2. Psychoanalytical Theory of Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Freud believed that people could be cure by making
conscious their unconscious thought and motivation, thus
gaining ‘’insight’’.
Psychoanalytical Theory of Sigmund Freud refers to Freud’s
method for investigating unconscious processes. In psycho
analysis the content of the mind are broken up in to different
parts such as conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
3. THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY OF SIGMUND
FREUD:
It has four parts:
1. The levels of consciousness
2. The structure of personality
3. Personality dynamics, Anxiety and defense
mechanisms
4. The psychosexual development
4. A)The Levels of Consciousness
Freud believed that the human mind has three distinct levels- the
conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. Mind is like an
iceberg tip. Most part of the mind lies below the surface- below the
threshold of conscious experience.
Above this boundary is the realm of conscious.
Beneath this conscious realm is the much larger preconscious
Beneath the preconscious and forming the bulk of the human mind is
the unconscious
5. CONSCIOUS:
The realm of conscious is the immediate awareness of current
environment. It is what ever we are thinking about or experiencing
at a given moment, i.e. , thoughts and perception.
Preconscious:
The realm of preconscious consists of memories that are not part of
current thought but can readily be brought to mind if the need
arises. So they are memories and stored knowledge available to
awareness.
6. Unconscious:
The realm of unconscious comprises of thoughts, desires, and
impulses which are largely unaware. They are unavailable to
awareness and includes infantile memories, repressed wishes and
conflicts, fears, unacceptable sexual desires, violent motives,
irrational wishes, immoral wishes, selfish needs, shameful
experiences etc.
Freud believed that much of the materials in unconscious level
has been in the conscious level but has been repressed- driven from
consciousness because it was anxiety provoking.
7. B).The structure of personality
Freud suggested that personality consists largely of three interacting
structures.
1. Id
2. Ego, and
3. Superego
8. id:
• The innermost core of the personality, the only structure present at
birth and the source of all psychic energy. It consists of all our
primitive and innate urges. These include various bodily needs,
sexual desire and aggressive impulses.
• According to him id is totally unconscious and operates in
accordance with the pleasure principle, i.e., the immediate pleasure
is the sole motivation for behavior.
9. Cont.………..
• It demands immediate total gratification and is not capable of
considering the rules, reality, morals and potential cost of seeking
the goal.
• It demands regardless of rational consideration and environmental
realities. Want,……….. Take.
• It has no contact with the outer world.
10. Ego:
• In response to the fact that instant pleasure is seldom offered, and
attempting to gratify the innate urge would put in to serious
problems the other structure- ego- develops.
• It is that part of the psyche which directs behavior towards maximal
satisfaction of the individual’s urges –id- consistent with reality and
functions primarily in the conscious level.
11. Ego:
• It operates according to the reality principle- the external
consequences of behavior are considered in the expression of
impulses from id.
• It is testing reality to decide when and under what conditions the id
can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs.
• The ego is partly conscious and not entirely.
12. Superego:
• The portion of human personality representing the
conscience.
• It is the moral arm of the personality.
• Developing by the age of 4-5 the superego contains the
traditional values and ideals of family and society.
• Like ego it too seeks to control satisfaction of id impulses
but it is concerned with morality-with various ways that
could potentially satisfy id impulses are right or wrong.
13. Cont.
…
• It works on a morality principle- whether the gratification is right or
wrong.
• The superego is acquired from our parents and through experience
and represents the internalization of the moral teaching and norms
of the society.
15. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Freud believed that adult personality traits are influenced by experience in the
first years of life, or its shape our personality.
• For him an individual has an instinctual life force in the id termed as the libido-
the sexual instinct.
• From birth onwards a child has an innate tendency to seek the sexual pleasure
in different forms by different parts of the body.
• Potential deprivations or over indulgence can arise during any of this stage
leading to fixation-a state of arrested psychosexual development in which
instinct are focused on a particular psychic theme leading to abnormal or
immature behavior
16. THE ORAL STAGE
• This stage starts from birth and extends to 12 or 18 months. The
erogenous zone for seeking pleasure is the mouth. He acquire
pleasure by sucking and swallowing and the mother becomes the
first love object.
• When the teeth erupt the mouth is used for biting and chewing and
these are prototypes for many personality traits later.
• Pleasure derived from incorporation may be displaced to other
modes of incorporation such as the pleasure gained from acquiring
knowledge or possession. Biting or oral aggression may be
displaced in the form of sarcasm and argumentativeness.
17. Cont.….
•The child is completely dependent on the mother and the
feeling of dependency arises which may be leading to the
virtue of hope if the needs are fulfilled. Hope leads to
belief and trust in mother which may be leading to
optimism. It will extend to warm and trusting relation with
others in future life.
•Failure of this may lead to pessimism and affect the
personality negatively in later.
18. THE ANAL STAGE
•This stage starts when the child is one and a half years old,
ends at three years of age and ego development is complete
resulting in a sense of reality overbearing pleasure seeking.
•This stage is divided in to two sub stages- the anal expulsive
stage and the anal retention stage.
•The child derives pleasure from the expulsion of feces in the
later period and when the toilet training is initiated the child
has to learn to postpone the pleasure that comes from
relieving anal tensions and derives pleasure from retention
than expulsion.
19. Cont.….
•The particular method of toilet training by the mother and
her feelings have far reaching effects on the formation of
specific personality traits.
•If the mother is very strict in her method of child rearing
the child may hold back the feces and develop a retentive
character. More over expulsive traits like cruelty,
destructiveness, temper tantrums, disorderliness etc are
developed.
20. Cont.…
• Toilet training is an important activity leading to the
development of values and traits in an individual. The child
learns to bring the erotic gratification resulting from
defecation to social control.
• So failure in the resolution of anal conflicts leads to
constellation of character traits like excessive devotion to
details, and unevenness of character leading to easy anger
outbursts.
21. PHALLIC STAGE
• This stage begins at three and ends at five years of age.
• During this stage development of sexual feelings are associated with the
functioning of the genital organs. The child plays with its genitals and relieves
tensions and derives pleasure. Erotic activity is associated with urination
which helps the child to consolidate its gender identity.
• This stage make the appearance of Oedipus and Electra complexes in boys
and girls respectively.
22. Cont.…
•The attitudes towards the opposite sex and people in
authority are conditioned by this complex.
•The differences in the resolution of Oedipus and Electra
complexes are the bases for differences in male and female
personalities in later life.
23. LATENCY STAGE
•From the end of fifth year and lasts for 5-6 years. During this
period infantile sexuality is gradually repressed and the child
is not concerned with sexual matters.
•Child’s active interest turns increasingly outward in to
recreational, academic and social pursuits. The child learns to
behave in society and acquires its ideals.
•Eroticism is manifested in the form of attachment to parents
and friends. Energy is diverted in towards developing a sense
of competency and industry.
24. GENITAL STAGE
•It begins at the onset of adolescence.
•The sexual feelings reappear with new intensity and more
mature form resulting in genuine heterosexual relationships.
•Sexual attraction, socialization, group activities, vocational
planning and preparations for marriage and raising a family
begin to manifest.
•By the end of this period these socialized, altruistic feelings
become fairly well established. The person becomes
transformed from a pleasure seeking , narcissistic infant into
a reality oriented socialized adult.
25. THANK YOU
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