it is all about agri and horti economics of rhawe

1. RHWEP 2016-17
RURAL HORTICULTURE WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME
(RHWEP 2015-16)
HEC - 411
Guided By Submitted By
Dr. Sushila Sinha vipin kumar
(Rural Economics) B.Sc. (Horti.) 4th
Year, 1st
sem.
Pt. KISHORI LAL SHUKLA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND
RESEARCH STATION (I.G.K.V.V.) RAJNANDGAON (C.G.)
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2. RHWEP 2016-17
RURAL ECONOMICS
Introduction
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy it contributes nearly 13.5% (2012)
gross domestic product (GDP) and about 75% of the population is depended on agriculture for
this livelihood thus agriculture is a pillars for economic inability according to advance estimates
related by the ministry of statistic and programmed implementation the growth rate under
agriculture is estimates at 7% during 2015. The size of holdings per capita in India is 1.55 ha. &
agriculture provides 58.2% an employment to the active Indian population. In India 60%
population accounts under the marginal farmers having less than 1 ha. of land holdings.
In this course (RAWE) under Agriculture Economics we study about the socio-economic
condition of the farmers in the adopted village & to increase the socio-economic condition of the
farmers it’s essential to know about their existing condition particularly- Land holding, cropping
pattern, and occupation and problems threaten to their production sectors.
Objectives-
• To study about the basic geographical condition of the village.
• To study about the land utilization and cropping pattern of the village.
• To study about the basic information regarding the selected farmer viz. family member,
literacy status, land owned occupation etc.
• To study about the cropping pattern adopt by the farmer and irrigation facilities available
to the selected farmer.
• To study about the cost of cultivation of rice crop and return from the crop.
• To study about the living standard of the farmer by analyzing the expenditure on different
commodity.
Importance:-
The importance of this program is to enhance the socio economic condition of the
farmers, it is required to analyses the existing condition of the farmer, particularly crop
cultivation, live stock production, land utilization pattern, irrigation sources, cropping pattern,
cropping intensity, cost and return and expenditure.
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3. RHWEP 2016-17
SELECTION OF THE VILLAGE
Chhattisgarh
(27 District)
Rajnandgaon
Mohad
Farmers (315)
Small farmer Marginal farmer Large farmer
(103) (196) (16)
In Chhattisgarh state, Rajnandgaon district was purposely selected. Block Rajnandgaon was
selected for the RAWE program 2014-15, village Mohad was selected purposely for this
program 2014-15 out of 671 farmers, 10 farmers were selected to analyses the agro-economical,
farm holding, consumption of this village and sampled farm.
TOOLS OF ANALYSIS:
Simple arithmetic mean, average, percent statistical tools were use to analyses the data.
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4. RHWEP 2016-17
Rural Economics Schedule
TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF VILLAGE
Student name:…………………...................................................................................................
ID. NO.………………………......................................................................................................
Name of College…………………………………………………………………………………
Name of Village:………………………………………………………………………………..
Name of Block :…………………...………….Distance from Village………………........ Km
Name of Distric……………………………….Distance from Village………………...... …..Km
Name of Sarpanch: Shri/Smt………..……………………………………………………............
Name of MLA:Shri/Smt..…………………….…………………………………………..............
Name of RAEO: Shri/Smt/Ku…………………...……………………………………….............
.A. Transport, Education and Health Services.
(i) Bus Stand………………….......….Distance fromVillage….........................……………Km
(ii) Railway Station………….......……Distance from Village………………......................Km
(iii) Post Office…………………….......……………………………………………............
(iv) Condition of Road…………………........………………………………………...............
(v) School: Primary/Middle/Higher Secondary………......………………………................
(vi) College…………………………Distance from Village…….......…………
(vii) Primary Health Center……………………………………………......………….............
(viii) Private Dispensary…………………………………………………….......……...................
(ix) Aaganbadis/Baalbadis……………………………………………………......….......................
B. Population (Village Demography)
(a) Classification of Families
Sr. no. Occupation No. of families
1. Agriculturist
2. Landless farmer/ agri. Labours
3. Village artisans
4. Industry /factory worker
5. Self employed ( business)
6. Teachers
7. Private sector employed
8. Other govt. sector
9. Total
(a) Population
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5. RHWEP 2016-17
sex category literate illetrate Total no. % age to Total
Population
Male (1)Adult (above
35 yrs)
(2) youth (18-35
yrs)
(3) children
Female (1)Adult (above
35 yrs)
(2) youth (18-35
yrs)
(3) children
Total (male +
female)
(b)Level of literacy:
Sr. No. Types of literacy number Total (%)
Male Female
1. illiteratre
2. Studied upto 5
3. Studied upto 8
class
4. Studied upto 10
class
5. Studied upto 11
class
6. 12th
pass
7. graduates
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6. RHWEP 2016-17
8. Post graduates
Total
(c) Drinking water facilities: Well, Hand Pamp.
(d) Marketing facilities:
S .No. Type Available
within village
Nearest place
to the village
Distance in
km
1 Weekly Haat No Singdai 02km
2 Regulated Market No Rajnandgaon 08km
3 Daily need/Kirana Yes Mohad 0km
4 Vegetable & fruit
stall
No Mohara 03km
(7) Veterinary Aid available for livestock:
Sr.No. Particular Available in
Village At nearby
Village/Town
Distance
from Village
in km
1 Veterinary dispensary No Rajnandgaon 8km
2 Artificial insemination
centre
No Rajnandgaon 8km
3 Dairy cooperative society No Rajnandgaon 8km
(8) Land utilization pattern:-
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7. RHWEP 2016-17
S .No. Particular Area in acre
1. Total geographical area
2. Grazing and pasture land
3. Land put to non- agriculture use
4. Total cultivated area
5. Area under rainfed agriculture
6. Area under irrigation
7. Net sown area
8. Area sown more than once
9. Area under Forest
(9) Structural Distribution of Land holding:
S .No. Farm size(ha) No.of
holding
% age to
total
Area (ha) % age to
total
1. Upto 1.00 94 29.84 179.04 28.74
2. 1.01-2.00 156 49.52 297.12 21.16
3. 2.01-4.00 40 12.70 76.20 11.54
4. 4.01-6.00 16 5.08 30.48 38.56
Total 315 100.00 582.84 100.00
(H). Cropping Scheme Vllage Mohad
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8. RHWEP 2016-17
(I) Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technology (Important crop)
8
Kharif season Rabi season Zaid season
S.
N
O. Crop
Area (acre)
Crop
Area ( acre)
Crop
Area (hac.)
Rai
nfed
Irriga
td
Tota
l
Rain
fed
Irriga
ted
Tota
l
Irriga
ted
Total
1 Bottle
guard
10 10 Cabbage 20 20 Cucu
mber
15 15
2 okra - 8 8 Ivy
Gourd
28 28 Okra 12 12
3 cowpea - 15 15 Tomato 18 18 Bottle
gourd
10 10
4 cucumb
er
- 10 10 cowpea 12 12
5 Bean - 16 16 Sem 15 15
6 Okra - 20 20 Cucurbit
acse
20 20
7 Brinjal 15 15
Total 94 94 113 113 37 37

9. RHWEP 2016-17
Name of
Technology
Crop Total
area(acre)
Area covered in ha.
Traditional Modern
Area Percentage Area Percentage
Line sowing Bitter
guard
20 2 10 18 90
Drip All
vegetables
113 38 33.62 75 66.38
Stacking Bitter
guard
12 6 50 6 50
Mandap Ivy gourd 10 0 0 10 100
Power
sprayer
Ivy gourd 10 8 80 2 20
Cold
storage
All
vegetable
113 110 97.34 3 2.76
(J) Availability of Agricultural Labour’s:
Sr. No. Type of labour Adequate Wages paid(Rs/day)
1. Male 135 150
2. Female 125 100
3. Bullock pairs 60 400
(K) Agro-Based Industries in the village or nearby area:
Sr. No. Agro-Based industry No. of families
engaged
Number
In the village Nearby area
1. Rice mill 2 Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Daal/mill 12 Haldi 4km
3. Floor mill 3 mohad 0km
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10. RHWEP 2016-17
4. Oil mill 1
(L) Other Village Institution :
Sr. No. Institute Yes/No
1. Gram Panchyat
2. Mandi
3. Cooperative Society
4. Kisan Club
5. Youth Club
6. Mahila Club
7. Bhajan Mandali
(P). Transportation means available in the village
Sr. No. Type Number
1. Cycles
2. Motorcycles
3. Cartload
4. Cars/ jeeps
(M) House Facilities
S.No. Items No. of House
01. Total number of Houses 471
02. Electrified House 471
03. Pucca Houses 146
04. Kachha Houses 325
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11. RHWEP 2016-17
(N) Recreational facilities available in the village :
S.No. Items Number
01. Television (B/W) 12
02. Television (Colour) 350
03. Radio 52
04. Bhajan Mandali 03
05. Nacha parti 01
(P). Farm Machinery and Equipment available in the village :
Sr. No. Machinery/Equipment Number
1. Tractors
2. MB Plough 25
3. Drip Irrigation
4. Sprayer 1-2 per farmers
5. Cultivater
6. Rotavator
7. Power tiller 6
8. Grader 1(non functional)
9. Thresher
10. Cold storage 2(non functional)
(Q) Facilities for repair of machinery like Tractor/Electric motor etc:
Sr. No. Type if machinery Repairs in
village
Facilities
available at
nearby village
Distance from
the village
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12. RHWEP 2016-17
1. Tractor No Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Electric motor No Rajnandgaon 8km
3. Oil engine No. Rajnandgaon 8km
4. Implements No. Rajnandgaon 8km
(R) Avaibility of Agro-Input:
Sr. No. Agro-inputs Available Distance
In village At nearest
village
1. Implements No Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Seed No Rajnandgaon 8km
3. Fertilizer No Rajnandgaon 8km
4. Insecticides/Fungicides No Rajnandgaon 8km
5. Herbicides No Rajnandgaon 8km
Rural Economics Schedule
TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY/FARM HOLDING
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13. RHWEP 2016-17
OF HOST FARMERS
Techno-economic or farm holding survey refers to the collection of data, information related to
farmactivities through structured questionnaire with the help of a schedule or through below
mentionedproforma containing set of questions related to farm activities. The collection of data
is to be done throughpersonal interviews of the farm owners using the survey schedule or farm
records. The proforma containsdetails of holding or acreage, crop livestock and other
enterprises,farm implements, machinery, irrigationsources, labour use, capital use including
loans, cost of cultivation details, yield and income sources, etc.
This survey is conducted to familiarize the student with the socio-economic condition of the
farmers and farm production activities. Each student will prepare a brief report on various
aspects of survey. The details are as follow.
Name of Student :……………………………………...ID No…….............................................
Name of College :………………………………………………………………………………..
Name of Village………………………Block………………….District………………………..
1.Name of the head of the Family………………………………………………….....................
Sex: Male/Female……………Age (Years)……………..Education………………....................
Address: Village………………..Post…………………
Ward…………….................................................
Block…………………District………………Mobile No…………………...............................
02. Information of the family members including attached labours
Sr.No. Name Sex Relation Age Education Occupation
01. Barmat bai female Mother 85 Illiteracy Agriculture
02. Dhanvanti Female Wife 52 - Illiteracy Agriculture
03. Ghanshyam Male Son 25 8th
Agriculture
04. Pinki Female Daughter in
low
23 B.A.1st
House Wife
Assets and Liabilities
Land:
Sr.No. Khasra No. Irrigated
land(ha.)
Rainfed
land(ha.)
Soil Type Present
value(Rs.)
Land
revenue/
Tex
01. 3.25 - Kachar and
kanahar
1Crores 3(Rs./ar)
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14. RHWEP 2016-17
(B) Source of Irrigation:
Sr.
No.
Source Number Area irrigated (ha.)
Kharif Rabi Always
1 Tube Well 1 3.25 3.25 3.25
(C) Building:
Sr. No. Category Type of
Construction
Size Present value (Rs.)
1 Residential house Pucca 580 sq feet 50,00,000.00
2 Farm house Pucca 225 sq feet 3,00,000.00
3 Cattle shed - - -
Total 53,00,000
(D) Livestock status of the farmer:
Sr. No. Category Breed No. of animal Present value
(Rs.)
1 Draft animal Nil Nil Nil
2 Cows Indigenous 2 2500
3 Buffaloes Nil Nil Nil
(E) Implements and Machinery:
Category Items Number Present Value(Rs.)
(A )Equipments
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15. RHWEP 2016-17
Sprayer 03 4500.00
(B) Machinery Electric Motor 01 20000.00
Rotavator 01 80000.00
Total 104500.00
(F) Household article:
Sr. No. Article Number Present value(Rs.)
1 Bicycle 2 3,000.00
2 Motorcycle 02 1,30,000.00
3 Television (C) 01 10000.00
4 Refrigerator 01 10000.00
5 Fan 03 7000.00
6 Cooler 02 8000.00
7 Steel Almirah 02 12000.00
8 Sofa set 01 10000.00
1,90,000.00
(G) Annual gross Income (Previous year)
Sr. No. Source Amount(Rs.)
1. Crop 10,00,000.00
2. Other(Gift) 5000.00
Total 10,05,000.00
(H) Annual family consumption expenditure (previous year)
Sr. NO. Head Amount
1 Food 35,000.00
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16. RHWEP 2016-17
2 Clothing 7,000.00
3 Health 5,000.00
4 Travels 2,000.00
5 Gift
8,000.00
6 Foot wares 5,000.00
Total 62,000.00
(I) Information about borrowings including old loans (Previous year)
Sr.No. Source Amount
borrowed
Purpose/date Rate of
interest
Repayment
during the
year
Outstan
ding
(Rs.)
01 SBI 70000.00 Farming 4% May-Dec.
(J) Marketing channels used for selling the produce (last one year)
Sr.
No.
Marketing channels Produce sold Quantity
sold(quintal)
1. Mandi Vegetables 200
Rural Economics: Schedule
Estimation of cost of cultivation and
Farm Income measure of Major Crops
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17. RHWEP 2016-17
The students have to calculate the cost of cultivation of major crops-one major crop of the
host farmers per the procedure given below.
Name of the students: Ku. Neetu Sahu, ID No. 111111017,
Name of village: Mohad, Rajnandgaon
Name of the Host farmer: Shri. Kartik Ram Sahu,
Name of the crop: Cucumber , Variety: Rohan,
A. Cost of cultivation of major crop (Name): Cucumber,
S.No. Cost items Per acre %ge share
in total cost
i.e. cost C3
Total
Value
(Rs/ha
)
Quantit
y
Value
(Rs)
A Cost A1
1 Value of hired human
labour
210 21,000 20.6 52,50
0
2 Value of bullock labour - - - -
3 Value of
machinery(tractor)
3 hr 2,200 2.16 5,500
4 Value of seeds 200gm 3,400 3.3 8,500
5 Value of
insecticide/pesticides
25 lit 30,000 29.46 75,00
0
6 Value of manures 1 trolley 800 .78 2,000
7 Value of fertilizers
Urea
DAP
300kg
1500kg
1,800
3,900 22.2 56,50
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18. RHWEP 2016-17
Potash
Others(16824)
400kg
150kg
6400
10,500
0
8 Irrigation charges 120 times 3000 2.94 7,500
9 Depreciation
( Machinery and farm
building)
1000 0.98 2,500
10 Land revenue, cesses
and taxes
1 acre 3 Rs/Yr 0.002 .005
11 Miscellaneous expenses
( electricity, fuel, etc)
3 month 300 0.2 750
12 Interest on working
capital
- - - -
A. Total of cost A1
84,300
13 Rent paid for leased in
land
- - - -
B. Cost A2 (B+13)
84,300
14 Interest on value owned
capital assets (excluding
land)
- - - -
C. Cost B1 (C+14)
- - - -
15 Rental value of owned
land
1 acre 3,500 3.43 8,750
D. Cost B2 (D+15)
84,300
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19. RHWEP 2016-17
16 Value of family labour 130+10 14,000 13.75 35,00
0
E. Cost C
1,01,80
0
2,54,5
00
F. Yield/acre
360 qui. 2,52,00
0
6,30,0
00
B. Farm business income measures:
1. Family labour income = G.I. – Cost B
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs.84, 300
=Rs. 1, 67,700
2. Farm business income = G1 – Cost A1/A2
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs. 84,300
=Rs.1, 67,700
3. Net income = Gross income - Cost C
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs. 1, 01,800
=Rs. 1, 50,200
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20. RHWEP 2016-17
4. Farm investment income = Net income – rental value of own land + interest on
fixed capital
=1, 50,200 -3500+0
=1, 46,000
= Rs. 113596
5. Input : Output ratio = Output ÷ Input
= Rs.2, 52,000 ÷ Rs. 1, 01,800
= 2.47
Marketing Problems
• Transportation – Lack of proper transportation facilities.
• Storage – In agriculture marketing area no proper storage facilities available if the product is not
sell.
• Marketing channel- Long marketing channel create problem agriculture marketing.
• Mediators:- Farmers unable to sell their product direct in market, so mediators use for
marketing of product and this factor create not get good price of their product.
• Market information:- Farmers have not Know about market information to get proper price in
proper time.
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Input :output ratio is 1:2.47

21. RHWEP 2016-17
• Market structure:- Marketing structure is very long.
• Tax & duties:- Farmers not Know about proper tax of his product in market.
• Percable nature of Agricultural crop:- Agricultural products early wasted so that farmer have
not risk bearing ability.
• Lack of proper communication channel:- Lake of Knowledge.
• Time factor:- The farmer grow their crop in same time & marketing in same time, so that they
have not get higher price of his product.
Famers Problems
During the analytic study about the farming and farming conditions, problems of farming we
have come to conductions and the problems are as follows:-
• Lack of awareness and literacy:- For the adoption of improved farming and improved farming
technology it is necessary that the farmers should be literate and aware the farmers does not take
the full advantage of various policies of the government.
• Labour problems:- Due to nearer city the farmers are migrated they does not take interest in
farming .As the marginal farmers does not require labours but the medium and large farmers are
forced to do traditional farming due to lack of labour.
• Market problem:- The small farmers have market for vegetables as the city is nearer but there
is no market for paddy. Hence, the farmers are trapped by the mediators and .They does not get
price for their produce.
• Small land holding due to dividends and the fields of farmers are located apart:- Due to
small size of field it is difficult to the use large machines and techniques on the small size of
field.
• Lack of Knowledge about plant protection from diseases and insect attack:- Due to not
Know about new insecticides, Knowledge and new technology to control the Insects & Diseases.
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22. RHWEP 2016-17
• Lack of transportation facilities:- Due to poorly of farmers not provide good transport
facilities.
• Lack of drainage facilities in the fields:- Farmers are not Know about for proper drainage
system.
• Lack of risk bearing ability in the farmers:- Mostly farmers are poor so that they have no risk
bearing ability.
• Lack of interest of new generation in farming:- New generations are attract in service field, so
that they have not interested in Agricultural field.
• Poor Economic condition of the farmers:- Farmers have not get proper price of their product
so that their economic condition is poor.
Lack of proper soil and water consecration:- Due to not Know about new technology &
Knowledge
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