This document provides information on framing sentences and vocabulary. It discusses the key parts of a sentence including the subject, verb, and predicate. It defines different types of sentences such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. It also covers parts of speech, synonyms, homophones, and exercises for identifying parts of a sentence and replacing words with synonyms. The document is a reference for learning about sentence structure and grammar terminology.

1. FRAMING SENTENCES
AND VOCABULARY
Course – B.Tech
Subject – English Communication and Life Skills
Unit - II

2. Framing Simple Sentences
•A sentence is a group of words that is used to say something, to
ask something, or to tell somebody to do something. It gives
enough information for a person to form a complete idea in his
mind of the message that is being communicated to him.
•A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop
(.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).
•The sentence is traditionally defined as a word or group of
words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a
subject and a verb. – Definition.

3. What is a sentence composed of?
•A Sentence is composed of a
Subject, verb and a
Predicate.
•SENTENCE = SUBJECT +
VERB + PREDICATE

4. What is a sentence
composed of?
•A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb
to state (declare/say) a complete thought. Short example:
Walker walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main
verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing.
•A sentence is a set of words that contain a Subject and a
Predicate. It is important that a sentence should express a
complete thought. There are two main parts of a Sentence.
•A Subject is what the sentence is about, the topic of the
sentence.
•A Predicate is what is said about the subject. The Predicate of
a Sentence always consists of a Verb, in fact sometimes the
predicate is only a verb.

5. Definition:
•Subject of a sentence:
The subject is the
person, place, or thing
that acts, is acted on, or
is described in the
sentence.
•Predicate of a sentence:
The predicate usually
follows the subject , it is
the action or description
that occurs in the
sentence.
Examples: Ram runs very fast.
Come in.
Stand outside.
The lamp is very beautiful.

6. Kinds of subject
• There are three kinds of Subject:
1) Simple Subject – a Noun or a Pronoun
•Example: He/She/Ram/Seeta
2) Complete Subject - a noun or a pronoun plus any modifiers
• Example: The black cat, The big mouse, The hungry lion, etc.
3) Compound Subject - two or more subjects joined by a
conjunction.
•Example: She and I, Peter or Harry, A bat and a ball, etc.

7. Kinds of predicate
• A predicate may be one word or many words.
• There are three kinds of Predicate:
1) Simple Predicate– a complete verb (a verb and any helping
verbs)
•Example: stand, was singing, could have come, etc.
2) Complete Predicate - a simple predicate plus all modifiers
•Example: was singing sweetly, was reading loudly, etc.
3) Compound Predicate - two or more predicates with the same
subject.
•Example: was singing quietly and sweetly, play cards or watch
television, etc.

8. Kinds of sentences
•Sentences are used in all languages. Sentences are used in
both speech and writing. There are five kinds of sentences:
•1) Declarative Sentences: Sentences that make statements.
•Example:
•- I have two brothers and one sister.
•- My name is Mary.

9. •2) Interrogative Sentences: Sentences used to ask
questions.
•Example:
•- What are you doing?
•- Where will you go tomorrow?
•3) Imperative Sentences: Sentences that give commands
or make requests.
•Example:
•- Come here.
•- Please, come here.

10. •5) Exclamatory Sentences: Sentences that are in the form
of exclamations.
•Example:
•- Wow! How pretty it is!
- How marvelous!
•6) Optative Sentence: Optative sentences express wishes.
•Example:
•- May you live a long and happy life together.
- God bless you!

11. PARTS OF SPEECH
•There are thousands of words in any language. But not all words have the
same job. For example, some words express "action". Other words express
a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. These are the
"building blocks" of the language. Think of them like the parts of a house.
When we want to build a house, we use concrete to make the foundations
or base. We use bricks to make the walls. We use window frames to make
the windows, and door frames to make the doorways. And we use cement
to join them all together. Each part of the house has its own job. And
when we want to build a sentence, we use the different types of word.
Each type of word has its own job.
•We can categorize English words into 8 basic types or classes. These
classes are called "Parts Of Speech".

12. Eight parts of speech
PARTS OF SPEECH ROLE EXAMPLES
1) Noun Nouns are naming words. Monday, Christmas, etc.
2) Adjective An adjective describes a
noun or pronoun.
Long, some, etc.
3) Pronoun Pronoun is used instead of
a noun.
He, she, It, etc.
4) Verb Verb is a doing word or a
word which shows action.
We can say that Verb is the
motor that runs the
sentence.
Walk, keep, write, etc.

13. PARTS OF SPEECH ROLE EXAMPLES
6) Conjunction Joining words, which
join two words or
sentences.
and, or, thus, etc.
7) Preposition Relates one thing to the
other.
at, on in, etc.
8) Interjection A word showing
emotion or feeling.
Hooray, Hi!, Ouch! Oh!
Alas! etc.
9) Article Definite or Indefinite
Article – a, an, the.
A, an the.

14. Define: Parts Of speech
•A term in traditional grammar
for the eight categories into
which words are classified
according to their functions in
sentences. Example: Articles,
Nouns, Verbs, etc.

15. Exercise: A – Sentence structure
• Identify every word of the sentence:
1) Mary and her brother look smart.
2) The train will arrive at the station.
3) Look at your book.
4) I eat a small sandwich with tea.
5) Please, make green tea for me.

16. Exercise: ‘b’ – subject, verb and
predicate
• Identify the Subject, verb and Predicate in the sentence:
1) Gopal drives very roughly.
2) I have a big balloon.
3) Sit outside.
4) I helped my mother.
5) Light the lamp.

17. EXERCISE ‘C’ COMPLETE THE
FOLLOWING:
a) My brother ___________________________________.
b) Sometimes I _________________________________.
c) Our house ___________________________________.
d) The children _________________________________.
e) Many students _______________________________.
Follow the thumb rule:
Subject + Verb + Predicate

18. WH questions

19. Which are the TYPES OF questions?
•There are two types of questions.
i) Yes-No Questions
ii) WH-Questions
•Question words are also called wh questions because they
include the letters 'W' and 'H'.
•There are eight wh-questions, which, what, who, whom,
whose, when, where and why and to this list we usually add how
as they are all used to elicit (bring about) particular kinds of
information.

20. USAGE AND MEANING OF WH-
QUESTIONSQUESTION WORDS MEANING & USAGE EXAMPLE
1) Who Person Who is that? It is Ram.
2) Where Place Where do you live?
3) Why Reason Why do you sleep early?
4) When Time When should I call you?
5) How Manner How do you go?0
6) What Object, idea or action What do you do?
7) Which Choice – used for things Which one do you
prefer?
8) Whose To show possession Whose book is this?
9) Whom Used for persons Whom did you meet?

21. FRAMING SIMPLE QUESTIONS:
1. If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the
question word at the beginning:
•Example:
•James writes good poems. — Who writes good poems?
•Exercise ‘D’ make Questions:
1) Neha is my sister.
2) The bank opens at 8 o’clock.
3) He drank juice.
4) He discovered the truth.
5) Rohit likes to play Football.

22. EXERCISE ‘E’ – CHOOSE THE CORRECT
OPTION
1. _____ are you?
2. _____ is your pen?
3. _____ are you crying?
4. _____ is the problem?
5. _____ will the train arrive?
When What
Why Who
Which

23. SYNOMYMS
•Define: synonym - Synonyms are words that have the same or
very similar meaning.
•Synonyms are different words that have the same meaning, or
about the same. Many words have multiple synonyms
depending on the part of speech. Some words are used to mean
specific things, so their synonyms cannot always replace them.
•Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the
state of being a synonym is called synonymy.
•Define: synonymy - The state of being a synonym is called
synonymy.

24. Homophones, homographs,
homonyms•Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation,
but different meanings. For example, 'witch' and 'which' are
homophones (because they are pronounced the same).
•Homographs are words that the same spelling, but have
different pronunciations. For example, ‘minute’, ‘tear’, ‘wind’,
‘wound’, etc.
•Homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation and
spelling, but have different meanings. For example, 'rose' (a
type of flower) and 'rose' (past tense of "rise") are homonyms.

25. List of synonyms
WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
1) Scream Yell Shout Shriek
2) Start Begin Commence
3) Help Aid Assist Support
4) Important Essential Vital Significant
5) Rubbish Garbage Trash Litter

26. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
6) Strange Odd Weird
7) Fake Unnatural Counterfeit Forged
8) Find Locate Seek Search
9) Wealthy Rich Well off Well-to-do
10) Submerge Sink Drown Immerse

27. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
11) Difficult Hard Challenging Tough
12) See Observe Look Watch
13) Grand Magnificent Majestic Splendid
14) Understand Comprehend Interpret Follow
15) Large Vast Huge Enormous

28. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
16) Betray Deceive Cheat Fool
17) Dangerous Risky Unsafe
18) Glad Happy Merry Joy
19) Real Genuine Authentic Actual
20) Famous Well-known Popular Renowned

29. WORD SYNONYM SYNONYM SYNONYM
21) Bold Daring Fearless Brave
22) Brief Concise Short Abridged
23) Category Classification Division Kind
24) Polite Courteous Well-mannered Civil
25) Decay Decline Rot Deterioration

30. EXERCISE ‘f’ GIVE SYNONYMS:
1) Find –
2) Fake –
3) Important
4) Grand –
5) Shout -

31. EXERCISE ‘G’ replace the underlined
word with a synonym:
1) I understand the speaker.
2) It was a grand function.
3) I met a large group of foreigners.
4) He belongs to a wealthy family.
5) My neighbor is strange.

32. Recourses/References
• www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.html
• free-english-study.com/grammar/basic-sentence-structure.html
• Advanced English Grammar by Wren and Martine