2. DEFINITION
THE EXPLOITATION OF BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
OTHER PURPOSES, ESPECIALLY THE
GENETIC MANIPULATION OF
MICROORGANISMS FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS,
HORMONES, ETC.
3. CLONING
CLONING IS THE PROCESS OF
PRODUCING SIMILAR POPULATIONS
OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
INDIVIDUALS THAT OCCURS IN
NATURE WHEN ORGANISMS SUCH AS
BACTERIA, INSECTS OR PLANTS
REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY.
4. RECOMBINANT
DNA
TECHNOLOGY
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY,
JOINING TOGETHER OF DNA
MOLECULES FROM TWO DIFFERENT
SPECIES THAT ARE INSERTED INTO A
HOST ORGANISM TO PRODUCE NEW
GENETIC COMBINATIONS THAT ARE
OF VALUE TO SCIENCE, MEDICINE,
AGRICULTURE, AND INDUSTRY.
7. PALINDROMES
A PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE IS A
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE(DNA OR
RNA) THAT IS THE SAME WHETHER
READ 5' (FIVE-PRIME) TO 3' (THREE
PRIME) ON ONE STRAND OR 5' TO 3'
ON THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND
WITH WHICH IT FORMS A DOUBLE
HELIX.
8. STICKY ENDS
AN END OF A DNA DOUBLE HELIX AT
WHICH A FEW UNPAIRED
NUCLEOTIDES OF ONE STRAND
EXTEND BEYOND THE OTHER.
9. RESTRICTION
ENZYMES
AN ENZYME PRODUCED CHIEFLY BY
CERTAIN BACTERIA, THAT HAS THE
PROPERTY OF CLEAVING DNA
MOLECULES AT OR NEAR A SPECIFIC
SEQUENCE OF BASES.
A RESTRICTION
ENZYME OR RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASE IS AN ENZYME THAT
CUTS DNA AT OR NEAR SPECIFIC
RECOGNITION NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
KNOWN AS RESTRICTION SITES.
HAMILTON O SMITH WHO ISOLATED
FIRST RESTRICTION ENZYME IN 1970
10. ECO R1
ECORI (PRONOUNCED, "ECO R ONE") IS A
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ENZYME
ISOLATED FROM SPECIES E.
COLI. THE ECO PART OF THE ENZYME'S
NAME ORIGINATES FROM THE SPECIES
FROM WHICH IT WAS ISOLATED, WHILE
THE R REPRESENTS THE PARTICULAR
STRAIN, IN THIS CASE RY13. THE LAST
PART OF ITS NAME, THE I, DENOTES
THAT IT WAS THE FIRST ENZYME
ISOLATED FROM THIS STRAIN. ECORI IS
A RESTRICTION ENZYME THAT CLEAVES
DNA DOUBLE HELIXES INTO FRAGMENTS
AT SPECIFIC SITES.
https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/98340923
39/student_view0/chapter17/restriction_endonuclea
ses.html
11. MOLECULAR
CARRIER: VECTOR
VECTOR (MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
IN MOLECULAR CLONING, A VECTOR IS
A DNA MOLECULE USED AS A VEHICLE
TO ARTIFICIALLY CARRY FOREIGN
GENETIC MATERIAL INTO ANOTHER
CELL, WHERE IT CAN BE REPLICATED
AND/OR EXPRESSED.
A VECTOR CONTAINING FOREIGN DNA
IS TERMED RECOMBINANT DNA.
HTTPS://HIGHERED.MHEDUCATION.CO
M/SITES/9834092339/STUDENT_VIEW0
/CHAPTER17/CONSTRUCTION_OF_A_PL
ASMID_VECTOR.HTML
12. RECOMBINANT
DNA
RECOMBINANT DNA (RDNA) MOLECULES
ARE DNA MOLECULES FORMED BY
LABORATORY METHODS OF
GENETIC RECOMBINATION(SUCH AS
MOLECULAR CLONING) TO BRING
TOGETHER GENETIC MATERIAL FROM
MULTIPLE SOURCES, CREATING
SEQUENCES THAT WOULD NOT
OTHERWISE BE FOUND IN THE GENOME.
HTTP://HIGHERED.MHEDUCATION.COM
/OLC/DL/120078/MICRO10.SWF
14. LAMBDA
PHAGE
LAMBDA PHAGE IS A NON-
CONTRACTILE TAILED PHAGE, MEANING
DURING AN INFECTION EVENT IT
CANNOT 'FORCE' ITS DNA THROUGH A
BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE. IT MUST
INSTEAD USE AN EXISTING PATHWAY TO
INVADE THE HOST CELL, HAVING
EVOLVED THE TIP OF ITS TAIL TO
INTERACT WITH A SPECIFIC PORE TO
ALLOW ENTRY OF ITS DNA TO THE
HOSTS.
HTTP://HIGHERED.MHEDUCATION.COM
/SITES/0072556781/STUDENT_VIEW0/C
HAPTER17/ANIMATION_QUIZ_2.HTML
15. GENOMIC LIBRARY
A GENOMIC LIBRARY IS A
COLLECTION OF THE
TOTAL GENOMIC DNA FROM A
SINGLE ORGANISM. THE DNA IS
STORED IN A POPULATION OF
IDENTICAL VECTORS, EACH
CONTAINING A DIFFERENT INSERT OF
DNA.
16. PROBE
IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, A
HYBRIDIZATION PROBE IS A
FRAGMENT OF DNA OR RNA OF
VARIABLE LENGTH (USUALLY 100–
1000 BASES LONG) WHICH CAN BE
RADIOACTIVELY LABELED. IT CAN
THEN BE USED IN DNA OR RNA
SAMPLES TO DETECT THE PRESENCE
OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES (THE
DNA TARGET) THAT ARE
COMPLEMENTARY TO THE SEQUENCE
IN THE PROBE.
17. PCR
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
IS A TECHNIQUE USED IN MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY TO AMPLIFY A SINGLE COPY
OR A FEW COPIES OF A PIECE OF DNA
ACROSS SEVERAL ORDERS OF
MAGNITUDE, GENERATING
THOUSANDS TO MILLIONS OF COPIES
OF A PARTICULAR DNA SEQUENCE.
ANIMATION LINK
HTTP://HIGHERED.MHEDUCATION.CO
M/OLC/DL/120078/MICRO15.SWF
