1. © 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e
Raymond McLeod and George Schell
1
Management
Information Systems,
10/e
Raymond McLeod and George
Schell

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
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Chapter 4
System Users and Developers

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Learning Objectives
► Know that the organizational content for systems
development and use is changing from a physical
to a virtual structure.
► Know who the information specialists are and how
they can be integrated into an information services
organization.
► Be alert to new directions that the information
services organization may take.

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Learning Objectives (Cont’d)
►Understand what is meant by “end-user
computing” and why it came about.
►Appreciate that users, especially those with
an end-user computing capability, are a
valuable information resource.
►Know the benefits and risks of end-user
computing.

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Learning Objectives (Cont’d)
► Be aware of the types of knowledge and skill that
are important to systems development.
► Appreciate the value of managing the knowledge
held by information specialists and users.
► Recognize the benefits and risks of the virtual
office and the virtual organization.

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Figure 4.1 Information Systems
Support for the Organization

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Information Services (IS)
Organization
►Information resources
►Information specialists
 System analysts
 Database administrators
 Webmasters
 Network specialists
 Programmers
 Operators

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IS Organizational Structure
►Trend from centralized to decentralized
structure.
 Divisional information officer (DIO)
►Innovative
 Partner model
 Platform model
 Scalable model

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Figure 4.3 A Network Model of
Information Services Organization

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Network Model (Cont’d)
►Visioning network enables the CIO to
work with top mgmt. in strategic planning
for information resources.
►Innovation network is used by the CIO to
interface with business areas so that
innovations can be developed.
►Sourcing network is utilized to interface
with vendor for acquiring information
resources.

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End-user Computing
►End-user computing (EUC) is the
development by users of all or parts of their
information systems.
►EUC has 4 main influences:
 The impact of computer education.
 The information services backlog.
 Low-cost hardware.
 Prewritten software.

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Benefits of EUC
►Match capabilities and challenges.
►Reduce the communication gap.

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Risks of EUC
►Poorly targeted systems.
►Poorly designed & documented systems.
►Inefficient use of information resources.
►Loss of data integrity.
►Loss of security.
►Loss of control.

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Education Criteria, Knowledge, &
Skills Needed for IS Careers
► Systems development knowledge
 Computer literacy
 Information literacy
 Business fundamentals
 Systems theory
 Systems development process
 Systems life cycle (SLC) & Systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
 Systems modeling

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Table 4.1 Knowledge Requirements

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Education Criteria, …(Cont’d)
►Systems development skills
 Communications skills
 Analytical ability
 Creativity
 Leadership

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Table 4.2 Skills Requirement

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Managing the Knowledge
►Office automation includes all of the
formal & informal electronic systems
primarily concerned with the communication
of information to and from persons both
inside and outside the firm.
►Shift from clerical to mangerial problem
solving.

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Virtual Office
►Telecommuting describes how employees
could electronically “commute” to work.
►Hoteling is when the firm provides a
central facility that can be shared by
employees as the need for office space and
support arises.

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Virtual Office (Cont’d)
►Advantages
 Reduced facility cost.
 Reduced equipment cost.
 Reduced work stoppages.
 Social contribution.
►Disadvantages
 Low morale.
 Fear of security risks.

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Virtual Organization
►Three I Economy is those industries that
are most attracted to the concept of the
virtual office & the virtual organization and
those that add value in the form of
information, ideas, and intelligence.

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The Human Element
►Most important ingredient in the
development & use of information systems.
►Main players
 Users
 Information specialists