2. Outline
– Important Definitions
– Components of a Digital Computer
– Computer Registers
– Buses
– Instructions
– Stack Organized CPU
– Internal Working of CPU
3. Important Definitions
– Computer Organization
– How computer components works and how they work together with other
components
– Computer Design
– Hardware design of computer
– Computer Architecture
– It is concerned with the structure and behaviour of the computer as seen by the user
4. Components of a Digital
Computer
– Components of a Digital Computer can be classified into four which are
following:
– Input
– Output
– CPU
– Memory
5. Computer Registers
– General purpose Register
– Store Data Temporary
– Accumulator
– Store Data Temporary for Arithmetic/Logical Operations
– Status Register
– Carry, Zero, Sign, Parity flags, 1-bit
– Memory Buffer Register
– Store Data which is being used
6. Computer Registers
– Memory Address Register
– Address of Data in MBR
– Instruction Register
– Instruction that is being used on Data
– Program Counter
– Store order of Execution
– Stack Pointer
– Set of Memory Locations
7. Buses
– There are three types of Buses called:
– Address Bus
– Address of Memory location travel on these paths
– Data Bus
– Required or Updated Data travel on these paths
– Control Bus
– It controls the reading and Writing of the Data
8. Instructions
– It is an order for a computer to perform a certain operations.
– A typical instruction has two parts:
– Operation Code
– Means which of arithmetic or logical operation is required
– Address
– On which data or set of data will be used for the operation
9. Instructions
– Following are the types of Instruction Format:
– Three-Address Instruction
– Operation Code, Two Operand Address, One Result Address
– Two-Address Instruction
– Operation Code, One Operand Address, One Result Address
– One-Address Instruction
– Operation Code, One Operand Address
– Zero-Address Instruction
– Operation Code
10. Stack Organized CPU
– Stack store data in such manner that the last entry get to use first in order to
retrieve the very first data.
– Stack has two kind of Operation, PUSH & POP, Push insert the data into stack
whereas Pop retrieve it.
– Polish Notation is used in Stacks to perform the operation of data.
– There are two types of Polish Notations:
– Prefix (Polish) Notation
– Postfix (Reverse Polish) Notation
13. Internal Working of CPU
– CPU is the unit that take the input, perform some operations and provide the
store the output in memory.
– This whole process is done in mainly two steps:
– Fetch
– Execute
– Which are known as Instruction Cycle.
14. Internal Working of CPU
– In Fetching Process following registers are used:
– Instruction Register
– Memory Buffer Register
– Program Counter
– Memory Address Register
– In Execution Process:
– Instruction Register holds
– Operation code
– Address of Operand