1. AZAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
LUCKNOW
SUBJECT : INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (RBT - 087)
TOPIC : INTRODUCTION, MICROBES & ENZYMES OF INDUSTRIAL
IMPORTANCE
Name : Amulya Singh Under Supervision Of
Branch: Biotechnology Er. Rehan Sultan Khan
Roll No.: 1705354001 H.O.D (Department of Biotechnology)
Year: Final Year A.I.E.T, LUCKNOW
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES
i. CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROBIAL STRAIN
ii. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WILD & INDUSTRIAL STRAIN
iii. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT
iv. METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT
v. BIOPRODUCTS – INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION & CHARACTERISTICS
• INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES
3. INTRODUCTION
• Industrial biotechnology can be simply defined as “The exploitation of
enzymes, microorganism and plants to produce energy, industrial
chemicals and consumer goods”.
• It often referred as “WHITE BIOTECHNLOGY”. It is the collection
of the scientific techniques & technologies to improve both the
efficiency and environmental footprint of modern industrial
production.
• Microbial technology constitutes the core of industrial biotechnology.
• Microbial technology refers to the use of microbes to obtain a product
or service of economic value. It is also called fermentation.
4. • Industrial biotechnology comprises of –
I. Medium preparation.
II. Inoculum preparation using industrial strain.
III. Fermentation process (The science of fermentation is known as
zymology).
IV. Physico – Chemical separation process for the purification of
product.
V. Packaging.
VI. Effluent treatment.
5. • Industrial or White biotechnology uses microorganism and enzymes to
produce goods for industry including chemicals, plastic, food,
agricultural and pharmaceutical products and energy carriers.
• Industrial biotechnology could save energy in production process and
could lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emission,
helping to fight global warming.
• Industrial biotechnology can also lead to improve performance and
sustainability for industry and higher value products.
• Industrial biotechnology aims to produce bulk chemicals including
polymeric materials and biofuels based on bioprocessing sustainable
agricultural products such as starch, fatty acids &/or cellulose
6. • Industrial biotechnology involves the use of enzymes and
microorganism to produce value – added chemicals from renewable
energy resources.
• Industrial biotech companies have begun commercializing process that
use methanotrophs and algae to capture carbon dioxide and convert it
to renewable chemicals, averting carbon and other pollutant emission
as well as fossil fuel.
• The use of industrial biotechnology can improve food and food
processing.
7. • Industrial biotechnology can achieve significant environmental and
economic advantage over traditional manufacturing process.
• According to report which was released at a Bio 2003 press
conference in Washington D.C
Case Studies : The report examines the following example of how
certain companies have used industrial biotechnology to improve
manufacturing process.
• BASF : By using a bio based fermentation process, BASF creates
Vitamin B12 in a single step rather than traditionally complex eight
step chemical process.
8. The report estimates that the biotech approach reduces carbon dioxide
emission by 30%, resource consumption by 60% and waste by 95%.
I. DSM : The traditional method for creating the antibiotic Cephalexin
involves a 10 step chemical synthesis. By replacing that approach
with a combination of a fermentation and enzymatic reaction, DSM
has reduce its material use and energy consumption by 65% and
variable costs by 50%.
II. Cargill Dow : The company creates Natureworks™, a new bio
based polymer to produce clothing, packaging material and
electronic goods .The product requires 25% to 55% less fossil
resources.
9. iii. Novozymes : The scouring process used in textile industry usually
involves relatively harsh chemical solutions. Novozymes supplies
enzyme applied to the water – intensive textiles industry, creating a
25% decrease in primary energy demand and 60% drop in emission
to water. Further enzymatic process has been shown to reduces
costs by 20%.
{SCOURING PROCESS : SCOURING PROCESS IS THE 1ST PROCESS CARRIED OUT
WITH OR WITHOUT CHEMICAL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OR AT SUITABLE HIGHER
TEMPERATURE WITH THE ADDITION OF SUITABLE WETTING AGENT ALKALI & SO
ON. SCOURING REMOVES ALL THE WAXES, PECTINS AND MAKES THE TEXTILE
MATERIAL HYDROPHILIC OR WATER ABSORBENT.}
10. CHARACTERISTICS
• The immediate motivation is profit and the generation of wealth.
• The microorganism involved or their products are very valuable.
• The scale is large. Fermenters as larger as 50000 liters or larger.
11. Difference between Chemical process and
Bioprocess
CHEMICAL PROCESS BIOPROCESS
i. Use of synthetic or chemical process to
convert the raw materials is done.
i. Conversion of raw materials into final
products by biological organism employing
the biochemical pathways.
ii. They need high temperature of pressure. ii. They operate at ambient temperature and
pressure.
iii. Produce a limited variety products. iii. Certain unique products such as interferon,
growth factors etc. can be produced only by
biological organism.
iv. Can be operated under unsterile condition. iv. Usually requires a certain degree of sterility
and hence are difficult to maintain.
12. APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Metabolite production.
• Production of bio control agent.
• Anaerobic digestion.
• Bio based fuel and energy.
• Recovery of metals.
• Waste treatment.
• Fermentation of food products.
13. ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
• High reaction rate.
• Improved conversional efficiency.
• High product purity.
• Lower consumption of energy.
• Decrease in chemical waste.
14. Industrial importance of microbes
• Microbes are crucial for the production of variety of metabolites such
as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin as well as the
transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental
pollution.
• Microbes can be used to create biofertelizer or to reduce metal
pollutants.
• Microbes are also used in a process called bioleaching in which
bacteria leach metals such as iron and manganese from soil and
sewage
• Microbes are also commonly used in the food industry, beverages
industry, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry.
15. Microbes are vey important in –
• Bio - based chemical production – Bacteria, Yeast and Algae have
been used to manufacture bio methanol and biodiesel as
transportation fuels as well as bio methane and bio derived
hydrogen.
• Genetic engineering – Viruses have been used as delivery vectors to
insert genetic material into other cells.
• Pharmaceutical production – Bacteria and fungi have been used to
produce several classes of antibiotics.
• Biopolymers – A number of polymer such as polyesters,
polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA), and polyamides are
synthesized with the help of microorganism.
16. List of industrially important microbes
MICROBES PRODUCTS
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bakery, Beer, Wine
Lactic acid bacteria Yogurt, probiotics
Aspergillus niger Citric acid
Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactic acid
Acetobacter xylinum Nata Nata
Lactic acid bacteria Pickle sauerkraut
Cornybacteriun glutamicum Glutamic acid
Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillin
Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid
17. Properties of industrial microbes
• Produce spores or can be easily inoculated.
• Grows rapidly on a large scale in the inexpensive medium.
• Produce desired product quickly.
• Should not be pathogenic.
• Amenable to genetic manipulations.
18. Criteria of industrial microbes
• They should liberate a large amount of single product that can be
efficiently isolated isolated and purified.
• They should be easy to maintain and cultivate.
• They should have genetic stability with infrequent mutation.
• They are easily manipulated genetically.
• They can grow on an inexpensive, readily available medium.
(Example :- capable to grow in a large scale culture.)
• They should not be harmful to human
• They are able to grow and produced the desired product ina relatively
short of period of time.
19. Characteristics of Industrial microbial
strain
• Genetically stable & rapid cell growth.
• High rate of production of the desired products.
• Shorter time of fermentation.
• Fewer by products which makes simples downstream.
• Ability to utilize wide variety of inexpensive substances.
20. Difference between wild strain and
industrial strain
Wild strain Industrial strain
i. Poor genetic stability i. High genetic stability
ii. Ability to use various substances ii. Acclimatized to use cheaper and wide
variety of substrate.
iii. Are susceptible to product inhibition iii. High tolerant to product inhibition.
iv. Poor substrate conversion rate. iv. Very high substrate conversion rate.
v. Poor reproducibility (Growth rate,
Product formation and titttre
v. High reproducibility in product
formation rate and titre.
21. Industrial microbial strain development
• Isolation if industrial microorganism.
• Screening for new products.
• Identification of metabolites.
• Maintenance of microbial isolated.
• Strain improvement.
22. Methods of industrial strain development
I. STRAIN DEVELOPMENT :- rDNA technology and other example site
directed mutagenesis, protoplasm fusion, metabolic engineering etc.
II. MUTATION :- A process which can changes in the genotypic or
phenotypic characteristics of the organism.
III. GENETIC RECOMBITATION :- It is highly successful in plants and
animals. Genetic recombination is used for both genetic analysis as well
as strain development.
It is based on the –
1) Sexual reproduction 2) Parasexual reproduction 3) Protoplasm fusion
23. Bio-Products
• Chemical substances made by living thing ranging from small
molecule to higher molecule (Macromolecules).
OR
• Production of commercially useful products made from the use of
biological (microbes & enzymes) or renewable materials (Biomass
derived from agricultural residues , food processing etc.)
Example:- Oxychemicals ( Ethanol, Acetic acid, Butanol, Citric
acid).
Antibiotics , Vaccines (Hepatitis B).
Hormones, Enzymes (Amylases, Proteases, Xynalses)
24. • Derived by extraction from original hosts or by synthesis in bioreactor
containing cells or enzymes.
Compounds Function
Methanol Solvent
Ethanol Fuel and pharmaceutical use
Penicillin Antibacterial agent
Taxol Anticancer
25. Why bioproducts ?
• Sustainability
• Less carbon & water footprint
• Less emission to the environment
• High productivity
• Creates rural employment opportunity
26. Classification of bioproducts
• Bio products are classified into 3 categories –
a) Very high value low volume :- High purity, produced in the range
of grams to Kg.(Therapeutic proteins & enzymes, interferon, factor
8,Urokinase).
b) High value low volume & high purity :- Produced in quintal or
tons. ( Diagnostic enzymes, human growth Harmon, Monoclonal
antibodies and Insulin).
c) Bulk material products of relatively low purity :- Antibiotics,
Amino acids, Organic acids, Ethanol and Amylases.
27. Characteristics of bioproducts
Characteristics Very high
value low
volume
High value
low volume
& High
purity
Bulk
industrial
products of
relatively
low
Market value 0.1 – 100 Kg/year 1000 – 100000
Kg/year
1000000 –
100000000
Kg/year
Types of organism rDNA rDNA Natural
Purity of requirements Very high High Low
Cost consideration Not important Less important Important
Major bioseparation Affinity
chromatography,
Preparative
chromatography
Membrane
separation,
Adsorption
chromatography
Precipitation,
Filtration,
Extraction,
Adsorption
28. Biochemical Pathways
• Also called as metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme mediated
reactions where the product of one reaction is used as the substrate in
the next.
Example :- Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, Calvin cycle
• They are mainly concerned with the exchange of energy.
Chemical reaction :- It can be divided in two types.
i. Homogeneous :- The reaction take place in one phase alone.
Example:- Formation of ammonia from Hydrogen & Nitrogen.
ii. Heterogeneous :- At least two phases are required to proceed the
reaction. Example:-Burning of wood, microbial reaction etc
29. • Simultaneous mass transfer and reaction.
• If diffusion rate > reaction rate , then reaction is controlling factor.
• If diffusion rate< reaction rate, then diffusion is controlling factor.
30. Industrial importance of enzymes
• Enzymes have been widely used to facilitate industrial processes and the
production of products and these enzymes are referred as Industrial
enzymes.
• Among the currently used industrial enzymes are hydrolase (including
protease and lipase) remain the enzyme type which are extensively used in
the detergent , dairy and chemical industries.
• Enzymes are widely used by the food industry for processing raw materials
for the production of numerous and common product such as bakery
products, meat products, fruit products, beer and wine.
• They are also have been used in numerous technical applications such as in
paper recycling to remove ink, textile processing and fabric finishing,
ethanol production to break down the starch and cellulose.
31. • There are some enzymes which are used in textile industry –
Enzymes Effect
Amylase Desizing
Cellulase and Hemicellulase Bio stoning of jeans
Desizing of CMC
Stylish effect on cellulose fibres
Pectinase Scouring of vegetable as well as bast fibres (e.g.
cotton, jute).
Protease Scouring of animal fibers, degumming of silk
and modification of wool properties.
Lipase Elimination of fat and waxes
32. • In food processing, the enzymes used amylase from fungi and plants.
These enzymes are used in the production of sugars from starch , such
as in making high – fructose corn syrup.
• In dairy industry, renin derived from the stomachs of young ruminant
animals (like calves and lambs) is used to manufacture of cheese, used
to hydrolyze protein.
• In the brewing industry, enzymes from barley are released during the
mashing stage of beer production. They degrade starch and proteins to
produce simple sugar, amino acids and peptides that are used by yeast
for fermentation.
33. • Amylase, glucanase and proteases are used to split polysaccharides
and proteins in the malt.
• In the starch industry amylase, amyloglucosidases and glucoamylases
convert starch into glucose and various syrups.
• In paper industry, amylase, xylanases, cellulases and ligninases are
used to degrade starch to lower viscosity, aiding sizing and coating
paper.
