Laptop Basic Knowledge

• Introduction
• Evolution ofcomputers
• Typeof memories
• Primarymemory
• Secondarymemory
• Numbersystem
• BIOS
Objectiv
es
• Howto createa‘bootable pendrive ’ usingCMD.
• Windows installationprocess
• Windows installationprocess
• Howto addaprinter (Wired/Wireless)
• Abbreviations

Introductio
n
1. Input
Devices
2. Output
Devices
3. Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
4. Memory or Storage
5. Motherboard
1. System
Software
2. Application
Software
HARDWA
RE
SOFTWA
RE
A Laptop (or) Computer
is a programmable device
that stores ,retrieves and
processes data.

Hardwar
e
Input Devices
Output Devices
CPU
Memory/ Storage
Motherboard
• Hardware equipment that receive data & instructions from
user.
• Passes the information in the form that can be processed by
laptop.
e.g. Keyboard , Mouse.
• Displays the result processed by
laptop.
• Displays in user readable format.
e.g. Display , Monitor.
• Brain of a laptop.
• Composed of Control Unit (CU) & Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
.
• Controls activities of other hardware units & performs
calculations.
• Place where all the data & instructions are
stored.
• Results of the processing are also stored
here.
• RAM & ROM are the primary memory.
• All other boards are connected to it e.g. CPU , BIOS, memory, mass
storage interfaces and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices
and hence acts like Mother of other boards.

Softwar
e
System Software
Application
Software
• Collection of programs that control the functioning of all other hardware
resources directly.
• Not visible to users and loads automatically to the main memory when
laptop is switched on.
e.g. Operating System
• Programs that perform specific tasks for users.
• Consist of programs that direct laptop to perform specific information
processing.
e.g. Games , Word processors.

Introductio
n
Action Device Function
A user running a text-editor program types the letter Z on the keyboard. The keyboard sends
acode
representing the letter Z to the CPU.
Keyboard Input
The CPU processes the code and determines what letter was typed. Then the CPU sends
instructions to
the monitor to display the letter Z.
CPU Process
The monitor displays the letter Z. Monitor Output
The user clicks the save button. The mouse sends a code representing theclick. Mouse Input
The CPU processes the code and determines what action wasclicked. CPU Process
The CPU saves the file on the disk. Hard disk Storage
Quick Revision
Thefollowingtable lists afew sampleactionsalong with the name of devicesand functions that are used when they are performed.

Evolution of
Computers
Moore's
law

Type of
Memories
Primary memory
• Includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to
the
CPU on the computer motherboard.
• Enables the CPU to read data from primary
memory
very quickly indeed.
Secondary memory
• Physically located within a separate storage device.
e.g. hard disk drive(HDD) or solid state
drive (SSD), which is connected to the
computer system .

Primary
Memory 2. ROM(Read Only Memory)
• Contains basic set of instructions a computer
needs to carry out to become aware of the
operating system and to load parts of the operating
system into primary memory.
• Non-Volatile.
• Fast to read.
2.1 PROM(Programmable Read-Only Memory)
• Programmed by user once and not erasable.
2.2 EPROM(Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory)
• Content can be changed(erase & program) by
exposing
to UV light.
2.3 EEPROM(Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory)
• Content can be changed(erase & program)
1. RAM(Random Access Memory)
• Data that is required for imminent processing is
moved to
RAM where it can be accessed and modified very
quickly.
• Volatile.
• Fast to read and write.
1.1.DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• Most common type of RAM used in computers.
• Consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
• Uses more energy.
Note: The oldest type of DROM is known as single data
rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster
dual data rate (DDR) DRAM.DDR comes in several
versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4.
1.2.SRAM (Static RAM)
• Faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker.
• Consists of six transistors in each cell.

Secondary Memory: Hard Disk
Drive(HDD)
• Usually largest, data storage hardware device in a
computer/laptop.
• The operating system, software titles, and most other files are
stored in the hard disk drive.
• The hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C drive" due
to the fact that Microsoft Windows, by default, designates the
"C" drive letter to the primary partition on the primary hard
drive in a computer/laptop.
• Some computers have multiple drive letters (e.g., C, D,
and E) representing areas across one or more hard
drives.
• The back end of the hard drive contains a port for a
cable that connects to the motherboard.
Hard Disk
Drive(HDD)

Drive(HDD)
SATA
• SATA stands for Serial ATAis computer bus interface
used for connecting the motherboard to the storage
devices like hard disk drives.
• The SATA devices and host adapters interact through
the
high-speed serial cable.
• The fundamental SATA connector usually have a
connector(7 pins) for data , power etc.
PATA
• PATA stands for Parallel ATA is computer bus interface
used for connecting the motherboard to the storage
devices like hard disk drives.
• It requires all the parallel signals to arrive at
once. Therefore, it does not provide a high
speed of data transferring.
• The fundamental PATAconnector usually have a
connector(40 pins) for data , power etc.
Data
Pins
& Cable
Data
Pins
& Cable

Drive(HDD)
SATA vs
PATA
Basis for Comparison SATA PATA
Expands to Serial ATA Parallel ATA
Status Currently in use. Outdated.
Speed Fast Moderate
Hot swapping Supported Does not support
Cable size Smaller Large
Bit rate 150 MB/s ~ 600 MB/s 16 MB/s ~ 133 MB/s

Secondary Memory: Solid State
Drive(SSD)
• New generation of storage device.
• Uses microchips to store information, and as a result, there are
no
moving parts.
• Lower failure rate, higher speed, and simply better overall
performance.
• Uses a simple memory chip called NAND flash memory, which
has
no moving parts.
• Each grid (also called blocks) can store between 256 KB and
4MB.
• The controller of an SSD has the exact address of the blocks.
Solid State
Drive(SSD)

HDD vs
SSD
HDD SSD
Stores data on a single disk with a moving arm. Stores data on chips.
Older, less expensive technology. Newer and more expensive for the same amount of storage.
Mechanical parts make for slower operation.
Flash-style memory lets computer access and run data
more quickly.
Spinning drive and moving arm create noise. Runs silently.
Moving parts are less reliable. Fewer parts to break.

• Computer/laptop can only understand numbers.
• Input letter or words are converted into a format understood by
system.
• Number system used in computer/laptop is ‘Binary’.
• A binary digit 1 or 0 is called a ‘Bit’.
Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte, which provides
enough combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual
characters, including numbers, upper and lower case alphabet letters,
punctuation marks and other characters
Number
System
System Base Symbols
Decimal 10 0,1,……..9
Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0.1…….7
Hexa-decimal 16 0,1,……..9
A,B,……..F

• It is easier for the computer to process numbers.
• The characters are encoded to numbers.
• There are various character encoding standards,
and ASCII and EBCDIC are two of them.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
• Encoding standard that represents digits, letters, and
symbols using numbers.
• The digits can be 1, 2, 3, etc. while the letters are a, b, c,
A, B, C, etc. The symbols are characters like !, $, and #.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
• Encoding standard mainly used on IBM mainframe and
IBM
midrange computer operating systems.
• Also supported by some platforms other than IBM.
Number
System

• BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.
• Software stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard.
• It's BIOS that's responsible for the POST and therefore makes it
the very
first software to run when a computer/laptop is started.
Note:
POST, short for Power On Self Test, is the initial set of
diagnostic tests performed by the computer/laptop right
after it's powered on, with the intent to check for any
hardware related issues.
• The BIOS firmware is non-volatile, meaning that its settings are
saved and recoverable even after power has been removed from
the device.
• BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform basic functions
such as booting and keyboard control.
• BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a
computer such as the hard drive, floppy drive, optical drive, CPU,
memory, and related equipment.
BIO
S

How to Create a Bootable Pendrive Using
CMD?
• Bootable USB is a disk that is used to boot up a system for the installation of an Operating System.
• A USB can be made bootable using a command-line only for systems that have Windows(7/8/8.1/10)
operating system.
• Linux Distributions can’t be used to create a bootable USB device without using third-party tools.
• Early versions of Windows i.e. before Windows 7, can’t be used for making a USB bootable.

Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using
CMD(1/12)
Step 1: Run command-prompt in Administrator mode. There are two ways to do the same:
First way: Search for cmd in Start menu, right-click on the command prompt, click on Run as
Administrator.

CMD (2/12)
Second way Open Task Manager, go to File->Run new task, search for cmd and
press enter.

CMD (3/12)
Step 2: Connect the USB device to the computer that is to be made
bootable.
Step 3: Type the command ‘diskpart’ and then press Enter.

CMD (4/12)
Step 4: Type the command ‘list disk’ to display a list of all the available storage devices on your system.
Press Enter to continue.

CMD (5/12)
Step 5: Select the disk that is your pen drive. Generally, it is marked as Disk 1, it might vary system to system.
Make sure not to select any other available disk as it will get formatted. To choose the disk, type the command
‘select disk 1’ and press Enter.

CMD (6/12)
Step 6: To make a pendrive bootable, there is a need to format it to clean the existing data. This can be done
by the use
of ‘clean’ command.

CMD (7/12)
Step 7: Type the command ‘create partition primary’ and press Enter. This will make the disk primary and
ready to be
made bootable.

CMD (8/12)
Step 8: To choose the partition created as primary, type the command ‘select partition 1’ and
press Enter.

CMD (9/12)
Step 9: Before making the disk bootable, there is a need to format it as NTFS because Windows uses NTFS
file system for
storage. This can be done with the use of command ‘format=fs NTFS’ and press Enter.

Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD
(10/12)
Step 10: Type the command ‘active’ and press Enter. This will mark the primary bootable partition as
Active.

(11/12)
Step 11: Type the command ‘exit’ to exit DISKPART and press
Enter.
• Now close the command prompt
window.

(12/12)
Step 12: Now copy all the data from the OS(Windows/Linux/etc.) installation disk to your USB drive that is
just been made bootable.
Now, this Pendrive can be used to install the desired Operating System on any Laptop or Computer

Window Installation Process
(1/8)
1. Make sure your Windows 10 installation media is
connected :
-Windows 10 installation file must be loaded into a flash drive.
-The flash drive must be inserted into your laptop as shown in
image.
2. Restart the Laptop:
-Click on Windows icon and click on Power
Option.
-Click on Restart option to restart the laptop.

3. Press and hold F2 or DEL Key to enter
BIOS setup:
Note – In the bottom of BIOS you will get these options to control the
command
(2/8)

4. Navigate to the Boot Tab:
You'll use the arrow keys to select it.
 The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options,
depending on
your computer/laptop manufacturer.
5. Navigate to the Removable Device Tab:
 Here your pen drive name might visible
 Select Removable device or connected pen drive and
press F10 Key to activate bootable command.
(3/8)

5.1 Save your settings:
 After F10 Key your laptop will restart and pen drive
will active as primary boot command.
6. Installing:
Here you will get installing window.
 Select Language
 Time Format
 Keyboard and input
And Click on Next option for further
process.
(4/8)

7. Click on Install Now Option for next
step.
8. If you are using genuine window then it will ask
you to insert alphanumeric production key.
- Insert the correct key which is bound with window
runtime and click on Next option.
(5/8)

9. In the window setup it will ask to check the window
license
terms .
Click on “I Accept the License terms” and click on Next
Select Upgrade or Custom option
(Based on Requirement)
 Upgrade – Because of this we can
use 2 windows in same laptop.
 Customer – This option will ask to
format the previous window drive or
previous installed window (Does not
matter previous window is working
fine or not)
(6/8)

10.Here we can select the partition in which window to
be
installed.
In the Down side we have multiple options like:-
1. Refresh – This will help to refresh all the partition to
check
the correct MBs availability in that partition.
2. Delete – It will use to delete the partition.
3. Format – If use want to format the partition only then
he can use this option. It will format the stored data
from the partition but partition will remaining the
same.
4. New – It helps to re-create the new partition.
5. Load Drive – This option will if we use CD to recover
the
windows.
6. Extend – This can be used to extend the partition.
(7/8)

11. Here Copying process will
start.
Once all file copied, system/Laptop
will restart automatically and will
ready to use by accessing some
stings like time, date, password
set etc.
(8/8)

Here we have three options to install windows driver:
1. Laptop brand support site
2. DPS (Driver Pack Solution)
3. Online Update
Windows Drivers Installation
Process (1/3)

1. Laptop brand support site:
We can visit to particular brand site and download
drivers from there and install in the laptop
2. DPS (Driver Pack Solution):
This is a third part tool which is available on google, we
can
download it from google.
Once installed in the laptop it check your laptop
configuration
and do check the available drivers in the system.
And based on requirement it suggests to user about latest
or
required drivers.
Process(2/3)

3. Online Update:
 Right Click on This PC/My Computer
 Click on manage and click on device manager
 Select the window default driver and press right click
and
select Update driver option there.
Process(3/3)

1. Connect the printer to your computer using the USB
cable and turn it on.
2. Open the Settings app from the Start menu.
3. Click Devices.
4. Click Add a printer or scanner.
5. If Windows detects your printer, click on the name of
the printer and follow the on-screen instructions to
finish the installation. And you're done.
Note – If it does not work, please visit to printer brand site
and
download the particular driver and install in the laptop
How to add a wired
printer

The steps to install a wireless printer may vary by
manufacturer. In general, however, modern printers today
will detect your network and automate the installation.
1.Use the printer's LCD panel to enter the wireless
setup. Setup > Wireless LAN Settings.
2. Select your Wi-Fi network. You'll need to know your
home network's SSID, which you can find by
hovering your mouse over the Wi-Fi icon in the
taskbar.
3. Enter your network password.
Note – In some cases, you might need to
temporarily connect your printer to your computer
via USB to install software. But otherwise, that's it.
You should find your printer automatically added in
the Printers & scanners section under Settings >
Devices.
How to add a wireless
printer

1. First need to set up a HomeGroup.
Windows' home networking feature called
HomeGroup automatically shares printers and
certain files with other computers on your home
network.
2. Set Up a HomeGroup
Note – Skip this step if your home network already has a
HomeGroup set up. If you're not sure, follow the steps.
1. Right-click on the wireless icon in the taskbar and select
"Open
Network and Sharing Center".
2. Click "Ready to create" next to HomeGroup. If a
HomeGroup
already exists on your network, it will say "Joined."
How to add a shared
printer

3. Click the Create a homegroup
button.
4. Click
Next.
5. Select what you want to be shared. Printers &
Devices are
shared by default.
How to add a shared
printer

6.Write down the HomeGroup password Windows
creates for you. You'll need it for each computer you
want to join the HomeGroup.
7. Click Finish.
8. Connect to a Shared Printer on the HomeGroup.
Now head to the other computer(s) on your network
to
join the HomeGroup.
1. Click Homegroup and then the Join now button in
Windows Explorer.
2. Click Next.
How to add a shared
printer

8.3. Verify what you want to share and click
Next.
8.4. Enter the password and click
Next.
8.5. Click
Finish.
How to add a shared
printer

8.6. Click Network in Windows Explorer and you
should see the shared printer installed.
How to add a shared
printer

Abbreviations
(1/3)
Abbreviation Full Form
AAC Advanced Audio Coding.
ADC Analog – to – Digital Converter
ALGOL Algorithmic Language
ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit
AMR Audio Modern Riser
APCI Application – Layer Protocol Control In formation
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATA Advanced Technology Attachment
AVC Advanced Video Coding
AVI Audio Video Interleaved
BAL Basic Assembly Language
BCD Binary Coded Decimal
BER Bit Error Rate.
BFD Binary File Descriptor.
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BiDi Bi – Directional
BIN Binary
BIOS Basic Input Output System
BIT A Binary Digit
BPS Bits Per Second
BT Bit Torrent / Bluetooth
BW Bandwidth..
CAD Computer – Aided Design
CAE Computer – Aided Engineering
CAQA Computer – Aided Quality Assurance
CC Compiler / Carbon Copy
CD Compact Disk / Change Directory
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CD-R Compact Disk – Recordable
CD-ROM Compact Disk – Read – Only Memory
CD-RW Compact Disk – Rewritable
CG Computer Graphics
CGA Colour Graphics Array
CMOS Complementary Metal – Oxide Semiconductor
CIFS Common Internet File System
CIM Common Information Model
COBOL Common Business – Oriented Language
CPU Central Processing Unit
CTR Cathode Ray Tube
DB Database
DBA Database Administrator
DBMS Database Management System
DDR Double Data Rate
DNS Domain Name System
DOS Disk Operating System
DPI Dots Per Inch
DVD Digital Versatile Disk / Digital Video Disk
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disk – Recordable

Abbreviations
(2/3)
DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disk – Read Only Memory
DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disk – Rewritable
DVI Digital Visual Interface
DVR Digital Video Recorder
EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EEPROM Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only memory
EOF End of File
EOL End of Line
EOM End of Message
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EXE Executable
FAT File Allocation Table
FDD Floppy Disk Drive
FIFO First In First Out
FS File System
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Gb Gigabit
GB Gigabyte
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GPU Graphics Processing Unit
GUI Graphical User Interface
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HTML Hypertext markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hz Hertz
IBM International Business Machines
IE Internet Explorer
I/O Input/Output
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
JS Java Script
JUG Java User Group
KB Kilobyte
Kb Kilobit
KHz Kilohertz
KBPS Kilobyte per second
LAN Local Area Network
LED Light Emitting Diode
LIFO Last In First Out
Mb Megabit
MB Megabyte
MDI Multiple Document Interface
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple Output
MIPS Million Instructions Per Second
MPEG Motion Pictures (coding) Experts Group
MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System

Abbreviations
(3/3) Abbreviation Full Form
NT New Technology
NTFS NT File System
OS Operating System
OSS Open Source Software
P2P Peer-To-Peer
PATA Parallel ATA
Pnp Plug-and-Play
POST Power-On Self Test
PSU Power Supply Unit
PPI Pixels Per Inch
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
SATA Serial ATA
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
TTS Text-to Speech
TB Terabyte
UI User Interface
UL Upload
USB Universal Serial Bus
URL Uniform Resource Locator
VBA Visual Basic for Applications
VOIP Voice Over IP
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAN Wide Area Network
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WMA Windows Media Audio
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW World Wide Web

Laptop Basic Knowledge

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Laptop Basic Knowledge

Similar to Laptop Basic Knowledge (20)

More from VIRENDRA SHARMA

More from VIRENDRA SHARMA (8)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Laptop Basic Knowledge