1. (1)
Functional English
Functional English equips students with the necessary knowledge, skills and understanding to
use and apply English in everyday in life. Functional English is a separate sand alone
qualification that can be taken whenever students are ready. Students need to pass Reading,
Writing and Speaking, Listening and Communication to gain qualification.
2) Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that gives a complete thought. A sentence always
has a subject and a verb.
Types of Sentence:
Declarative sentence:It makes statement. It tells something. It ends with full stop.
Examples:
Tomorrow I will leave for Lahore.
I have an appointment at 2:00 PM.
Interrogative sentence:It asks questions it ends with a question mark (?).
Examples:
Is this your book?
Have you found a new job?
Do you want coffee?
Imperative sentence:It orders or requests someone to do something. It ends with a Period.
Examples:
Leave your coat in the hall.
Give me your phone number.
Please bring me a bucket of flowers.
Exclamatorysentence:It expresses sudden emotions or feelings. It ends with exclamatory
mark (!).
Examples:
What a stupid boy he is!
How beautiful you look!
2. Oh! His uncle is dead in yesterday!
3) Letter: A letter is an alphabetic symbol such as A or a.
4) Word: A word is a speech or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing that
symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or a
combination of morphemes.
5) Phrase:A group of words, which makes sense, but not a complete sense is called phrase.
Examples:
The sun rises in the east.
It was a sunset of great beauty.
Show me how to do it.
6) Clause:A group of words in a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate.
Examples:
We cannot start while it is raining.
7) Predicate: The part of sentence which tells something about the subject is called the
predicate of that sentence.
In other words, we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something
about that subject.
Example:
He has a good memory.
In this sentence He is a subject and the next part is predicate.
8) Object:The person or a thing that receive the action is called the object.
Examples:
a painting, her book, the hill, a kite.
9) Phoneme:A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same
function by speaker of the language or dialect in question.
Example:
The example of English phoneme “k”, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit.
10) Morpheme:A morpheme is a meaningful unit of language that cannot be further divided.
Morphemes can be words and affixes-prefixes and suffixes.
3. Examples of Morpheme:
Unbreakable comprises three morphemes:
-un (a bound morpheme signifying “not”).
-break (the root a free morpheme), and
-able (a free morpheme signifying “can be done”)
11) Metaphor:An expression that equates or compares two things without using “like” or
“as”
Example:
The curtain of the night.
The sun was a furnace.
12) Simile: An expression comparing one thing to another using “like” or “as”
Examples:
He runs as fast as the tiger.
The thunder was as loud as fireworks.
13) Personification:A figure of speech that gives human traits to something that is not a
person.
Examples:
The raindrops smiled as they gently fell to the earth.
The moon is smiling.
The flowers are dancing.
14) Verb: A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing.
Examples:
Go, come, eat, drink, play, sleep or write.
4. Three forms of verbs
Present Past Perfect
Bite Bit Bitten
Grow Grew Grows
Feel Felt Felt
Load Loaded Loaded
Read Read Read
Learn Learnt Learnt
Dig Dug Dug
Types of Verb:
1) Transitive Verb
2) Intransitive verb
1) Transitive Verb: Transitive verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by
noun. These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, grab etc.
Examples:
I need a laptop.
They speak English.
She takes a watch.
2) Intransitive Verb: Intransitive verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs
adverbial modifier. These intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go, happen, matter etc.
Examples:
He cries.
Well done.
Please wait.
5. Pakistan Is an Islamic Country
Islamis the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan has been
called a “global center for political Islam. About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. Pakistan has the
second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. The name “THE ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN” given to the state of Pakistan in the short lived constitution of 1965,
was abbreviated, almost unexpectedly, to “The Republic of Pakistan” in the new constitution
promulgated in 1962. This change, whether fundamental or merely stylistic, has ever since been
the bone of contention between the so-called modernists and the classicists in Pakistan.
