This document contains a sample lab report on calibrating an orifice meter. The report includes an abstract stating the objectives were to verify equations for predicting discharge, measure how the orifice coefficient depends on Reynolds number, and determine uncertainty in measured coefficients. The results section shows graphs comparing the measured discharge-pressure relationship to those predicted by equations, with good agreement between the measured and calibration equation values but increasing errors for the fundamental equation at lower pressures. Measured orifice coefficients ranged from 0.784 to 0.710 with increasing Reynolds number.
This document discusses analytical chemistry and instrumentation methods. It introduces analytical chemistry as determining the chemical composition of samples through qualitative and quantitative analysis. It then describes common analytical approaches, including identifying problems, designing experiments, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and proposing solutions. The document outlines classical and instrumental analytical methods and key considerations for selecting methods. It also defines important figures of merit for methods and discusses calibration techniques like external standards, standard additions, and internal standards.
This document provides guidelines and templates for designing an experiment for an IB Extended Essay in Sciences. It instructs students to state a clear research question and hypothesis, define the independent and dependent variables, control for confounding variables, develop a method for collecting sufficient and relevant data, and process the data for analysis. Tables are provided to help students document the independent variable levels, dependent variable measurements, and controlled variables for their experimental design.
This document discusses sources of errors in quantitative analysis and methods to minimize errors. It defines:
1) Systematic errors which can affect results consistently, including personal, operational, instrumental, methodical, and additive/proportional errors.
2) Random errors due to limitations of instruments or observations. These can be minimized but not eliminated.
3) Methods to reduce errors including calibration, blanks, independent methods, and standard additions.
4) Expressing errors as absolute or relative values. Precision refers to agreement of repeated measurements while accuracy reflects agreement with true values.
The document provides an introduction to estimating measurement uncertainty. It defines key terms like uncertainty, measurand, and error. It discusses the importance of determining measurement uncertainty when analyzing variables in samples, like the level of heavy metals in water. Proper uncertainty analysis allows one to report a range within which the true value lies, rather than a single value. The document outlines sources of uncertainty and different ways to calculate combined standard uncertainty, including through statistical analysis of repeated measurements or consideration of factors like instrument calibration. Examples are provided for estimating uncertainty in volumetric operations, weighing, and instrumental quantification.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in top-down approaches for evaluating measurement uncertainty in testing laboratories. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional bottom-up GUM method and introduces several top-down methods including those based on precision, accuracy and trueness using quality control data; control chart methods; the use of validation data and reference materials; and experience-based models like Horwitz's equation. The document provides details on how measurement uncertainty is estimated using these various top-down approaches.
Calibration establishes the relationship between instrument measurements and known standard values through a series of steps. Key aspects of calibration include identifying instruments and sources, following calibration procedures, documenting results, accounting for sources of error, and ensuring traceability to national standards. Calibration procedures vary based on instrument type, but generally involve evaluating instrument performance, establishing calibration curves using certified reference materials at multiple concentration levels, and quantifying samples based on the calibration curves.
Relation between Area of Opening and Range of Splash of Testing Fluid during ...ijtsrd
Determination of relations between various variables is necessary while designing any experiment. Various methods may be employed depending on the availability of resources at the experimental setup. However, while the experiment is being designed, it is equally important that the same is backed by theoretical formulae. If not derived or proved already, new ones can definitely be derived using first principles. In this study, a relation between the area of opening and range of splash shall be derived. The aim of this relation shall be to get a basic comprehension of the variation in parameters in relation to the range of splash of testing fluid. The concepts of range of splash and area of opening shall be reported at the initial stage. The area of opening shall then be determined using the method of integration considering variables involved in the formulation. On obtaining an expression, a relation between the area of opening and the range of splash shall be derived. Towards the end a conclusion shall be drawn reporting the proportional relations between the variables. Gourav Vivek Kulkarni "Relation between Area of Opening and Range of Splash of Testing Fluid during Hydro Testing of Knife Gate Valve" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35781.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/35781/relation-between-area-of-opening-and-range-of-splash-of-testing-fluid-during-hydro-testing-of-knife-gate-valve/gourav-vivek-kulkarni
This document discusses analytical chemistry and instrumentation methods. It introduces analytical chemistry as determining the chemical composition of samples through qualitative and quantitative analysis. It then describes common analytical approaches, including identifying problems, designing experiments, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and proposing solutions. The document outlines classical and instrumental analytical methods and key considerations for selecting methods. It also defines important figures of merit for methods and discusses calibration techniques like external standards, standard additions, and internal standards.
This document provides guidelines and templates for designing an experiment for an IB Extended Essay in Sciences. It instructs students to state a clear research question and hypothesis, define the independent and dependent variables, control for confounding variables, develop a method for collecting sufficient and relevant data, and process the data for analysis. Tables are provided to help students document the independent variable levels, dependent variable measurements, and controlled variables for their experimental design.
This document discusses sources of errors in quantitative analysis and methods to minimize errors. It defines:
1) Systematic errors which can affect results consistently, including personal, operational, instrumental, methodical, and additive/proportional errors.
2) Random errors due to limitations of instruments or observations. These can be minimized but not eliminated.
3) Methods to reduce errors including calibration, blanks, independent methods, and standard additions.
4) Expressing errors as absolute or relative values. Precision refers to agreement of repeated measurements while accuracy reflects agreement with true values.
The document provides an introduction to estimating measurement uncertainty. It defines key terms like uncertainty, measurand, and error. It discusses the importance of determining measurement uncertainty when analyzing variables in samples, like the level of heavy metals in water. Proper uncertainty analysis allows one to report a range within which the true value lies, rather than a single value. The document outlines sources of uncertainty and different ways to calculate combined standard uncertainty, including through statistical analysis of repeated measurements or consideration of factors like instrument calibration. Examples are provided for estimating uncertainty in volumetric operations, weighing, and instrumental quantification.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in top-down approaches for evaluating measurement uncertainty in testing laboratories. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional bottom-up GUM method and introduces several top-down methods including those based on precision, accuracy and trueness using quality control data; control chart methods; the use of validation data and reference materials; and experience-based models like Horwitz's equation. The document provides details on how measurement uncertainty is estimated using these various top-down approaches.
Calibration establishes the relationship between instrument measurements and known standard values through a series of steps. Key aspects of calibration include identifying instruments and sources, following calibration procedures, documenting results, accounting for sources of error, and ensuring traceability to national standards. Calibration procedures vary based on instrument type, but generally involve evaluating instrument performance, establishing calibration curves using certified reference materials at multiple concentration levels, and quantifying samples based on the calibration curves.
Relation between Area of Opening and Range of Splash of Testing Fluid during ...ijtsrd
Determination of relations between various variables is necessary while designing any experiment. Various methods may be employed depending on the availability of resources at the experimental setup. However, while the experiment is being designed, it is equally important that the same is backed by theoretical formulae. If not derived or proved already, new ones can definitely be derived using first principles. In this study, a relation between the area of opening and range of splash shall be derived. The aim of this relation shall be to get a basic comprehension of the variation in parameters in relation to the range of splash of testing fluid. The concepts of range of splash and area of opening shall be reported at the initial stage. The area of opening shall then be determined using the method of integration considering variables involved in the formulation. On obtaining an expression, a relation between the area of opening and the range of splash shall be derived. Towards the end a conclusion shall be drawn reporting the proportional relations between the variables. Gourav Vivek Kulkarni "Relation between Area of Opening and Range of Splash of Testing Fluid during Hydro Testing of Knife Gate Valve" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35781.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/35781/relation-between-area-of-opening-and-range-of-splash-of-testing-fluid-during-hydro-testing-of-knife-gate-valve/gourav-vivek-kulkarni
- Precision refers to how closely repeated measurements are clustered together, while accuracy describes how close measurements are to the true value. There are various ways to express accuracy and precision numerically.
- Accuracy can be expressed as absolute error or relative error compared to the true value. Precision can be expressed using values like standard deviation, deviation from the mean/median, and range.
- Errors can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are consistent and can be avoided, while indeterminate errors follow a normal distribution and cannot be eliminated. Statistical analysis is needed to understand random error.
1) The document provides guidance for writing a good lab report for an Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) Internal Assessment. It outlines the key sections that should be included in a planning lab report such as the aim, introduction, research question, hypothesis, variables, materials, procedure, references, and raw data.
2) It emphasizes defining a clear and focused problem by stating a specific research question and hypothesis. It also stresses the importance of properly controlling variables and describing how they will be controlled in the experiment.
3) Checklists are provided to help students ensure their planning lab report addresses defining the problem, selecting variables, and controlling variables appropriately. The document aims to guide students in writing a well-structured lab
This document discusses different types of errors that can occur in measurements and experiments. It outlines gross errors which are due to blunders, computational mistakes, or chaotic errors. Systematic errors include constructional errors in instruments, determination errors from adjustments, and environmental errors. Random errors cannot be predicted and are due to factors like noise or fatigue. The document provides examples of each type of error and their sources to help understand measurement limitations and improve experimental design.
Detailed illustration of MSA procedures both for Variable and attribute, Analysis of results and planning for MSA. Complete guidance for planning and implementation of MSA.
This document discusses concepts in statistical analysis and errors in chemical analysis. It defines key statistical terms like mean, median, population, sample, precision, accuracy, systematic errors, random errors, range, and standard deviation. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the mean, median, and standard deviation of data sets. The document outlines objectives to gain understanding of statistical concepts and apply them to analytical chemistry. It also assigns practice problems calculating statistical values from data sets and performing operations while observing significant figures.
This document discusses kappa statistics, which measure interrater reliability beyond chance agreement. Kappa statistics are useful when multiple raters are interpreting subjective data, such as radiology images. The kappa statistic formula calculates observed agreement between raters compared to expected chance agreement. Examples show how to calculate kappa when two raters are assessing whether a biomarker is present or absent in samples. Confidence intervals for kappa are determined using 1.96 as a constant to generate a 95% confidence level.
Csavina: Uncertainty in an uncertain world: Using scientific judgment for ev...questRCN
This document discusses the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), which collects ecological and climate data across the United States. NEON aims to collect consistent measurements over 30 years from 106 sites across 20 eco-climate domains. To ensure consistency, NEON calibrates over 12,000 sensors annually in its in-house Calibration, Validation and Audit Laboratory. Uncertainty is quantified and used to assess sensor and measurement quality, identify issues, and inform the accuracy of NEON's data. Maintaining high measurement quality and understanding uncertainty is crucial for NEON to achieve its goal of long-term ecological monitoring.
The comparison of measuring equipment against a standard instrument of higher accuracy is known as calibration. It is performed to detect, correlate, adjust, rectify and document
the accuracy of the equipment under test. Periodic calibrations are required to detect and correct the error. Periodic calibrations are an integral part of any quality system.
This document discusses measurement system analysis (MSA) and gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) studies. MSA is used to evaluate different aspects of a measurement system like bias, linearity, stability, repeatability and reproducibility. R&R studies focus specifically on repeatability and reproducibility. Key terms are defined, including bias, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, linearity, attribute R&R parameters like effectiveness, misses, false alarms, and bias, and how to analyze variable measurement data using analysis of variance. Guidelines for acceptable levels of R&R parameters are also provided.
Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for AttributesParth Desani
This document discusses acceptance sampling for attributes, including lot-by-lot sampling. It covers single sampling plans, the operating characteristic curve, designing sampling plans, and Military Standard 105E/ANSI Z1.4, the most widely used sampling standard. MS 105E uses acceptable quality levels and inspection levels to determine sampling plans from tables for single, double, or multiple sampling. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) studies, which are used to assess the reliability of measurement systems. It defines GR&R as a technique that uses analysis of variance to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a measurement process. Repeatability refers to a gauge's ability to provide consistent results, while reproducibility captures variability from operators. The document outlines the benefits of GR&R studies, such as improving process understanding and identifying problems. It also provides examples of how to plan and conduct a proper GR&R study in five steps.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective lab report, outlining the typical components and purpose of each section. It describes that a lab report should document findings, communicate their significance, and demonstrate comprehension of the underlying concepts. The key components typically include a title page, abstract, introduction, methods, procedures, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. The introduction states the objectives and provides background, while the discussion analyzes and interprets the results in relation to the objectives and expectations. The conclusion states what is now known as a result of the experiment.
C125C126 FORMAL LAB REPORTFORMAL LAB REPORT, GeneralA f.docxclairbycraft
C125/C126 FORMAL LAB REPORT
FORMAL LAB REPORT, General
A formal lab report is required in conjunction with some of the experiments in each chemistry course. It is your chance to demonstrate to your professor or TA how well you understand the experiment and the chemical principles involved. A formal report is different than a term paper. It should be written in a scientific style, which is not the same style used for English or philosophy papers.
The keys to effective technical writing are organization, brevity, clarity, and an appreciation of the needs of the reader. You must write clearly and be thorough, but concise. Do not ramble. The best way to avoid rambling is to first prepare an outline of the report and stick to it. Always use complete sentences. Bulleted lists are okay in a lab notebook but are unacceptable in a formal report. Formal reports must be typed. Use 1.5 line spacing, 1-inch margins, 12 pt font and 8.5x11 inch paper. Only use third person, past tense. Also, proofread well.
The general structure of a formal lab report follows that of a scientific paper. It is:
Title and Author (s)
Introduction
Experimental Information
Data and Calculation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Results and discussion sections are combined into one single section. Different instructors may have specific formats that they want you to follow. You should always defer to the instructions given to you by your course. Presented here are general guidelines for writing formal lab reports and scientific papers.
Before writing your first report, visit the library and examine several journal articles. Pay close attention to the style of the prose and the contents of each particular section. Several common journals to investigate are:
The Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Initialed and dated laboratory notebook pages of the experiment must be submitted. While report sheets may be a joint effort, formal reports must be individually written. A schedule of reports and dates on which they are due is given in the course laboratory schedule. We highly recommend that reports be completed prior to the day of submission to allow time to proofread, and thus avoiding loss of points due to last minute problems. Lost data or the inability to print reports is not acceptable excuses for incomplete or missing reports. You will be informed when notebook pages will be collected before the report is due.
FORMAL LAB REPORT - Title and Author(s)
State the title of the experiment, your name, the date and your laboratory section number, if applicable. Also state the name of your lab partner(s). This information should be at the top of the first page.
FORMAL LAB REPORT – Introduction
The Introduction states the purpose of the study and introduces the reader with new ideas and topics. It also provides any background necessary to acquaint the read.
This document provides guidelines for writing effective engineering reports. It discusses the key components of an engineering report, including the title, abstract, introduction, theory and analysis, experimental procedures, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendix. It recommends organizing the report with these main sections and using headings to break up long reports. The document also provides tips for report style, mechanics, graphs, and conclusions.
This document provides guidelines for writing effective engineering reports. It discusses the key components of an engineering report, including the title, abstract, introduction, theory and analysis, experimental procedures, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendix. It recommends organizing the report with these main sections and using headings to break up the content. The document also provides tips for report style, mechanics, graphs, and conclusions.
Running Head Title1Title3TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
3
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab.
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the Final Lab Report and make changes as necessary.
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through Turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
This document discusses sources of uncertainty in common in-situ geotechnical tests, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), vane shear test, dilatometer test, and pressuremeter test. It reviews previous studies on test uncertainties and aims to quantify the overall uncertainty for each test method. The key sources of uncertainty are equipment variables, operator/procedural effects, and random measurement errors. Through analysis of prior data, it estimates coefficient of variations for test uncertainties, finding values ranging from around 15% for ideal SPT conditions to over 100% for poor SPT practices. The document provides uncertainty estimates for each test to distinguish between test variability and natural soil variability
Running Head Title1Title4TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
4
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the final lab report and make changes as necessary
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
LamiaFinal data ( results).docx1- label all lanes, label ma.docxDIPESH30
Lamia/Final data ( results).docx
1- label all lanes, label marker sizes, and indicate which three lanes, containing at least one BSA sample and one E. coli sample, you are writing about.
2- lanes 2, 5, 6, 9, and 11 are BSA, lanes 14 and 15 are empty, and lanes 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 13 are E. coli.
Lamia/Graphing page.pdf
Lamia/Guidelines.doc
Biology 105 Laboratory Fall 2013
Instructor: Ayça Akal-Strader
Guidelines for Lab Report
Lab 2: Quantification of Protein (Bradford Assay)
Your report for Lab 2: Quantification of Protein (Bradford Assay) is due the week of October 7/8/9/10. Please include the following information in your report:
Hypothesis: as usual
Introduction:
• Background/theory of Bradford Assay
• Purpose of the experiment
Results:
In addition to the specific data discussed below, your Results section should always include one or more paragraphs of text that provide:
• A brief description of the procedure
• Explanations of any charts, graphs, figures, or calculations that are included
• Statements about the most interesting/noteworthy data
Data:
1. Table of measured absorbances (like Table 2 on p. 31).
2. Table showing protein concentrations of unknowns (like Table 3 on p. 31). Say which unknowns—1, 2, or both—you used.
**Please re-make the tables for your report. DO NOT simply tear out p. 31 from your lab manual and staple it to your report.
3. Standard Curve:
• Label with title and caption
• Label axes: x-axis = Concentration (μg/ml); y-axis = Absorbance at 595 nm. Be sure to include units on Concentration. Remember that absorbance (optical density; OD) has no units.
• Plot points, leaving room to plug in your unknown absorbances to find their concentrations
• Connect the dots
(Note: Do NOT draw a straight line—unless your data really looks like a straight line. The samples we measured did not fall into the “linear range” of the spectrophotometer, and everyone’s data that I saw flattened out a lot at the high concentration end of the range. Connect your data points with a curve.)
• Indicate by drawing horizontal and vertical lines how you found the concentration of your unknowns.
Discussion:
• Did your results match your expectations? If not, why not?
• Did you have any difficulty finding the concentration of any of your unknowns?
• Do you think your measurement of protein concentration was accurate? Did your duplicates agree well? For your standards, did your absorbances increase as your protein concentrations increased?
Conclusion: as usual
Lab Report Rewrites
You may rewrite TWO of your first FIVE lab reports in an effort to improve your grade.
You do not need to rewrite the entire report; just fix the problems that caused you to lose points the first time around.
You MUST hand in the original version of your report along with your corrected version. If you do not have the original attached, we will not accept your rewrite.
Your final grade on the rewritten report will be ...
This document provides guidance on how to write up a chemistry experiment or project. It outlines the key sections that should be included such as developing a research question, describing the methodology and procedure, collecting and recording data, analyzing results through calculations and/or graphs, and stating conclusions. Safety considerations and identifying sources of error are also important aspects of the write up. The document uses examples of investigating the rate of a reaction to illustrate how to label variables, construct tables and graphs, and discuss findings. Proper formatting of references is also addressed.
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORTPrelab Before coming to the lab.docxShiraPrater50
This document discusses the challenges in diagnosing bipolar disorder in children. It begins by noting that while diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has improved, there is still no consensus on the symptoms of mania or hypomania in children. Some key challenges identified are that symptoms may present differently in children compared to adults, with irritability more common than elation. Additionally, different studies use varying methods and criteria to define and measure symptoms. The document aims to investigate whether the clinical presentation of hypomania changes between children/adolescents and adults by reviewing literature that directly compares symptoms across age groups. It outlines the search strategy and criteria for relevant peer-reviewed studies between 1980-2016. The conclusion will analyze and compare symptom
- Precision refers to how closely repeated measurements are clustered together, while accuracy describes how close measurements are to the true value. There are various ways to express accuracy and precision numerically.
- Accuracy can be expressed as absolute error or relative error compared to the true value. Precision can be expressed using values like standard deviation, deviation from the mean/median, and range.
- Errors can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are consistent and can be avoided, while indeterminate errors follow a normal distribution and cannot be eliminated. Statistical analysis is needed to understand random error.
1) The document provides guidance for writing a good lab report for an Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) Internal Assessment. It outlines the key sections that should be included in a planning lab report such as the aim, introduction, research question, hypothesis, variables, materials, procedure, references, and raw data.
2) It emphasizes defining a clear and focused problem by stating a specific research question and hypothesis. It also stresses the importance of properly controlling variables and describing how they will be controlled in the experiment.
3) Checklists are provided to help students ensure their planning lab report addresses defining the problem, selecting variables, and controlling variables appropriately. The document aims to guide students in writing a well-structured lab
This document discusses different types of errors that can occur in measurements and experiments. It outlines gross errors which are due to blunders, computational mistakes, or chaotic errors. Systematic errors include constructional errors in instruments, determination errors from adjustments, and environmental errors. Random errors cannot be predicted and are due to factors like noise or fatigue. The document provides examples of each type of error and their sources to help understand measurement limitations and improve experimental design.
Detailed illustration of MSA procedures both for Variable and attribute, Analysis of results and planning for MSA. Complete guidance for planning and implementation of MSA.
This document discusses concepts in statistical analysis and errors in chemical analysis. It defines key statistical terms like mean, median, population, sample, precision, accuracy, systematic errors, random errors, range, and standard deviation. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the mean, median, and standard deviation of data sets. The document outlines objectives to gain understanding of statistical concepts and apply them to analytical chemistry. It also assigns practice problems calculating statistical values from data sets and performing operations while observing significant figures.
This document discusses kappa statistics, which measure interrater reliability beyond chance agreement. Kappa statistics are useful when multiple raters are interpreting subjective data, such as radiology images. The kappa statistic formula calculates observed agreement between raters compared to expected chance agreement. Examples show how to calculate kappa when two raters are assessing whether a biomarker is present or absent in samples. Confidence intervals for kappa are determined using 1.96 as a constant to generate a 95% confidence level.
Csavina: Uncertainty in an uncertain world: Using scientific judgment for ev...questRCN
This document discusses the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), which collects ecological and climate data across the United States. NEON aims to collect consistent measurements over 30 years from 106 sites across 20 eco-climate domains. To ensure consistency, NEON calibrates over 12,000 sensors annually in its in-house Calibration, Validation and Audit Laboratory. Uncertainty is quantified and used to assess sensor and measurement quality, identify issues, and inform the accuracy of NEON's data. Maintaining high measurement quality and understanding uncertainty is crucial for NEON to achieve its goal of long-term ecological monitoring.
The comparison of measuring equipment against a standard instrument of higher accuracy is known as calibration. It is performed to detect, correlate, adjust, rectify and document
the accuracy of the equipment under test. Periodic calibrations are required to detect and correct the error. Periodic calibrations are an integral part of any quality system.
This document discusses measurement system analysis (MSA) and gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) studies. MSA is used to evaluate different aspects of a measurement system like bias, linearity, stability, repeatability and reproducibility. R&R studies focus specifically on repeatability and reproducibility. Key terms are defined, including bias, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, linearity, attribute R&R parameters like effectiveness, misses, false alarms, and bias, and how to analyze variable measurement data using analysis of variance. Guidelines for acceptable levels of R&R parameters are also provided.
Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for AttributesParth Desani
This document discusses acceptance sampling for attributes, including lot-by-lot sampling. It covers single sampling plans, the operating characteristic curve, designing sampling plans, and Military Standard 105E/ANSI Z1.4, the most widely used sampling standard. MS 105E uses acceptable quality levels and inspection levels to determine sampling plans from tables for single, double, or multiple sampling. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) studies, which are used to assess the reliability of measurement systems. It defines GR&R as a technique that uses analysis of variance to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a measurement process. Repeatability refers to a gauge's ability to provide consistent results, while reproducibility captures variability from operators. The document outlines the benefits of GR&R studies, such as improving process understanding and identifying problems. It also provides examples of how to plan and conduct a proper GR&R study in five steps.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective lab report, outlining the typical components and purpose of each section. It describes that a lab report should document findings, communicate their significance, and demonstrate comprehension of the underlying concepts. The key components typically include a title page, abstract, introduction, methods, procedures, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. The introduction states the objectives and provides background, while the discussion analyzes and interprets the results in relation to the objectives and expectations. The conclusion states what is now known as a result of the experiment.
C125C126 FORMAL LAB REPORTFORMAL LAB REPORT, GeneralA f.docxclairbycraft
C125/C126 FORMAL LAB REPORT
FORMAL LAB REPORT, General
A formal lab report is required in conjunction with some of the experiments in each chemistry course. It is your chance to demonstrate to your professor or TA how well you understand the experiment and the chemical principles involved. A formal report is different than a term paper. It should be written in a scientific style, which is not the same style used for English or philosophy papers.
The keys to effective technical writing are organization, brevity, clarity, and an appreciation of the needs of the reader. You must write clearly and be thorough, but concise. Do not ramble. The best way to avoid rambling is to first prepare an outline of the report and stick to it. Always use complete sentences. Bulleted lists are okay in a lab notebook but are unacceptable in a formal report. Formal reports must be typed. Use 1.5 line spacing, 1-inch margins, 12 pt font and 8.5x11 inch paper. Only use third person, past tense. Also, proofread well.
The general structure of a formal lab report follows that of a scientific paper. It is:
Title and Author (s)
Introduction
Experimental Information
Data and Calculation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Results and discussion sections are combined into one single section. Different instructors may have specific formats that they want you to follow. You should always defer to the instructions given to you by your course. Presented here are general guidelines for writing formal lab reports and scientific papers.
Before writing your first report, visit the library and examine several journal articles. Pay close attention to the style of the prose and the contents of each particular section. Several common journals to investigate are:
The Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Initialed and dated laboratory notebook pages of the experiment must be submitted. While report sheets may be a joint effort, formal reports must be individually written. A schedule of reports and dates on which they are due is given in the course laboratory schedule. We highly recommend that reports be completed prior to the day of submission to allow time to proofread, and thus avoiding loss of points due to last minute problems. Lost data or the inability to print reports is not acceptable excuses for incomplete or missing reports. You will be informed when notebook pages will be collected before the report is due.
FORMAL LAB REPORT - Title and Author(s)
State the title of the experiment, your name, the date and your laboratory section number, if applicable. Also state the name of your lab partner(s). This information should be at the top of the first page.
FORMAL LAB REPORT – Introduction
The Introduction states the purpose of the study and introduces the reader with new ideas and topics. It also provides any background necessary to acquaint the read.
This document provides guidelines for writing effective engineering reports. It discusses the key components of an engineering report, including the title, abstract, introduction, theory and analysis, experimental procedures, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendix. It recommends organizing the report with these main sections and using headings to break up long reports. The document also provides tips for report style, mechanics, graphs, and conclusions.
This document provides guidelines for writing effective engineering reports. It discusses the key components of an engineering report, including the title, abstract, introduction, theory and analysis, experimental procedures, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendix. It recommends organizing the report with these main sections and using headings to break up the content. The document also provides tips for report style, mechanics, graphs, and conclusions.
Running Head Title1Title3TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
3
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab.
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the Final Lab Report and make changes as necessary.
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through Turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
This document discusses sources of uncertainty in common in-situ geotechnical tests, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), vane shear test, dilatometer test, and pressuremeter test. It reviews previous studies on test uncertainties and aims to quantify the overall uncertainty for each test method. The key sources of uncertainty are equipment variables, operator/procedural effects, and random measurement errors. Through analysis of prior data, it estimates coefficient of variations for test uncertainties, finding values ranging from around 15% for ideal SPT conditions to over 100% for poor SPT practices. The document provides uncertainty estimates for each test to distinguish between test variability and natural soil variability
Running Head Title1Title4TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
4
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the final lab report and make changes as necessary
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
LamiaFinal data ( results).docx1- label all lanes, label ma.docxDIPESH30
Lamia/Final data ( results).docx
1- label all lanes, label marker sizes, and indicate which three lanes, containing at least one BSA sample and one E. coli sample, you are writing about.
2- lanes 2, 5, 6, 9, and 11 are BSA, lanes 14 and 15 are empty, and lanes 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 13 are E. coli.
Lamia/Graphing page.pdf
Lamia/Guidelines.doc
Biology 105 Laboratory Fall 2013
Instructor: Ayça Akal-Strader
Guidelines for Lab Report
Lab 2: Quantification of Protein (Bradford Assay)
Your report for Lab 2: Quantification of Protein (Bradford Assay) is due the week of October 7/8/9/10. Please include the following information in your report:
Hypothesis: as usual
Introduction:
• Background/theory of Bradford Assay
• Purpose of the experiment
Results:
In addition to the specific data discussed below, your Results section should always include one or more paragraphs of text that provide:
• A brief description of the procedure
• Explanations of any charts, graphs, figures, or calculations that are included
• Statements about the most interesting/noteworthy data
Data:
1. Table of measured absorbances (like Table 2 on p. 31).
2. Table showing protein concentrations of unknowns (like Table 3 on p. 31). Say which unknowns—1, 2, or both—you used.
**Please re-make the tables for your report. DO NOT simply tear out p. 31 from your lab manual and staple it to your report.
3. Standard Curve:
• Label with title and caption
• Label axes: x-axis = Concentration (μg/ml); y-axis = Absorbance at 595 nm. Be sure to include units on Concentration. Remember that absorbance (optical density; OD) has no units.
• Plot points, leaving room to plug in your unknown absorbances to find their concentrations
• Connect the dots
(Note: Do NOT draw a straight line—unless your data really looks like a straight line. The samples we measured did not fall into the “linear range” of the spectrophotometer, and everyone’s data that I saw flattened out a lot at the high concentration end of the range. Connect your data points with a curve.)
• Indicate by drawing horizontal and vertical lines how you found the concentration of your unknowns.
Discussion:
• Did your results match your expectations? If not, why not?
• Did you have any difficulty finding the concentration of any of your unknowns?
• Do you think your measurement of protein concentration was accurate? Did your duplicates agree well? For your standards, did your absorbances increase as your protein concentrations increased?
Conclusion: as usual
Lab Report Rewrites
You may rewrite TWO of your first FIVE lab reports in an effort to improve your grade.
You do not need to rewrite the entire report; just fix the problems that caused you to lose points the first time around.
You MUST hand in the original version of your report along with your corrected version. If you do not have the original attached, we will not accept your rewrite.
Your final grade on the rewritten report will be ...
This document provides guidance on how to write up a chemistry experiment or project. It outlines the key sections that should be included such as developing a research question, describing the methodology and procedure, collecting and recording data, analyzing results through calculations and/or graphs, and stating conclusions. Safety considerations and identifying sources of error are also important aspects of the write up. The document uses examples of investigating the rate of a reaction to illustrate how to label variables, construct tables and graphs, and discuss findings. Proper formatting of references is also addressed.
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORTPrelab Before coming to the lab.docxShiraPrater50
This document discusses the challenges in diagnosing bipolar disorder in children. It begins by noting that while diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has improved, there is still no consensus on the symptoms of mania or hypomania in children. Some key challenges identified are that symptoms may present differently in children compared to adults, with irritability more common than elation. Additionally, different studies use varying methods and criteria to define and measure symptoms. The document aims to investigate whether the clinical presentation of hypomania changes between children/adolescents and adults by reviewing literature that directly compares symptoms across age groups. It outlines the search strategy and criteria for relevant peer-reviewed studies between 1980-2016. The conclusion will analyze and compare symptom
This document provides an introduction to measurement uncertainty and how to calculate it. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, error and discusses the two types of errors - random and systematic. It explains how to determine measurement uncertainty using Type A and Type B evaluations, and how to combine individual uncertainty components using the root sum of squares method. The document provides an example uncertainty budget and guidelines for reporting uncertainty with the appropriate confidence level.
This document provides an introduction to measurement uncertainty and how to calculate it. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, error and discusses the two types of errors - random and systematic. It explains how to determine measurement uncertainty using Type A and Type B evaluations, and how to combine individual uncertainty components using the root sum of squares method. An example uncertainty budget is provided to demonstrate the calculations. The document concludes with some special cases and references for further information.
The document describes the typical sections of a research report and what information should be included in each section. It provides descriptions and examples of what should be in the introduction, methods, findings, discussion, and conclusion sections. The introduction provides background and outlines the purpose of the study. The methods section describes how the research was conducted. Findings presents the results without interpretation. The discussion section analyzes and interprets the results. The conclusion restates the main points and findings.
The document provides guidance on typical sections included in a research report and descriptions of the types of information and content included in each section. It discusses the purpose and content of sections such as the introduction, methods, findings, discussion, and conclusion. Sample paragraphs are also provided as examples of content that could be included in different sections of a report.
This document provides an introduction to an experiment on velocity, acceleration, and the acceleration due to gravity (g). The purpose is to study uniform acceleration motion using an air track and computer to observe one-dimensional motion of a metal rider. Students will measure the rider's constant velocity before and after colliding with an elastic bumper, and also measure g by inclining the air track. The introduction defines key concepts like position, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion for constant acceleration. It notes that Galileo first deduced these by observing rolling objects, finding displacement is proportional to the square of time.
reportDescription.docxETME 4143LThermodynamics and Heat Tran.docxdebishakespeare
reportDescription.docx
ETME 4143L
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory
Formal Report
Assignment Description
The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following sections.
The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn a grade of 50 with no further consideration.
Cover Page (5 points)
The formal report requires a specific cover page which is available on Moodle.
Table of Contents (5 points)
The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that specified in the Chicago Manual of Style.
Overall Report Quality (10 points)
A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist for more detail.
Summary (15 points)
The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is the only part of the report that will actually be read by your supervisor or client.
The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following questions:
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance?
· How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was used?
· What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing sampledata?
· What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include specific values with units of measure.
· Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory or research.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
· What conclusions or recommendations should be made based on experimental resultsand why?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report.
Introduction (10 points)
This section provides a comprehensive description of the engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates the purpose of the experiment and ...
Administrator 123NameSample 123 By Administrator Date Wednes.docxnettletondevon
Administrator 123
Name
Sample 123 By Administrator Date Wednesday, August 31 2016
Description
4000 600350030002500200015001000
129
57
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
cm-1
%T
3058.6
2968.2
2873.9
2826.7
2724.5
1702.5
Guidelines for Written Reports for Chemistry Labs at LU
All lab reports will be submitted to Turn-It-In through Blackboard.
Format: The report must be a typed electronic document, with reasonable margins and should be double spaced with 12pt. font. The report should be written in 3rd person past tense. (“A 20 mL portion of water was dispensed into a beaker.” not “I took the beaker and dispensed 20 mL of water.”)
The report should include the following components:
· Title Section – This section should include the title of the experiment, the name of the student author, full names of experimental partners, and the class and section.
· Introduction – This section should include a very brief overview of the chemistry/theory involved in the lab.
· History or Background – the report should contain some simple history or background about the experiment representing a context for why the experiment matters to the experimenter. (1-2 paragraphs)
· Theory – The theory should describe the question that you are trying to answer with this experiment, or the underlying principle of the experiment. There may be more reactions or formulae that are the basis for the theory. (1-4 paragraphs)
· Experimental Method – This should be the most detailed section of the lab report.
· Hazards or Warnings (if applicable) – experimental dangers should be noted here and should be made very noticeable at the front of this section.
· Setup or Instrumental settings(if applicable) – For more advanced experiments, the experimental setup should be incorporated which includes drawings or images of any equipment that must be constructed or prepared for this lab.
· Images not produced by the student should have a reference it the text of the report as well as at the end of the report.
· Materials List – the materials that were used in the laboratory should be presented here, in list form. Make sure to include the concentrations of the chemicals as well as their physical states.
· Procedure – the procedure includes detailed steps required to perform the experiment. Steps should be written in complete sentences and listed in a numbed format. Things to exclude are gathering of material, trivial manipulations, basic safety practices and general laboratory etiquette.
· Ex. “Safety glasses were worn.” “Data was recorded” “Lab area was cleaned.”
· Data and Results – This segment of the report should include any data and observations which were collected during the experiment, in the form of tables, graphs, or figures appropriate for the data collected.
· Calculations(if applicable) must be shown here. Typically the calculation you perform should be written out in mathematical terms using words or variables rather than actual data. Make sure.
This document provides the procedure for an experiment on amplitude modulation and demodulation in the Analog Communications Lab at KL University. The objectives are to generate an AM signal, examine its time waveform, measure modulation index and power in sidebands. The procedure instructs students to build circuits for AM modulation using a transistor and for envelope detection using a diode. Students are asked to simulate the circuits in Multisim beforehand and compare results to measurements taken in the lab. A post-lab assignment involves illustrating the mixer circuit and answering questions about AM theory.
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution, with a focus on air pollution. It defines air pollution and lists its natural and human-made causes. The main types of air pollutants are identified along with their sources. The effects of air pollution on humans, animals, plants, and the economy are outlined. Methods for controlling air pollution through legislation and regulations establishing emissions standards are described. Specific strategies for controlling pollutants like mercury, ozone precursors, and particulate matter are also mentioned.
Industrial accidents can originate from manufacturing, storage, transportation, and other areas and cause fires, explosions, toxic releases, and other hazards. Major threats include process deviations, hardware failures, and runaway reactions. Probable causes are electrical failures, cutting/welding, fires, carelessness, sabotage, and more. Impacts include loss of life, injuries, environmental pollution, and financial losses. Notable past accidents include the Bhopal gas tragedy, which killed thousands and continues affecting over 100,000 people with health issues. Risk control measures that could prevent losses include physical protection systems, strict safety procedures and standards, educational protection of workers and the public, and emergency preparedness plans.
This document provides information on fire prevention and control. It defines the three elements required for fire - fuel, oxygen, and heat. It describes the four classes of fire and appropriate prevention and control methods for each class. The summary also outlines steps to take in the event of a fire, including pulling the fire alarm, evacuating the building, and calling emergency services. Fire extinguisher usage and types are also explained.
Electrical, mechanical and chemical sources of accidents 1Tanveer Hussain
This document discusses sources of accidents from chemical, mechanical, and electrical perspectives. It provides background on the history of industrialization leading to more accidents. It defines chemical accidents and lists some major disasters. Accidents can harm human health and the environment. The document recommends assessing risks and having standard operating procedures to control accidents. Mechanical accidents can result from machines or failures of systems. Electrical accidents pose shock and burn hazards, so grounding, circuit breakers and distance are important safety measures.
The document discusses ignition systems for spark ignition engines. It describes how ignition systems generate sparks to initiate combustion through high voltage discharge between spark plug electrodes. Common ignition system types include magneto, battery-coil, and capacitor discharge systems. The distributor is also discussed as a component to direct the high voltage spark to the correct cylinder spark plug.
This document provides an introduction to maintenance. It discusses the importance of maintenance for safety, productivity, and avoiding costly failures. It outlines different types of maintenance including corrective, scheduled, preventive, and predictive maintenance. Preventive maintenance aims to perform minor repairs and inspections periodically to reduce unexpected breakdowns. The benefits of preventive maintenance include reducing downtime, repair costs, and improving safety, product quality, and plant life. The document also provides an example of calculating the number of repair crews needed based on machine breakdown and repair rates.
The document discusses maintenance objectives, terms, and preventive maintenance programs. It aims to rapidly restore equipment readiness through planned maintenance. Key terms are defined, including preventive, corrective, and predictive maintenance. Preventive maintenance aims to inspect, service, calibrate, test, and replace equipment to prevent failures. Steps to establish preventive maintenance programs include identifying areas and needs, assigning frequencies, preparing work orders, and scheduling. The overall goal is to enhance equipment life and minimize downtime.
This document discusses water requirements for various industries. It states that boilers require soft water to prevent scale formation and corrosion. The paper industry needs water without silica or turbidity which can affect brightness and color. Beverages require non-alkaline water to preserve taste. Sugar refining and crystallization is difficult with hard water or impurities. Organic matter in water is harmful for bakeries by affecting yeast. Pharmaceuticals need pure, colorless, tasteless, pathogen-free water to avoid undesirable products. Concrete making requires water without sulfates and magnesium.
The document discusses the aerodynamic design of airplanes. It describes key design features like wings, which generate lift perpendicular to the wind to oppose the force of gravity. Other parts that help control movement include the horizontal and vertical stabilizers, rudder for left/right control, and elevators for up/down control. The main body is the fuselage, which holds all other parts like the wings, tail, engine, and passenger area. Propulsion comes from turbine engines mounted on the wings. The cockpit is at the front of the fuselage for the pilots.
This document provides information about the Applied Physics course offered at the University College of Engineering, Sciences and Technology Lahore. The course is a 2 credit hour theory course with 1 credit hour of laboratory work. It is a first semester course for B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering students and covers topics including Coulomb's Law, electric and magnetic fields, inductance, electromagnetic waves, and light phenomena over 15 weeks. Student evaluation will include quizzes, assignments, a midterm exam, final exam, and laboratory work. The course aims to introduce basic physics concepts applied in mechanical engineering.
The document provides information about a workshop manual for a mechanical engineering department. It includes:
- A table of contents listing 10 experiments involving lathe, shaper, and milling machine operations.
- General instructions for safe machine operation and lab procedures.
- Safety precautions for various machines.
- Objectives of learning basic workshop processes and machine operations.
- Detailed descriptions of the parts of a lathe and shaper machine and procedures for experiments involving turning, facing, threading and knurling on a lathe and block machining on a shaper.
1. The document provides biographical information on notable figures like Albert Einstein, Abraham Lincoln, and Abdul Kalam. It includes quotes and highlights of their accomplishments.
2. Albert Einstein was a revolutionary physicist best known for his theory of relativity. He made profound contributions to science through his intellect and unique way of thinking.
3. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States who led the country during the American Civil War. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and helped end slavery in America. Dr. Abdul Kalam was an Indian scientist best known for his work on missile and space programs in India.
Four elements are involved in developing indoor air quality problems: sources of contamination, the HVAC system, pollutant pathways, and occupants. A properly functioning HVAC system provides thermal comfort through proper temperature, humidity, and ventilation and controls contaminants through filtration, pressure control, and exhaust. However, indoor air quality issues can still arise from various sources inside or outside the building, especially if pollutant pathways allow contaminants to reach occupants. Maintaining and balancing the HVAC system is important for preventing indoor air quality problems.
25 best mechanical engineering interview questions and answers pdf free downloadTanveer Hussain
This document contains 25 interview questions and answers related to mechanical engineering. Some key topics covered include safety precautions in workshops, thermodynamics vs heat transfer, stress vs strain, Newton's laws of motion, and definitions of concepts like torque, power, and fuel ratio. The questions aim to assess a candidate's knowledge of fundamental mechanical engineering concepts as well as their project experience and safety awareness.
This document provides an overview of the UAE Labour Law, including definitions, general provisions, rules around the employment of workers, children, and women. Some key points:
1) It establishes definitions for terms like employer, worker, employment contract, and occupational injury.
2) Certain categories of employees like government workers are excluded from the law's provisions.
3) It outlines rules for prioritizing national workers for jobs and obtaining work permits for non-nationals.
4) Children under 15 cannot be employed and rules are established for their maximum hours and types of permitted work.
5) Women generally cannot work at night and rules define night hours. Exceptions are provided for some roles.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses the history and components of gasoline injection systems. It begins by explaining why gasoline injection replaced carburetors, noting improvements in efficiency, power, and fuel economy. It then describes the main types of injection systems and their components, including direct injection, port injection, throttle body injection, and multi-point fuel injection. The document outlines the sensors, electronics, and timing involved in electronic fuel injection systems and concludes by comparing the performance of different fuel types with varying injection parameters.
This document provides an overview of the key components of an internal combustion (IC) engine in an automobile. It lists and describes the main components, including the engine block, crankshaft, connecting rod, piston, piston rings, valves, camshaft, cylinder head, intake and exhaust manifolds, radiator, spark plugs, fuel system components, and more. The purpose is to familiarize mechanical engineering students with the basic parts of an engine and their basic functions.
The document repeatedly lists the URL http://javedchaudhry.wordpress.com across multiple lines without any other text or commentary. It appears to be providing or promoting access to a WordPress blog or site hosted at this URL address.
The document contains repetitive listings of two website URLs - http://www.cgvector.com and www.javedchaudhry.wordpress.com. These URLs are listed hundreds of times consecutively without any other visible content, suggesting it may be spam or an attempt to artificially boost the ranking or visibility of these websites through repetitive linking.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Sample rpts
1. 8/15/2003
CE 321 Sample Laboratory Report Packet
This packet contains the following materials to help you prepare your lab
reports in CE 321:
• An advice table with Dr. Wallace’s hints regarding common strengths
and weakness of each section of a lab report
• A sample cover memo.
• An annotated sample lab report prepared on a fluids experiment
similar to one you might do in this course.
2. Dr. Roger Wallace’s Points-of-View
on Successful Lab Reports
8/01/03 1
Report Component and
Specifications
Characteristics of
Success
Characteristics of
Weakness
Abstract
Consists of no more than 150-
250 words.
States the major objectives.
Briefly describes the methods
and materials employed,
especially if they are novel or
unfamiliar.
Summarizes important results
and conclusions.
Summarizes the entire study
within word limits.
Employs concise statements.
Contains specific information.
Omits critical findings.
Refers reader to figures or
tables in the report.
Relies on vague language.
Introduction
Lists objectives of the study.
Provides background on the
experiment, including relevant
theory on which the
experiment is based.
Refers to important previous
studies.
Usually consists of 1-2 pages.
Provides a rationale for the
experiment.
Supplies sufficient back
ground for readers to
understand and evaluate this
experiment and its results
without having to read
previous publications.
Fails to clearly define the
problem and the relevance of
the experiment.
Methods and Materials
Provides a sketch of apparatus
and its components if readers
would not be familiar with it.
Identifies the materials
employed and their relevant
properties.
Lists in order the procedures
performed.
Identifies by name commonly
accepted methods.
Provides only enough detail
for a skilled lab technician to
replicate the experiment.
Provides more detail if the
method is novel or unfamiliar.
Includes unnecessary detail
and makes repeated use of
“then.”
Fails to use lists or diagrams
when those would be helpful.
Results
Presents all experimental and
analytical results.
Includes reduced data in
clear, properly constructed
tables and graphs.
States results in clear language
and in past tense.
Delays interpretation of
results until the Discussion
section.
Fails to summarize overall
results.
Fails to present data in
formats that reveal critical
relationships (trends,
cause/effect, etc.)
Fails to identify units of
measurement.
3. Dr. Roger Wallace’s Points-of-View
on Successful Lab Reports
08/01/03 2
Report Component and
Specifications
Characteristics of
Success
Characteristics of
Weakness
Discussion
Interpret the results in light of
what you expected based on
published information.
Identifies the significant
sources of error and assesses
the reliability of your results.
Comments on any
abnormalities in the procedure
that might affect results.
Identifies and explains any
unusual or surprising results.
Compares your results with
published results, focusing on
the same relationships.
Summarizes the degree to
which the experiment
achieved its goals.
The conclusions exaggerate
what the results would
support.
Fails to give a precise
engineering explanation for
any failure to obtain results.
Fails to explain or interpret
the significance of errors.
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Lists the conclusions reached
as a result of this experiment.
Restates any limitations,
assumptions or violations of
assumptions that might
qualify the conclusions.
List conclusions and
recommendations in order of
importance.
Links conclusions and
recommendations to the
information in previous
sections of this report.
Cautions the reader about
limitations and uncertainties.
Offers a conclusion or
recommendation that has no
basis in the results of the
experiment.
Fails to caution the reader
about any limitations to or
uncertainties in the
conclusions.
Appendices
Provides detailed information
(raw data, calculations, etc)
that might interest only a few
readers, especially those who
must verify the validity of
your results.
The report is logical and
readable without having to
refer to the appendices.
The report identifies what
material appears in
appendices.
Fails to refer to appendices
in the text of the report.
Fails to clearly label and
identify appendix material.
General Hints
Revise, revise.
--check all table and figures for accuracy and completeness.
--check all equations and units of measure.
--make sure conclusions and recommendations appear in order of importance.
--avoid strings of long sentences.
--make sure adjectives and adverbs relate closely to what the data actually show.
--have someone read the report aloud to you.
4. SES/ Spartan Entropy Systems, Inc.
Memorandum
To: Roger Wallace, Engineering Standards Director
From: Gabe Studenta, Engineer II
Date: 8/15/2003
Re: Calibration of an Orifice Meter
As you requested in your e-mail of 08/07/03, I have attached a copy of my final report on
the Calibration of an Orifice Meter Experiment. Note that discharge predictions from the
fundamental discharge relationship and the calibration equation produced errors below the
± 10% that you had stipulated. Note also that further experiment may resolve some
uncertainties regarding the use of Equation 1. That step might be especially valuable if we
want to use this procedure with liquids other than water.
Please call me at ext. 347 if you have any further questions.
Attachment: Lab Report
• This cover memo goes with the report and helps
the reader recognize what the report contains and
why he or she is receiving it. It also highlights
important findings. Remember that memos are
written to readers within the organization; letters
are written to people outside the organization.
• Note that the style of a memo is less formal than
that of the report. Use of first person address is
natural and normal
5. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 1
Note the title and
identification of the
author.
Note how the
Abstract begins
with a statement of
what was done and
why. The style of
an abstract is
formal, with more
frequent use of
passive voice than
you might employ
in other sections of
the report.
This abstract (146
words) has
appropriate length.
Method gets little
mention because it
was such a standard
approach. Note
also the mention of
specific results and
conclusions.
Calibration of an Orifice Meter
Gabriel F. Studenta
Engineering Standards Department
Spartan Entropy Systems
1092 Skunk’s Misery Road
Polanyi, MI 48888
August 15, 2003
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to explore the use of an orifice meter and manometer
for predicting fluid discharge through a pipe. Fifteen sets of measured discharge and
manometer readings were obtained. Discharge was measured by volumetric methods.
The calibration equation was fit to the observations. Discharge predictions from both
the fundamental discharge relationship and the calibration equation were evaluated
and compared. Both equations appeared to be suitable for predicting discharge. The
calibration equation provided predictions with less than 2% error while the
fundamental discharge relationship had errors as high as 8%. While the calibration
equation appears to be more accurate, the fundamental discharge relationship has the
advantage of being applicable for fluids other than water. The higher errors associated
with the fundamental discharge relationship may have been caused by improperly
zeroing the manometer. Measured values of the orifice coefficient K were within 10%
of published values.
6. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 2
Note how the
Introduction begins
with a description
of physical
conditions that
underlie the
experiment. Here
we also find the
objectives of the
experiment and an
overview of its
structure. These
objectives provide
the pattern for
organizing the
Results, Discussion,
and Conclusions.
Note the correctly
formatted
equation, with
terms defined.
Here’s an example
of a useful list
format. Note the
parallel
grammatical
structure of list
items.
Here the author
explains the
relevance of
previous
experiments.
Introduction
Discharge in a pipe can be measured with an orifice meter composed of an orifice plate
and a manometer. The orifice causes a pressure loss across the plate that increases as flow
increases. The manometer provides a means of measuring the pressure loss and predicting
the flow. This application of orifice meters was explored through achieving the following
three objectives:
1) Verify the applicability of Eqs. 1 and 2, and compare the resulting equations.
2) Measure the dependence of K on Reynolds number in the apparatus and
compare it to published results.
3) Determine the uncertainty (using least squares analysis) in the measured
values of K, assuming that the uncertainty in K results from uncertainty in
both the manometer readings and the information used to determine
discharge.
According to Potter and Wiggert (1997) the fundamental discharge relationship for an
orifice meter is
5.0
))1(2( −= SgRKAQ o (1)
Here the pipe discharge Q (m3/s) depends on an orifice coefficient K, the orifice area Ao
(m2), the gravitational constant g and the pressure-head drop. In Eq. 1 the pressure-head
drop is determined by the product R(S-1) where R is the manometer reading in meters
and S is the specific gravity of the manometer fluid. The derivation of Eq. 1 depends on
three assumptions:
1) The Bernoulli Equation applies to this situation.
2) The pressure measured at the side of the pipe downstream of the orifice plate
provides an accurate means of determining the pressure at the centerline of the
pipe at that cross section.
3) Coefficients can be introduced into the equation to compensate for the
following:
--that the conditions required for application of the Bernoulli Equation are not
met;
--that the pressure at the downstream pressure tap does not allow accurate
determination of fluid pressure on the central streamline at that cross section.
Experiments have shown that the coefficient K depends on two dimensionless
numbers—the ratio of the orifice and pipe diameters (Do/D), and the Reynolds number
Re of the flow. For any fixed diameter ratio, K only depends on the Reynolds number of
the flow and tends to a constant value at large Reynolds numbers. As the diameter ratio
increases, the variation in K with Reynolds number increases. Eq. 1 may be used to
predict flow without calibrating the specific meter if the meter is constructed and
operated according to established criteria. In this case K must be obtained from
published relationships.
The calibration equation
m
SRCQ ))1(( −= (2)
7. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 3
Even though there
is room left on this
page, we request
that you start each
section on a new
page.
yields the relationship between pressure drop across the orifice plate and flow rate. Here
again the pressure drop is determined by the product R(S-1). To determine the constants
C and m one must measure discharge and manometer readings.
Determining the coefficients in Eq. 2 by the method of least squares gave the following
calibration equation
4609.0
0102.0 RQ = (3)
Evaluating the uncertainty δK in measured values of K was accomplished by assuming the
primary sources of error were the values of Q and R. With that assumption, uncertainty
δK could be calculated with the following equation
5.022
∂
∂
+
∂
∂
= RQK
R
K
Q
K
δδδ (4)
Here δR and δQ represent the uncertainty in measured R and Q.
8. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 4
A diagram of the
apparatus is often
helpful. Always
allow at least two
spaces between text
and tables or
figures.
Again, note the
parallel structure in
the list, particularly
important in
procedures. If the
list were longer, we
might need to
break it into stages
with steps within
each stage.
Methods and Materials
The apparatus consisted of a pipe equipped with an orifice meter, a differential mercury
manometer, and a discharge control valve. A pump at the upstream end of the apparatus
supplied energy to the water in the pipe to make high flow rates possible. A calibrated
measuring tank, used to measure water volume, was located at the pipe outlet. A digital
stopwatch was used to measure time.
Figure 1. The Orifice Meter Used in This Experiment
The following procedure was used to obtain the basic experimental data:
1. Close all operating valves.
2. Turn on the pump that supplies water to the pipe with the orifice meter.
3. Open the valve on the discharge side of the pump.
4. With no flow in the pipe loop, open the appropriate manometer valves and adjust the
manometer reading to show zero pressure drop.
5. Adjust the flow in the pipe by opening the valve at the measuring tank. At this time
the flow is diverted directly into the lower reservoir.
6. Divert the water into the measuring tank and measure the time required for a specific
volume of water to accumulate.
7. Record the following:
--water levels at the start of the timed period and at the end of the period,
--the time interval,
--and the observed manometer reading.
8. Collect data for 10 to 15 different discharges.
9. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 5
Figures 2 and 3
present
comparisons of the
basic results of the
experiment.
Figures show
relationships;
therefore they may
be more useful than
tables in the text of
the report. Tables,
especially long and
complex ones, are
often found in the
Appendix.
The author has
suppressed the
symbols that
represent the
equation so they
will not be
confused with data
points (a helpful
idea).
Well-designed
figures are self-
explanatory. Their
meaning should be
clear. Define all
units.
Note that figures
are properly labeled
beneath the chart
area.
To the extent
possible, place
figures in close
proximity to the
text that refers to
them.
Results
The basic data collected, calculations from published values, as well as properties of the
system, appear in Tables 2, 3, and 4 in the Appendix (p 10-11.). Z is water surface elevation
in the measuring tank, t is time that it took the water surface to rise from Z1 to Z2, and R
is the manometer reading in meters of mercury. Q is the measured discharge that was
determined from measurements of Z and t; Q=At(Z1-Z2)/t. Here At is the cross-sectional
area of the measurement tank (Table 1), Re is the Reynolds number of the flow
(Re=4Q/(πDν)), and K was calculated with Eq. 1 using the measured values of Q and R.
Fig. 2. Comparison of Eg. 3 and Measured Relationship
Between Discharge and Manometer Reading
Q = 0.0102R 0.4609
0.001
0.010
0.01 0.1 1
R
(m)
Q
(m
3
/s)
Measured Q vs R
Eq. 3
The relationship between measured discharge and manometer reading and the
relationship described by Eq. 3 are shown in Figure 2. For practical purposes, these two
relationships are identical.
Eq. 1 was also used to establish a relationship between Q and R (Table 2 in Appendix).
Here K was found using the published relationship between K and Re by a trial and error
process described by Potter and Wiggert (1997). The relationship obtained with Eq. 1 is
compared to the measured relationship in Figure 3. Eq. 1 shows increasing deviation from
published values as the manometer reading gets smaller.
10. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 6
These figures,
together with the
text, tell the “story”
of this experiment.
Note the careful
wording in the
figure titles. That
helps make the
contents clear to
readers.
Fig 2. Comparison of Eq. 1 and Measured Relationship Between
Discharge and Manom eter Reading
Q = KAo(2gR(S-1))
0.5
0.001
0.010
0.01 0.1 1
R
(m )
Q
(m3
/s)
Measured Q vs R
Eq. ,1 K from Fig. 13.10 Potter and W iggert
Measured values of K (Figure 4) were determined from the experimental data using Eq. 1.
Values of K depended on the Reynolds number of the flow. As the Reynolds number
increased from 41,100 to 137,000 the value of K decreased from 0.784 to 0.710.
Fig. 4. Values of the Orifice Coefficient K vs Reynolds Number
( Do/D=0.7)
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.00E+03
1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Re
K
Published K (Potter and Wiggert)
Measured K
11. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 7
Table 1 shows the
comparative data in
detailed format,
and so is useful in
the text rather than
in the Appendix.
Make sure your
data are aligned on
the decimal points
and that values
contain the same
number of
significant figures.
How many
significant figures
depends on what is
reasonable and
useful for the
purposes of your
experiment.
Do not confuse
least count with least
squares. You
should understand
both terms
Table 1. Comparison of Measured and Predicted Discharge
Experimental Values Equation 3 Equation 1
R Q Q Error K* Q Error
(m) (m3/s) (m3/s) (%) (m3/s) (%)
0.011
0.022
0.032
0.043
0.052
0.064
0.073
0.084
0.092
0.103
0.115
0.123
0.134
0.142
0.148
0.00127
0.00176
0.00210
0.00236
0.00262
0.00289
0.00308
0.00326
0.00334
0.00360
0.00377
0.00390
0.00402
0.00414
0.00422
0.00128
0.00176
0.00209
0.00239
0.00261
0.00287
0.00305
0.00326
0.00340
0.00358
0.00376
0.00388
0.00404
0.00415
0.00423
0.50
-0.40
-0.58
1.39
-0.19
-0.51
-0.79
0.00
1.76
-0.67
-0.03
-0.42
0.48
0.12
0.25
0.724
0.718
0.716
0.714
0.713
0.712
0.711
0.710
0.710
0.710
0.710
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.708
0.00117
0.00165
0.00198
0.00229
0.00251
0.00278
0.00297
0.00318
0.00333
0.00352
0.00372
0.00385
0.00401
0.00412
0.00421
-8.21
-7.16
-6.08
-3.10
-4.12
-3.75
-3.65
-2.42
-0.27
-2.29
-1.20
-1.33
-0.23
-0.50
-0.21
* K from Potter and Wiggert
Errors δQ were assumed to be due to errors in Z. The absolute errors of ±0.001 m in ∆Z
and ±0.0005 m in R were assumed on the basis of least count analysis.
Note how carefully the author chooses words in throughout this
report. You should expect to labor a bit when trying to match
language and physical data. Therein lies the precision of a superior
report.
12. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 8
The errors
mentioned in this
paragraph are not
propagated errors,
but rather the
difference between
what the equations
predict and what
was measured.
This paragraph
typifies the kind of
interpretation that
occurs in the
Discussion section
and demonstrates
the difference
between Results
and Discussion.
Note how the
Discussion section
goes beyond just
identifying the
error, but also
discusses the source
of errors and
assesses the impact
on the results of the
experiment.
Discussion
Eqs. 1 and 3 can both be used to predict flow for manometer readings ranging from 0.011
to 0.148 meters of mercury. Eq. 3 predicted the measured discharges with errors less
than 2%; Eq. 1 was in error by less than about 8% (Table 1). Eq. 3 should provide
predictions with less than 2% error so long as the mercury manometer can be kept zeroed
at the same position that was used during the experiments. If the greater error observed
with Eq. 1 is the result of an error in zeroing the manometer during the experiment then
it may be possible to improve the results that can be obtained with Eq. 1. This possibility
may be worth exploring because Eq. 1 has a significant advantage over Eq. 3 in that it
permits the meter to be used for fluids other than water at 16 C.
The measured values of K fall within about ±10 % of the published values (Fig. 4). This is
reasonable agreement. Furthermore, these values show a tendency to decrease with
increasing Reynolds number just as the published values show.
Standard error propagation methods showed that measured values of K were subject to
an uncertainty that ranged from about 2% at Reynolds numbers of 4.1(10)4 to less than
0.5% at Reynolds numbers of 1.4(10)5. The calculated uncertainty δK (Table 4 in
Appendix) was used to construct error bars around each measured value of K (Fig. 4).
This analysis suggests that the values of K grow more uncertain as the Reynolds number
of the flow decreases. Nonetheless, within the range of the measured values, the
uncertainties in R and Q do not appear to explain the observed differences between the
measured values of K and published values.
The values of K best agree with reported values at high Reynolds numbers, and they
show an increased deviation from reported values as the Reynolds number decreased.
This consistent deviation suggests a bias in the results. A likely explanation, although it
must be verified by experiment, is that the manometer was not properly zeroed during the
experiment. The improved agreement obtained by assuming a small (0.003m) zeroing
error is shown in Fig. 5 (in Appendix). To discover the true values of K in the apparatus
requires that the experiment be rerun to verify the cause of the observed differences.
13. CEE 321: Sample Lab Report
8/15/03 9
Placing
Conclusions in lists
makes them easier
to read and gives
them a clear
hierarchy. Note
how they derive
from the Results
and Discussion and
are organized to
reflect the original
objectives of the
experiment—one
bullet point for
each objective.
This experiment
did not require
Recommendations.
If it had, they
would appear last,
in order of
importance, and
again derived from
what you learned.
Conclusions
This experiment yielded the following conclusions:
• Eqs. 1 and 3 can both be used to predict flow in this system for manometer
readings ranging from 0.011 to 0.148 meters of mercury.
• Measured values of K fall within ± 10% of published values, a result acceptable
for all but the most carefully designed and executed experiments. Measured
values of K show the best agreement with published values at high Reynolds
numbers. That agreement decreases as the Reynolds number decreases, but this
effect does not entirely explain the disparities. Eq. 3 will provide more accurate
predictions if the mercury manometer can be kept zeroed at or near the same
position that was used during the experiments.
• If the greater uncertainty in predictions with Eq. 1 is the result of an error in
zeroing the manometer during the experiment, then it may be possible to
improve the accuracy of predictions with Eq. 1. Further experiments to resolve
this issue may be worthwhile because Eq. 1 has a significant advantage over Eq. 3
in that it permits the meter to be used for fluids other than water at 16° C.