Chemical,Electrical and Mechanical hazards

1. Chemical, Mechanical AndChemical, Mechanical And
Electrical Sources OfElectrical Sources Of
Accidents And fireAccidents And fire
By Prof. Dr. Amjad ParvezBy Prof. Dr. Amjad Parvez

2. ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS
AnAn accidentaccident is a specific, identifiable,is a specific, identifiable,
unexpected, unusual and unintendedunexpected, unusual and unintended
external action which occurs in a particularexternal action which occurs in a particular
time and place, without apparent ortime and place, without apparent or
deliberate cause but with marked effects.deliberate cause but with marked effects.

3. Chemical AccidentChemical Accident
The terms “The terms “chemical accidentchemical accident” or” or
““chemical incidentchemical incident” refer to an event” refer to an event
resulting in the release of a substance orresulting in the release of a substance or
substances hazardous to human healthsubstances hazardous to human health
and/or the environment in the short or longand/or the environment in the short or long
term. Such events include fires,term. Such events include fires,
explosions, leakages or releases of toxicexplosions, leakages or releases of toxic
or hazardous materials that can causeor hazardous materials that can cause
people illness, injury, disability or death.people illness, injury, disability or death.

4. HistoryHistory
Industrialization in 18Industrialization in 18thth
centurycentury
Steam enginesSteam engines
Internal Combustion EnginesInternal Combustion Engines
Chemical Weapon IndustryChemical Weapon Industry

5. Types Of chemicalsTypes Of chemicals
Flammable chemicalsFlammable chemicals
Toxic chemicalsToxic chemicals
Reactive chemicalsReactive chemicals
Corrosive chemicalsCorrosive chemicals
Leaks and spillsLeaks and spills

6. Chemical DisastersChemical Disasters
Bhopal disasterBhopal disaster
Nuclear Attack On JAPANNuclear Attack On JAPAN
Explosion at Azotes de France (AZF)Explosion at Azotes de France (AZF)
fertilizer factory near Toulouse.fertilizer factory near Toulouse.

7. Effects of accidentsEffects of accidents
Human HealthHuman Health
CancerCancer
BurnsBurns
Skin DiseasesSkin Diseases

8. Effects of accidentsEffects of accidents
EnvironmentEnvironment
Soil CorrosionSoil Corrosion
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Threats To WaterThreats To Water

9. How To ControlHow To Control
The root causes of chemical accidents:The root causes of chemical accidents:
accidents do not just happen. There areaccidents do not just happen. There are
always causes.always causes.
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
R= SEVERITYR= SEVERITY**LIKLEYHOODLIKLEYHOOD
SOP For The UsageSOP For The Usage

10. General chemical safety procedureGeneral chemical safety procedure
Chemical must be properly labeled and stored inChemical must be properly labeled and stored in
the closed areathe closed area
MSDS must be pasted on the chemicalsMSDS must be pasted on the chemicals
containers in English and in the local languagecontainers in English and in the local language
understand by workersunderstand by workers
Store chemicals in the cold, dry, well ventilatedStore chemicals in the cold, dry, well ventilated
and well drained areaand well drained area
All chemicals must be segregated according toAll chemicals must be segregated according to
their nature such as flammable, toxic reactivetheir nature such as flammable, toxic reactive
and corrosiveand corrosive

11. HISTORYHISTORY
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Textile MachineryTextile Machinery
Steam Engines(18Steam Engines(18thth
century)century)
Internal Combustion Engines(19Internal Combustion Engines(19thth
century)century)

12. TYPES OF MachineryTYPES OF Machinery
Grinding MachinesGrinding Machines
Milling MachinesMilling Machines
Lathe MachinesLathe Machines
CompressorsCompressors
TurbinesTurbines

13. Types Of AccidentsTypes Of Accidents
Cancer through RadiationsCancer through Radiations
Severe Cuts Can Be ProducedSevere Cuts Can Be Produced
Slippage Through Leakage Of OilSlippage Through Leakage Of Oil
Chips Produced Can Prove To Be FatalChips Produced Can Prove To Be Fatal
Excessive Heating Can Lead To FireExcessive Heating Can Lead To Fire

14. Types Of AccidentsTypes Of Accidents
Excessive Heating Can Lead To FireExcessive Heating Can Lead To Fire
Mechanical Vibration Can Lead To theMechanical Vibration Can Lead To the
Failure Of BuildingsFailure Of Buildings
Mechanical Vibration Produces NoiseMechanical Vibration Produces Noise

15. Types Of AccidentsTypes Of Accidents
Accidents Due To ResonenceAccidents Due To Resonence
Accidents Due To Mechanical Failure inAccidents Due To Mechanical Failure in
Aero planes, Motor CarsAero planes, Motor Cars

16. Mechanical CatastrophesMechanical Catastrophes
TitanicTitanic
Compressor Failure At Packages Ltd InCompressor Failure At Packages Ltd In
20062006
Air India Flight 182Air India Flight 182::

17. Ways To ReduceWays To Reduce
Calculate Risk Assessment Of each AndCalculate Risk Assessment Of each And
Every EquipmentEvery Equipment
R=S*LR=S*L
Apply SOP For Equipment HandlingApply SOP For Equipment Handling

18. Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
VoltageVoltage

electrical pressureelectrical pressure
CurrentCurrent

electrical flow rateelectrical flow rate
ImpedanceImpedance

restriction to electrical flowrestriction to electrical flow

19. CircuitCircuit

path of flow of electricitypath of flow of electricity
Circuit ElementCircuit Element

objects which are part of a circuit andobjects which are part of a circuit and
through which current flows.through which current flows.
FaultFault

current flow through an unintended path.current flow through an unintended path.
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards

20. What is Grounding?What is Grounding?

Protection from electric shockProtection from electric shock
normally a secondary protection measurenormally a secondary protection measure
A ground is a conductive connectionA ground is a conductive connection

between electrical circuit or equipment andbetween electrical circuit or equipment and
earth or ground planeearth or ground plane

creates a low resistance to the earth.creates a low resistance to the earth.
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards
Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards

21. √ More than 3 ma
painful shock
√ More than 10 ma
muscle contraction “no-let-go” danger
√ More than 30 ma
lung paralysis- usually temporary
√ More than 50 ma
possible ventricular fib. (heart dysfunction, usually fatal)
√ 100 ma to 4 amps
certain ventricular fibrillation, fatal
√ Over 4 amps
heart paralysis; severe burns. Usually caused by >600 volts
Fundamentals of ElectricalFundamentals of Electrical
HazardsHazards
Fundamentals of ElectricalFundamentals of Electrical
HazardsHazards

22. Hazards of ElectricityHazards of Electricity

Electrocution/Shock/Burns/DeathElectrocution/Shock/Burns/Death
Fundamentals of ElectricalFundamentals of Electrical
HazardsHazards
Fundamentals of ElectricalFundamentals of Electrical
HazardsHazards
• Minimum distance from overhead lines 10
ft.
• Inspect all electrical tools and equipment
Frayed, cut, broken wires
grounding prong missing
Improper use of cube taps
improperly applied or missing strain relief

23. ElectricalElectrical
ProtectionProtection
ElectricalElectrical
ProtectionProtection
Circuit BreakersCircuit Breakers

Provided to protect EQUIPMENT not peopleProvided to protect EQUIPMENT not people

Do not reset breakers with a line voltage higher than 120VDo not reset breakers with a line voltage higher than 120V
and only reset if you know why it trippedand only reset if you know why it tripped
• GFCI’s
- Provided to protect people
- Trip range 4-6ma
- Monthly test

24. Electrical ProtectionElectrical ProtectionElectrical ProtectionElectrical Protection
DistanceDistance

If you sense the presence of an electricalIf you sense the presence of an electrical
hazard or exposed conductors that may behazard or exposed conductors that may be
energized, keep your distance andenergized, keep your distance and STAYSTAY
AWAYAWAY

25. Basic Rules of Electrical ActionBasic Rules of Electrical ActionBasic Rules of Electrical ActionBasic Rules of Electrical Action
Electricity isn’t live until current flowsElectricity isn’t live until current flows
Electrical current won’t flow until there is aElectrical current won’t flow until there is a
complete loop, out from and back to thecomplete loop, out from and back to the
power sourcepower source..

26. Preventing Accidental ElectricalPreventing Accidental Electrical
ContactContact
Preventing Accidental ElectricalPreventing Accidental Electrical
ContactContact
Path
Electricity
Tim
e
Electrocution Prevention
KeepAway
GFCI
Ground

27. Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts
DoDo pplug power equipment into wall receptacleslug power equipment into wall receptacles
with power switches in the Off position.with power switches in the Off position.
DoDo unplug electrical equipment by grasping theunplug electrical equipment by grasping the
plug and pulling. Do not pull or jerk the cord toplug and pulling. Do not pull or jerk the cord to
unplug the equipment.unplug the equipment.
Do notDo not drape power cords over hot pipes,drape power cords over hot pipes,
radiators or sharp objects.radiators or sharp objects.

28. Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts
DoDo check the receptacle forcheck the receptacle for
missing or damaged parts.missing or damaged parts.
Do notDo not plug equipment intoplug equipment into
defective receptacles.defective receptacles.
DoDo check for frayed, cracked, orcheck for frayed, cracked, or
exposed wiring on equipmentexposed wiring on equipment
cords.cords.

29. DoDo check for defective cords clamps atcheck for defective cords clamps at
locations where the power cord enters thelocations where the power cord enters the
equipment or the attachment plug.equipment or the attachment plug.
Extension cords should not be used inExtension cords should not be used in
office areas. Generally, extension cordsoffice areas. Generally, extension cords
should be limited to use by maintenanceshould be limited to use by maintenance
personnelpersonnel
Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts

30. EmployeesEmployees should knowshould know the location ofthe location of
electrical circuit breaker panels thatelectrical circuit breaker panels that
control equipment and lighting in theircontrol equipment and lighting in their
respective areas. Circuits and equipmentrespective areas. Circuits and equipment
disconnects must be identifieddisconnects must be identified
Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts

31. Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts
Temporary or permanent storage of anyTemporary or permanent storage of any
materialsmaterials must notmust not be allowed within 3 feetbe allowed within 3 feet
of any electrical panel or electricalof any electrical panel or electrical
equipment.equipment.
Any electrical equipment causing shocksAny electrical equipment causing shocks
or with high leakage potential must beor with high leakage potential must be
tagged with a Danger tag or equivalent.tagged with a Danger tag or equivalent.

32. Myths and MisconceptionsMyths and MisconceptionsMyths and MisconceptionsMyths and Misconceptions
Electricity takes the path of leastElectricity takes the path of least
resistance.resistance.
Electricity wants to go to ground.Electricity wants to go to ground.
If an electric tools falls into a sink or tubIf an electric tools falls into a sink or tub
of water, the item will short out.of water, the item will short out.

33. Myths andMyths and
MisconceptionsMisconceptions
Myths andMyths and
MisconceptionsMisconceptions
AC reverse polarity is not hazardous.AC reverse polarity is not hazardous.
It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts is notIt takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts is not
dangerous.dangerous.
Double insulated power tools are doublyDouble insulated power tools are doubly
safe and can be used in wet and dampsafe and can be used in wet and damp
locations.locations.