Sessi 7 sistem informasi manajemen

Sistem Informasi Manajemen

Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-7
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)
Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP

1
11/18/2008 PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG

Topik Pembahasan

• Konsep, Trend dan Issue
• Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
• Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi
• Strategi Sistem Informasi
• Aplikasi Sistem Informasi
• Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi

2

Konsep, Trend dan Issue

3

Mengapa Perlu Mempelajari SI?
• Getting the right information to the right people at the right time at the right
cost;
• Key to effective business processes;
• Business process change;
• The way organisations compete;
• Creation of new services, markets;
• Learning, Knowledge. E-commerce, E-Health, E-Government…

Why? How? Is it efficient? Effective?
What are the risks?
What are the skills?
4

Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi

Perubahan dalam teknologi informasi :
• Tersedianya jaringan info global, untuk
menyalurkan berbagai format info (multimedia)
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat keras dan
lunak untuk mengolah, menyimpan dan
mengirim info.
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat untuk
melakukan transformasi media yang digunakan

5

Orientasi Informasi

IT Practices
• IT for operational support
• IT for business process support
• IT for inovation support
• IT for management support

Information management practices
• Sensing information
• Collecting information
Information orientation
• Organizing information
• Processing information
• Maintaining information

Information behaviour and values
• Information integrity
• Information formality
• Information control
• Information sharing
• Information transparency
• Information proactiveness 6

SI, CBIS, dan TI
Information Systems (IS)
• involve more than just computers
• an successful application of an IS requiring an understanding of the business
and its environment that is supported by the IS
• in learning about IS, not sufficient just to learn about computers

Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)
• an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all
of its intended tasks
• may include hardware, software, database, network, procedures, or people

Information Technology (IT)
• include the hardware, databases, software, networks, and other information
devices (in narrow definition)
• usually interchangeably with information systems
• a collection of several information systems, users, and management
for an entire organization (in broad sense)

7

Isu di dalam SI

Large variety of organisation and individual information
processing needs
Fast evolving information technologies - languages
operating systems and the like
Legacy investments
Costs and resource management
Complexity ? Where is the complexity coming from ?
Maintenance, Support and Training - Leveraging systems
Design and Analysis related issues

8

Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi

9

Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -1
Information
System
Management
IS Role in
the enterprise Review IS/IT roles, don’t focus
on particular issues only

Relationship with Users’ awareness of the role of
computers determine effectiveness
other department
of relationship
Computer
Management
Managing the IS Department is managed as co-ordinated
department set of resources which are planned to
meet expected future requirements

Managing the Operations, programming,
IS/IT activities data collection, etc.

10

Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -
2
• Delivery
– Internal focus
– Improving the ability to deliver and support systems and technology
– Not necessarily providing users with what they need
• Re-orientation
– Establishing good relationship with the main business functions,
– Supporting business demands through provision of variety of services
– Provide valued service to all business functional management
• Re-organisation
– Need for redesign integration of IS investment with business strategy and across business
functions.
– Best way of satisfying each of differing business needs through coalition of responsibilities
for managing information and systems

Hirschheim Model (1988)

11

Model-2 SI Dalam Organisasi
Model Anthony (1965)
Planning Systems Sales forecasting, operating plans, capacity
planing, profit/earnings forecast, business mix
analysis, manpower planning, financial modelling

Control Systems Sales analysis, budgetary control, management accounting,
inventory management, quality analysis, expense reporting, market
research/analysis, WIP control, requirement planning, supplier analysis, etc.

Operational Order entry/processing, tracking shipping documents, vehicle scheduling/loading
Systems
invoicing, sales and purchase ledgers, cost accounting, stock control, shop floor
scheduling, bill of materials, purchase orders, receiving, employee records, payroll,
word processing, etc.

Hirarki perencanaan, pengendalian, dan sistem operasional,
12

Perbedaan DP dan MIS

TPS/DP MIS
Objectives Efficient transaction Effective problem resolution &
decision making support

Information Internal & external Internal & external transaction +
sources transaction research data

Information time Recent history, current & Historical data, current & future
frame near future
Process Algorithmic (very Sometimes need human
predefined) intervention (esp. for decision
making)

Users Operators Professionals & middle managers

Technology Mainframe/mini computers Local processing linked to
information resources
13

Strategic Information Systems

Wiseman Model (1985)
Use
(objective) Automatic basic Satisfy Affect business
processes information needs strategy
Function (efficiency) (effectiveness) (competitiveness)

Transaction and
DATA
exception
PROCESSING
processing
STRATEGIC
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Information MANAGEMENT
enquiry and INFORMATION
analysis SYSTEMS

14

Trend evolusi SI/TI
Galliers & Somogyl, (1987)
DP MIS SIS
Aspects

Computers’ Distributed process’ ‘networks’
fragmented interconnected integrated
Nature of the technology (hardware limitation software limitation people/vison limitation)

Remote from users Regulated by Available and
Nature of operations controlled by DP management supportive
services to users

Technical issues Support business Relate to
Issues in systems (programming/ users’needs business
development project managemen) information management strategy

Reducing costs Supporting the Enabling the business
Reason for using (especially business (manager) - business driven
technology administrative) – - user driven
technology driven

Regimented/ Accommodating/ Flexibility/
Characteristic of systems operational control strategic
(internal) (external)
15

Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem
Informasi

16

Lingkungan Informasi

Paper records

Paper records

Private
Management records
information External
Operational information
database

Official
Personal information
database records

Unrecorded

Lingkup memungkinkan
Total lingkungan Lingkungan yang untuk informasi yang dapat
informasi internal terotomatisasi dikelola 17

Nilai Informasi Bagi Bisnis

High
STRATEGIC HIGH POTENTIAL
Value
of
information Critical to business Potential value to
to and of greatest business may be high,
future potential value but not confirmed
strategy
Essential for core Needed for supporting
process and value enhaced Business, but little
by horizontal integration strategic value

Low KEY OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

High Low
Value of information to current strategy 18

Pertanyaan Kunci Dalam Membangun
dan Mengelola SI
• People involved…
• Many technologies….
• How do we decide what to build..? – for one person..for a dept..for
the entire organization…
• How much is it going to cost..?
• How long is it going to take….?
• How do we consider all the systems we have so far..?
• How do we maintain and upgrade…?

19

Hubungan Aplikasi SI dan Tingkatan
Manajemen

Pengolahan Informasi
Keuangan & Akunting
Perencanaan Strategis

Manajemen Puncak
Pemasaran

Personalia
Produksi
Pengendalian Manajemen

Logistik
Pengendalian Operasional

Pengolahan Transaksi

Sistem Manajemen Data base

Data base

20

Pemakai dan Penggunaan SI
Pemakai Pengunaan
Petugas Administrasi Mengerjakan transaksi, mengolah data, dan menjawab pertanyaan
Mendapatkan data operasi. Membantu perencanaan, penjadualan,
Manajer Tingkat Bawah
mengetahui situasiyag tak terkendali, dan mengambil keputusan
Informasi untuk analisis. Membantu dalam analisis, perencanaan
Staf Ahli
dan pelaporan.
Laporan tetap, Permintaan informasi khusus, Analisa khusus,
Manajemen Laporan khusus, membantu dalam mengenali persoalan dan
peluang. Membantu dalam analisis pengambilan keputusan.

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Segitiga Pengambilan Keputusan

SIM
perencanaan SIM: sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu,
Strategis & untuk menyajikan informsasi guna mendukung
pengambilan kptsan fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan
keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi.
Informasi manajemen
Untuk perencanaan taktis
Menggunakan hardware & software komputer,
Dan pengambilan keputusan prosedur, model manajemen dan keputusan,
data base.
Informasi manajemen untuk
Perencanaan operasional, pengambilan
Keputusan dan pengendalian

Pengolahan transaksi
Pemberian informasi (tanggapan atas pertanyaan)

22

Tiga Tahapan Dalam Penggunaan
Sistem Informasi

• Productivity: a measure of the
output achieved divided by
the input requirement,
something like (Output/Input)
x 100%
• Competitive Advantage: a
significant and (ideally) long-
term benefit that enables
company to perform better
than its competitors
• Quality: the ability of a
product (including services) to
meet or exceed customer
expectations 23

Aplikasi

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Type Sistem Informasi
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR
MANAGERS

MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE
MANAGERS

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS

OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL MANAGERS

SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN 25
11/18/2008MARKETING PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG RESOURCES


• Executive Support • Batch vs Online
Systems Processing
• Management Information • Sistem Informasi
Systems Fungsional
• Decision Support • Distributed Systems vs
Systems Client/Server Systems
• Knowledge Work • Enterprise Resources
Systems Planning System
• Office Automation • Dukungan Pengambilan
Systems Keputusan
• Transaction Processing • Sistem Dukungan
Systems Inteligen

26

Subsistem dari Sistem Informasi

• SI (dapat) terdiri atas
Subsistem:
– Penjualan dan pemasukan • Subsistem dibagi atas
pesanan subsistem, sebagai contoh
Personalia dan Payroll:
– Produksi
– Penyiapan data masukan
– Sediaan barang catatan personalia
– Personalia dan payroll – Penyesuaian daftar gaji
– Pembelian – Penyiapan data masukan
daftar gaji
– Perencanaan – Daftar gaji harian
– Kecerdasan lingkungan – Daftar gaji bulanan
– Laporan dafatar gaji untuk
manajemen
– Audit personalia dan dafatar
gaji
27

Data base

• Kumpulan data terdiri dari • Contoh
– File – Data base Pegawai
– Record – File: Pegawai
– Field – Record: Sukamto
– Karakter – Field: Nama, Alamat, NIP
– Character: a, b,c 1,2, dll.

28


29

Batch vs Realtime Processing

• Batch
– Pengolahan data secara tidak seketika
– Entry data dikumpulkan dalam satu file secara serial
– Ada perbedaan waktu yangcukup signifikan antara
entry dan eksekusi data
• Real Time Processing
– Entry dan eksekusi data dilakukan seketika

30

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing”
• OPERATIONAL LEVEL
• INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS
• PROCESSING: UPDATING
• OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS
• USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL

EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
11/18/2008
TPS
TPS
PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
31

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

32

Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems

• Distributed System
– Entry dan pengolahan data secara tersebar,
– Masing – masing komputer memiliki fasilitas jaringan dengan
fasilitas yang sama
• Client/Server
– Sedikitnya satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server,
sementara komputer lain yang terhubung menjadi client,
– Server menyediakan NOS,
– Aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di Server atau masing – masing
nodes
– Nodes memilii kemampuan pengolahan lokal

33

Management Information Systems -1

• MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA
• PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS
• OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS
• USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS

EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING
34

Management Information Systems -2

• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED
DECISIONS
• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED
• PAST & PRESENT DATA
• INTERNAL ORIENTATION
• LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS*

35

TPS Data For MIS Applications

TPS MIS
Order Processing SALES
DATA
System

ORDER FILE UNIT
PRODUCT
Materials Resource COST MIS REPORTS
Planning System
PRODUCT
CHANGE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
DATA
General Ledger
EXPENSE MANAGERS
System DATA

ACCOUNTING FILES MIS FILES

36

Contoh Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Dalam
Fungsi Pemasaran

Sistem Deskripsi Level Organisasi
Order Processing Entry, proses, dan track order Operasional
Identifikasi pelanggan dan
pasar menggunakan data
Analisa Pasar Knowledge
demografi, pasar, perilaku
konsumen, dan trend
Menentukan harga produk dan
Analisa Harga Manajemen
layanan
Ramalan dan Tren Penyiapan ramalan penjualan
Stratejik
Penjualan 5 tahun

37

Pendekatan Tradisional

38

Enterprise System

39

Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem
Informasi

40

Isu Di Dalam Pengelolaan TI

• Acquisition: pengadaan/penyediaan TI
– need (kebutuhan),
– resources (sumber-daya),
– time-frame (jangka waktu), dan
– design of IS (rancangan sistem informasi).
• Organization: prosedur pengelolaan,
• Motivation: sumberdaya manusia, serta
• Relationship: hubungan antara bagian Sistem
Informasi dengan bagian-bagian lain di dalam
organisasi

41

Acquisition (pengadaan TI)

Need (kebutuhan) dari:
• Size of the organization: besar kecilnya
organisasi/perusahaan yang memerlukan TI.
• Structure of the organization: struktur dari
perusahaan.
• Nature of operational: sifat dari operasional
perusahaan, misalnya organisasi pemerintah, bisnis,
dll.
• Type of informationn needed (jenis informasi yang
diperlukan),misalnya informasi mengenai keuangan,
kepegawaian, dll.

42

Strategi Sistem Informasi

43

The Role of Information Technology

Add Value
customers and markets
Wisdom

Knowledge

Business
Minimize Risks Value of Reduce Costs
market, financial, legal,
Information
Information transactions and processes
operational risks
Technology

Data

Facts Create New Realities
intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)

Gather Organize Select Synthesize Distribute
44

The Balanced of Resources has Changed

Materials

Machines Money

Four Ms Plus

Men Information

45

Strategic Systems

• Connection to supplier & customer
• Effective use of information in the value adding
process
• Enable to deliver new product/service
• Provide executive with strategic information

46

Business, IS & IT Relationship
Business Strategy
External &
External &
Internal
Internal
• Business decisions Where is the business
Factors • Objectives and direction going & why?
Factors
• Change

Economy Direction for
Supports
Society business business
Politics
Law IS Strategy
Ecology What is required?
Technology • Business based
Culture • Demand orientation
• Application focused
Stakeholders
Needs &
Infrastructure &
service priorities

IT Strategy
• Activity Based
How can it be
• Supply oriented realized?
47
• Technology focused

IT Roles in Business Process Reengineering

SIMPLIFY

INTEGRATE
ELIMINATE

AUTOMATE

48

MIT Theory of IT Evolution & Revolution

HIGH Business Scope Redefinition
Business Scope Redefinition
Degree of Business

Business Network Redesign
Business Network Redesign
Transformation

Business Process Redesign
Business Process Redesign Revolutionary

Integration
Evolutionary
Integration

Localized Exploitation
Localized Exploitation
LOW

LOW HIGH
Range of Potential Benefits

49

Internal Evolution of Information Technology

FUNCTIONAL USE MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the ORGANIZATIONAL
5 People Systems, Home Consumer EFFECTIVENESS
Computers
4 5 Restructuring of the
Industry
Enhancing Executive 4 Restructuring of the
MAKE MONEY
Decision Making Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
4 Mega Decisions
3 Market Share
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
2 Asset Management
Services
Reducing Costs 1 Process Management
1 Administrative

50

Nature of IT Center

Cost Profit
Center Center

I/T

Investment Service
Center Center

51

IT Benefits Measurement

Better Information Staff Reduction
TANGIBLE

HIGH Improved Security Lower Assets
Lower Risk More Sales

Market Reaction Faster Information
LOW Access to New Staff Positive Staff Reaction

LOW HIGH

MEASURABLE
52

IT and Business Alignment

Vision Mission Value

Objectives

Critical Success Factors

Key Performance Indicators

Business Strategy I/T Strategy

Business Process and Tactical Procedures

DAY-TO-DAY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES
53

Boeing Strategic Architecture

Business Process What business
Architecture processes
should be used?
drives
What
Information Standards information is
Architecture needed to
Product Groups accomplish
prescribes those processes?
Information Services
How are the
Information System processes and
Architecture information
related?
identifies
How is the
Data Architecture data
managed?
Feedback support by
Which hardware,
Delivery System Architecture software, and
Hardware, Software, Communications network are required? 54

Information System Strategic Planning

ANALYSIS PROCESS
INPUT BLUE PRINT
& P
K A
INTERNAL R R THREE DOMAINS
O T
Corporate History Information System
W N
Requirements
Business Plan T E
TECHNOLOGY
ORGANIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE Information Technology
Existing Information R
E STRUCTURE Supply
Technology
COMPANY S Information Management
Constraints and Opportunities ASSETS
N COMPANY Strategy
Strength and Weakness GEOGRAPHICAL FINANCIAL
TOPOLOGY VISION
RESOURCES
MISSION
Approach and Methodology CSFs STRATEGIC PLANNING
KPIs
BUSINESS STRATEGY List of Scenarios
EXTERNAL PROCESS
CULTURE Risk Management
PROCEDURES
Industry Trend PEOPLE
POLICIES Cost/Benefit Analysis
Information Technology STANDARD
Technical Design
Development
VALUE
LEGAL Project Management
S
Competitor Analysis ASPECT
H S Priorities Level and Schedule
Benchmarking A
R
R Implementation Plan
Best Practice E
E D
H L
O Human Resource Skills and
Competencies
Requirements
Macro Environment Change Management
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social
and Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
55

New Type of Corporation

KNOWLEDGE COMPANY

Demand-Chain •Market Strategy •Customer Management
Components •Product Design •Value Network Management
•Marketing

•E-Catalogues •E-Forms •E-Bulleting Boards
Application •ERP •WWW •Chat Rooms
Enablers •Email •EDI •Financial EDI
•E-Collaboration •Electronic Funds

•Value-Added Networks •Wide Area Networks
Technology •Internet •E-Marketplaces
Vehicles •Extranet •Intranet
•Web TV •Private Network

•Procure •Transportation
•Inbound Logistics •Distribute
Supply-Chain
•Manufacturing •Delivery
Components
•Customer

56
11/18/2008 PHYSICAL COMPANY
PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG

Success Indicators

1. New Business (products/services)
2. New Market (customers)
3. New Revenue (business model)
4. New Company (business transformation)
5. New Image (business community)
6. New Wealth (paradigm shift)
Etc.

Key Points:
• From “nothing” to “existing”
• From “existing” to “creating”
• From “creating” to “improving”
• From “improving” to “growing”
• From “growing” to “performing”

57

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