporization of straight chain 1–monochloroalkanes are. I
have not taken Organic Chemistry and this may by my weakness, so I will have to do extra
background research. Using my knowledge of general chemistry and Microsoft office, I will practice
data gathering and formatting, data analysis, and communication skills in this first assignment. For
task one, we are required to find eight straight chain 1–monochloroalkanes, eight 1–alchohols, and
eight 1–monofluoroalkanes. Many online databases list compounds like these and report specific or
averaged scientific data. For example, PubChem, NIST, and Chemspider all have reputable data
with sources listed for each data point. Following the assignment formatting guidelines, I will
construct a table the 24 compounds

Short Story On Harlan Sander
"Harlan, honey, what are you doing?"Asked Harlan Sander's wife.
He was fishing on the bank of a pond, his face was down, and wrinkles of worry were popping up
all over his face. The corners of his mouth twitched. His eyes were tired and looked as if he had not
slept in a long time.
"I am fishing, trying to catch us dinner, after all, we do have to close our shop" "Honey, its ok we
have enough money to last us a while, we will not be sleeping in the streets anytime soon!"
"That money cannot last, I am broke and miserable, I cannot hope to provide for myself, much less
my wife"
"That does not matter to me, and you know that! I will always stick will you, even at the hardest of
times."
"You should not...but Im glad that you are" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He grab the box and it was heavy, so he lifted it up down to his stomach, so a part of its weight
rested on his legs, and walked out. There was slippery ice around the car. He walked to the car, and
leaned backwards to free his hand. Using his now free hand he tugged on the handle, however he
slipped on the ice, dropping the box to steady himself with his other hand. He landed on his arm
backwards, and there was a loud crunchy sound. Pain filled his arm and shoulder, and tears flooded
to his eyes. He bit his lip to not cry out but some sound still escaped his lips.
"Honey, what happened?" the alarmed wife cried out.
" I think I broke my arm! Can you drive me to a hospital, please!"
I glanced at the contents of the box...inside were pressure cookers.
* * *
"Well, you'll live, its not broken. Its just a really bad sprain. Your lucky, you could have shattered
your elbow joint, and probably lost the use of your arm." the doctor said.
" Thank you, doctor," I said, as he put a cast around my arm. " How am I going to cook with a

sprained arm? With a cast?"
"Thank you, doctor," said my wife as she and I walked out. "See what happens when you carry to
many of your pressure cookers, those things are bloody heavy!" she said to me.
" I wont be carrying around pressure cookers for a while" I said.
She looked at me strange, and walked away to the Ford. I followed her and got

What Happens During The Flame Test
1. Identify each of the unknown samples(use specific data to justify your answers for A and B).
Unknown A was NaCI because when looking at this unknown solutions flame and NaCI's flame
they both had this very strong orange color when they were burning they both looked very similar.
The photons seemed to emit the same light. Unknown B was SrCI2 because once against they both
showed the very strong red flame. When looking at the different flames one can conclude that these
two flames were very similar. The photons seemed to emit the same amount of light and this is why
these two looked the same. Unknown Mixture was SrCI2 and CuCI2 because looking at the
different flames of all the salt solutions the two flames that had the same colors as the unknown
mixture did. The color of a vibrant red was from the SrCI2 and the Green blue colors came from the
CuCI2. Since the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. The metallic atoms change from a liquid state to a gas state during the flame test. Is this a
physical or a chemical change? Explain. This is a chemical change because a new color is created
and it is exciting the electrons. Burning is a chemical reaction because there is a new substance
being created. There is also a color change and that is another way to tell that it was a chemical
reaction. A new substance was made this is why it was a chemical change. If you take ice for
example and melt it turns into a liquid. This is not a chemical change because it is still water just in
a different form nothing new is created. Unlike when the salt solutions are burned and something
totally new is created/
4. Why does the flame color change back to orange, after the metallic solution has been turned
completely into a gas

Bubbility Of Air: Dysticus, The Diving Beetle
Dysticus, the diving beetle, carries a bubble of air with them when they dive beneath the water
surface. This bubble of air can be trapped under the wing covers and usually covers one or more
spiracles so that the insect can breathe the air from the bubble while submerged in the water. This
trapped air acts as a diffusion gill and the oxygen diffuses into it from the water and then into the
tracheae. The concentration gradient for the diffusion of oxygen is maintained by metabolism in the
tissues. This air bubble provides the diving beetle with a short–term supply of oxygen but due to
unique physical properties, the bubble can collect some oxygen molecules that has dissolved in the
surrounding water. This system works more efficiently when the bubble has a larger surface area.
The diving beetle can remain submerged in the water as long as the volume of oxygen diffusing into
the bubble is greater or equal to the volume of oxygen that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A plastron is a bundle of rigid hydrophobic hairs (setae), which create an airspace next to the insects
body. The air that is trapped within the plastron operates as a diffusion gill but in contrast cannot
shrink in volume as the fortress of the hydrophobic hairs prevents the invasion of the surrounding
water. When the riffle beetle consumes the oxygen, it creates a limited pressure loss inside the
plastron. This loss is then "corrected" by the dissolved oxygen that diffuses in from the water. As the
nitrogen constantly diffuses out of the air bubble, it will create an identical partial pressure loss.
Since there is a small amount of dissolved nitrogen in the water, some of the nitrogen's partial
pressure loss is "corrected" by oxygen. Effectively, the plastron trades some of nitrogen for oxygen,
thus keeping a constant volume of gas that slowly becomes enhanced with

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and
absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations,
Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a
metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The first
nanoshells were made by Zhou et al. In the 1990's. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a gold
shell. Variations of these shells made it possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon resonance
peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 nm. There was a limit however, of less than 40 nm on the size of
nanoshell that they could achieve due to the chemistry of their synthesis reactions. The process also
produced large amounts of gold colloid as a secondary product which gave an additional absorption
peak at ~520 nm. Halas and coworkers synthesized a new type of gold nanoshell that overcame
many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell. The new method replaced the Au2S core
with a silica core and made it possible to exert

Melting Point And Boling Point
Introduction: Melting point and Boling point are two fundamental physical properties that are
commonly used to identify unknown compounds, to verify already known compounds, and to
determine the purity of compounds.2 If the compound is a solid, the procedure for melting point
determination is followed. However, if it is a liquid a boiling point technique must be performed,
such as distillation or refluxing.2
The melting point determination consists of five major steps: obtain the sample and make sure it is
grinded, fill 2–3 capillary tubes with the sample, ensure that the sample is tightly packed, insert the
tubes into the Melting Point Apparatus to run a fast and a slow ramp, and finally record the data.3
Grinding the sample could be done by several methods. A large stainless steel spatula could be used
to directly crush the tiny crystals into fine powder, or the sample could be first placed within a
folded piece of filter paper and then pressed with the spatula.2 A mortar and pestle are also an
appropriate instrument to grind the sample.4 Next, the adequate amount of sample, which is 1–2mm,
should be collected with each capillary tube.2 If less sample is collected, it is much harder to see
when the first and last droplets form, making it difficult for the chemist to record melting range
temperatures.6 If the capillary tubes are filled with larger sample, this could cause uneven heating
during the fast and slow ramps and could also provide inaccurate melting range that is

The Effect Of Temperature On The Pressure Of A Tennis Ball
Pressure and temperature, two important subjects in the broad system of knowledge, Science. It is
true that temperature greatly affects the pressure of a tennis ball; temperature can increase and
reduce pressure of a tennis ball, depending on the heat added or taken away; this would benefit
people designing objects to absorb shock. A good example of this would be, when designing
buildings to survive in areas where earthquakes happen frequently. What is the effect of temperature
on pressure? That is the question that will be answered in this document of inquiry.
A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized
molecules or atoms that move around freely. Molecules of a gas can effortlessly expand and
contract. When the ball hits the ground, the force causes the ball's bottom surface in, and the gas in
the core constricts. The gas then springs up when the ball becomes its usual shape, causing the
tennis ball to bounce up.
The height of a tennis ball's bounce is determined by the pressure of the gas in the ball's core.
Pressure of a gas can be found with this equation: pressure =density × temperature × constant
At a higher temperature, there is more pressure (if there isn't a single change in density and
constant); at a lower temperature, there will be less pressure. When temperature rises, the ball's gas
molecules expand; when gas molecules expand, the molecules bounce irregularly due to an increase
in energy. When temperature drops,

Factors That Affect The Concentration Of A Solvent

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