Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
The Psychology and Neurology of Substance Related DisordersRaymond Zakhari
New York City Chapter Men In Nursing Conference 2016 an overview (includes specific information regarding marijuana, stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants)
Drugs refer to substances that can affect mental processes and cause dependence. They include narcotics, psychotropic substances, and other addictive substances. Drugs are commonly misused by adolescents due to their desire to experiment and follow trends, despite the health risks of addiction and damage to development. Preventing drug misuse requires education about risks, law enforcement against distribution, strong family values, and parental supervision of children.
The document discusses alcohol and substance abuse. It begins by listing commonly abused substances like alcohol, tramadol, marijuana, and caffeine. It then notes that the region with the highest rates of abuse is the Northwest region of Nigeria. Some true statements about substance abuse are that cocaine is the most widely used illegal drug, marijuana may be a gateway drug, and men should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week. Risk factors for substance abuse include peer pressure, low self-esteem, and dysfunctional families. The document outlines the magnitude of alcohol and substance abuse in Nigeria and discusses various substances that are commonly abused as well as the causes and health effects of alcohol and substance abuse.
This document provides information on various drugs and their effects. It discusses stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine which speed up the nervous system, as well as depressants like alcohol and heroin which slow it down. Hallucinogens like LSD and ecstasy are described as altering a user's state of consciousness. Specific drugs like alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, rohypnol, heroin, cocaine, and crystal meth are then outlined, with details of their methods of use, short and long term impacts on physical and mental health, and risks of addiction. The document concludes by discussing the societal effects of substance abuse like increased disease transmission and crime.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and dependence. It defines key terms like tolerance, dependence, addiction, withdrawal, and craving. It then examines specific substances in more detail, including the effects of nicotine, cannabis, opioids, alcohol, hallucinogens, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and others. For each substance, it discusses acute and long term effects, intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, hazards, and psychiatric disorders associated with abuse. The document concludes with sections on management of substance abuse/dependence, rehabilitation centers, and pharmacological treatment options.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
The Psychology and Neurology of Substance Related DisordersRaymond Zakhari
New York City Chapter Men In Nursing Conference 2016 an overview (includes specific information regarding marijuana, stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants)
Drugs refer to substances that can affect mental processes and cause dependence. They include narcotics, psychotropic substances, and other addictive substances. Drugs are commonly misused by adolescents due to their desire to experiment and follow trends, despite the health risks of addiction and damage to development. Preventing drug misuse requires education about risks, law enforcement against distribution, strong family values, and parental supervision of children.
The document discusses alcohol and substance abuse. It begins by listing commonly abused substances like alcohol, tramadol, marijuana, and caffeine. It then notes that the region with the highest rates of abuse is the Northwest region of Nigeria. Some true statements about substance abuse are that cocaine is the most widely used illegal drug, marijuana may be a gateway drug, and men should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week. Risk factors for substance abuse include peer pressure, low self-esteem, and dysfunctional families. The document outlines the magnitude of alcohol and substance abuse in Nigeria and discusses various substances that are commonly abused as well as the causes and health effects of alcohol and substance abuse.
This document provides information on various drugs and their effects. It discusses stimulants like caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine which speed up the nervous system, as well as depressants like alcohol and heroin which slow it down. Hallucinogens like LSD and ecstasy are described as altering a user's state of consciousness. Specific drugs like alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy, rohypnol, heroin, cocaine, and crystal meth are then outlined, with details of their methods of use, short and long term impacts on physical and mental health, and risks of addiction. The document concludes by discussing the societal effects of substance abuse like increased disease transmission and crime.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and dependence. It defines key terms like tolerance, dependence, addiction, withdrawal, and craving. It then examines specific substances in more detail, including the effects of nicotine, cannabis, opioids, alcohol, hallucinogens, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and others. For each substance, it discusses acute and long term effects, intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, hazards, and psychiatric disorders associated with abuse. The document concludes with sections on management of substance abuse/dependence, rehabilitation centers, and pharmacological treatment options.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Drug Dependence & Abuse - Presentation by Akshay AnandAkshay Anand
A presentation on Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse that explains in brief about the various practices of substance abuse and dependence and the medicinal agents and drugs that can be used to overcome or treat such abuses. This was presented as a part of curriculum by Akshay Anand in Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy during May 2013.
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Substance abuse refers to disorders arising from the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and other chemicals. It is classified as F1 in ICD-10. Addiction involves physiological and psychological dependence on a substance, while abuse refers to impaired health. Dependence involves tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol dependence is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking that impairs functioning. It commonly leads to physical and psychological dependence as well as health, social, and legal problems. Relapse is the return to substance abuse after a period of abstinence.
An addiction is a complex brain disease that causes physical and mental dependence on drugs. Prolonged drug use changes the brain's structure and communication, making it difficult to stop using drugs. While addiction can be treated through rehabilitation, relapses and health issues often remain. Many factors contribute to drug addiction, including environment, biology, development, and peer pressure. Different drugs have various short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. Seeking help from a drug helpline is recommended for those struggling with addiction.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse for students. It defines substance abuse and distinguishes it from substance dependence. It discusses the prevalence of substance abuse among students, noting that marijuana and prescription drugs are the most commonly abused. The document outlines various signs and symptoms of substance abuse and how substances affect the brain. It also discusses factors influencing abuse, consequences of abuse, and medical treatments and resources available.
This document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines a drug as any substance used for medical purposes and defines addiction as habitual and uncontrolled dependence on a substance. It classifies types of drugs and their examples and discusses how drug addiction often begins due to factors like curiosity, peer pressure, depression, or a desire for excitement. The document specifically examines tobacco and nicotine, noting tobacco's origins and the stimulant and relaxing effects of nicotine but also its risks like increased heart disease and reduced fetal growth. It also looks at alcohol, explaining reasons for drinking like social pressures or wanting to escape difficulties in life. The overall goal is to raise awareness of the harmful effects of drugs.
This is a presentation explaining a brief background of Opioid Use Disorder, the methods of National Survey on Drug Use and Health, data analysis of selected risk factors to OUD, and possible solutions.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
The document discusses substance abuse and addiction. It defines terms like substance, substance abuse, intoxication, withdrawal, tolerance, dependence, and polysubstance abuse. It describes signs and symptoms of use and withdrawal from various substances like alcohol, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, marijuana, and nicotine. It discusses treatment approaches including managing overdose, withdrawal symptoms, and long term programs. Nursing considerations are outlined like ensuring a safe environment, supporting the client, and managing risks.
1) Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
2) Risk factors for substance abuse include family history of addiction, peer pressure, mental health issues, and easy accessibility of drugs.
3) Prevention strategies involve strengthening laws against drugs, educating youth on dangers of abuse, encouraging healthy activities, and rehabilitation programs for addicts.
The document summarizes key topics related to drug use and abuse, including:
1) It discusses various systems influenced by drug use such as athletic, legal, religious, and more.
2) It defines important terms like pharmacology, psychopharmacology, drug, drug abuse, drug use, and drug effects.
3) It describes different ways drugs can be classified including by origin, therapeutic use, site of action, chemical structure, and mechanism of action.
4) It outlines factors that influence the drug experience including pharmacological properties, drug user characteristics, setting, and more.
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence. It defines drugs, drug abuse, and drug dependence according to WHO. It notes that an estimated 12-20 million people in the US smoke marijuana and 30-50% of high school students have used marijuana. Dependence-producing drugs have the capacity to cause dependence. Prevention approaches include legislation, education, and providing alternative community activities for youth. Treatment involves identification, detoxification, counseling, rehabilitation, and vocational training to prevent relapse.
This document discusses sleep disorders and provides information on various types of sleep disorders including dyssomnias, parasomnias, and disorders of sleep-wake schedules. It describes insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, Kleine-Levin syndrome and other sleep disorders. It also discusses assessments and treatments for sleep disorders as well as nursing diagnoses and interventions to promote restful sleep.
Substance abuse refers to the maladaptive use of substances like alcohol, drugs, and chemicals. It can lead to addiction and dependence where the body develops a tolerance and needs more to achieve the same effects. Substance abuse disorders include alcohol dependence, opioid use, cannabis use, cocaine use, and abuse of volatile solvents. The causes of substance abuse are biological like genetics, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, and social influences including peer pressure. Treatment involves medical management of withdrawal symptoms, detoxification, and maintenance therapy as well as prevention efforts.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
The document discusses drugs, drug abuse, and addiction. It defines drugs as substances that alter normal bodily functions when absorbed into the body. It notes that drug abuse is an intense desire to obtain increasing amounts of a substance and that drug dependence results in physical harm and behavioral issues over the long term. The document also shares the story of a teenager named Alby who abused drugs from ages 13 to 18 but was able to get treatment and now feels better about himself. It discusses surveys and activities conducted by students on these topics, including visiting a rehabilitation center.
This document discusses substance abuse and psychiatric disorders related to substance abuse. It covers various substances that are commonly abused like alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, and others. It describes the biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to substance abuse. It then outlines several psychiatric disorders that can result from substance abuse like alcohol dependence syndrome, opioid disorder, cannabis use disorder, and others. The document discusses the consequences of substance abuse and treatments for alcohol and opioid disorders. It provides prevention strategies and rehabilitation approaches for substance abuse disorders.
This document discusses various topics related to alcohol, including:
1. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, rum, brandy, gin and liqueurs.
2. Health effects of alcohol consumption including alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal, and how alcohol is processed by the body.
3. Social impacts of excessive alcohol use such as increased accidents, crime, and health issues.
4. Treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence and abuse. The challenges of managing problem drinking aboard ships are also covered.
drug abuse- what is it? most common stimulants, cocaine abuse, aderall abuse, meth abuse, physiology of drug abuse, physical signs of drug abuse, treatment
Drug Dependence & Abuse - Presentation by Akshay AnandAkshay Anand
A presentation on Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse that explains in brief about the various practices of substance abuse and dependence and the medicinal agents and drugs that can be used to overcome or treat such abuses. This was presented as a part of curriculum by Akshay Anand in Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy during May 2013.
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Substance abuse refers to disorders arising from the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and other chemicals. It is classified as F1 in ICD-10. Addiction involves physiological and psychological dependence on a substance, while abuse refers to impaired health. Dependence involves tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol dependence is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking that impairs functioning. It commonly leads to physical and psychological dependence as well as health, social, and legal problems. Relapse is the return to substance abuse after a period of abstinence.
An addiction is a complex brain disease that causes physical and mental dependence on drugs. Prolonged drug use changes the brain's structure and communication, making it difficult to stop using drugs. While addiction can be treated through rehabilitation, relapses and health issues often remain. Many factors contribute to drug addiction, including environment, biology, development, and peer pressure. Different drugs have various short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. Seeking help from a drug helpline is recommended for those struggling with addiction.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse for students. It defines substance abuse and distinguishes it from substance dependence. It discusses the prevalence of substance abuse among students, noting that marijuana and prescription drugs are the most commonly abused. The document outlines various signs and symptoms of substance abuse and how substances affect the brain. It also discusses factors influencing abuse, consequences of abuse, and medical treatments and resources available.
This document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines a drug as any substance used for medical purposes and defines addiction as habitual and uncontrolled dependence on a substance. It classifies types of drugs and their examples and discusses how drug addiction often begins due to factors like curiosity, peer pressure, depression, or a desire for excitement. The document specifically examines tobacco and nicotine, noting tobacco's origins and the stimulant and relaxing effects of nicotine but also its risks like increased heart disease and reduced fetal growth. It also looks at alcohol, explaining reasons for drinking like social pressures or wanting to escape difficulties in life. The overall goal is to raise awareness of the harmful effects of drugs.
This is a presentation explaining a brief background of Opioid Use Disorder, the methods of National Survey on Drug Use and Health, data analysis of selected risk factors to OUD, and possible solutions.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
The document discusses substance abuse and addiction. It defines terms like substance, substance abuse, intoxication, withdrawal, tolerance, dependence, and polysubstance abuse. It describes signs and symptoms of use and withdrawal from various substances like alcohol, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, marijuana, and nicotine. It discusses treatment approaches including managing overdose, withdrawal symptoms, and long term programs. Nursing considerations are outlined like ensuring a safe environment, supporting the client, and managing risks.
1) Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
2) Risk factors for substance abuse include family history of addiction, peer pressure, mental health issues, and easy accessibility of drugs.
3) Prevention strategies involve strengthening laws against drugs, educating youth on dangers of abuse, encouraging healthy activities, and rehabilitation programs for addicts.
The document summarizes key topics related to drug use and abuse, including:
1) It discusses various systems influenced by drug use such as athletic, legal, religious, and more.
2) It defines important terms like pharmacology, psychopharmacology, drug, drug abuse, drug use, and drug effects.
3) It describes different ways drugs can be classified including by origin, therapeutic use, site of action, chemical structure, and mechanism of action.
4) It outlines factors that influence the drug experience including pharmacological properties, drug user characteristics, setting, and more.
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence. It defines drugs, drug abuse, and drug dependence according to WHO. It notes that an estimated 12-20 million people in the US smoke marijuana and 30-50% of high school students have used marijuana. Dependence-producing drugs have the capacity to cause dependence. Prevention approaches include legislation, education, and providing alternative community activities for youth. Treatment involves identification, detoxification, counseling, rehabilitation, and vocational training to prevent relapse.
This document discusses sleep disorders and provides information on various types of sleep disorders including dyssomnias, parasomnias, and disorders of sleep-wake schedules. It describes insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, Kleine-Levin syndrome and other sleep disorders. It also discusses assessments and treatments for sleep disorders as well as nursing diagnoses and interventions to promote restful sleep.
Substance abuse refers to the maladaptive use of substances like alcohol, drugs, and chemicals. It can lead to addiction and dependence where the body develops a tolerance and needs more to achieve the same effects. Substance abuse disorders include alcohol dependence, opioid use, cannabis use, cocaine use, and abuse of volatile solvents. The causes of substance abuse are biological like genetics, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, and social influences including peer pressure. Treatment involves medical management of withdrawal symptoms, detoxification, and maintenance therapy as well as prevention efforts.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
The document discusses drugs, drug abuse, and addiction. It defines drugs as substances that alter normal bodily functions when absorbed into the body. It notes that drug abuse is an intense desire to obtain increasing amounts of a substance and that drug dependence results in physical harm and behavioral issues over the long term. The document also shares the story of a teenager named Alby who abused drugs from ages 13 to 18 but was able to get treatment and now feels better about himself. It discusses surveys and activities conducted by students on these topics, including visiting a rehabilitation center.
This document discusses substance abuse and psychiatric disorders related to substance abuse. It covers various substances that are commonly abused like alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, and others. It describes the biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to substance abuse. It then outlines several psychiatric disorders that can result from substance abuse like alcohol dependence syndrome, opioid disorder, cannabis use disorder, and others. The document discusses the consequences of substance abuse and treatments for alcohol and opioid disorders. It provides prevention strategies and rehabilitation approaches for substance abuse disorders.
This document discusses various topics related to alcohol, including:
1. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, whiskey, rum, brandy, gin and liqueurs.
2. Health effects of alcohol consumption including alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal, and how alcohol is processed by the body.
3. Social impacts of excessive alcohol use such as increased accidents, crime, and health issues.
4. Treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence and abuse. The challenges of managing problem drinking aboard ships are also covered.
drug abuse- what is it? most common stimulants, cocaine abuse, aderall abuse, meth abuse, physiology of drug abuse, physical signs of drug abuse, treatment
This document provides definitions and categories for substance misuse in the UK. It defines misuse as unsanctioned, hazardous, dysfunctional or harmful use according to the WHO. Substances can be legal, regulated or illegal, with illegal drugs categorized into classes A-C depending on their legal tariff. Drugs are also categorized by their effects as depressants, stimulants or hallucinogens. While alcohol is legal, it is responsible for the most harm. The number of heroin and crack users is declining but challenges remain around alcohol and new psychoactive substances.
Prevalence, Types and Impact of Drug Abuse Smriti Arora
Drug abuse refers to the chronic or habitual use of substances for non-medical purposes and can lead to addiction. The document discusses the prevalence, types, and impact of drug abuse globally and in India. It identifies the most commonly abused substances by adolescents as tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, opioids, cocaine, and amphetamine-type stimulants. Globally nearly 1 in 4 adolescents have tried illicit drugs. In India, alcohol and cannabis are the most commonly used substances after alcohol. The abuse of drugs has negative societal impacts including loss of family, increased crime, public health burden, and environmental damage.
The document summarizes a group project on drug abuse. The group explored the causes, effects, and potential solutions to drug abuse through research and analysis. Some key findings included common causes like peer pressure and easy access to drugs. Effects involved physical, mental, and social problems. The group discussed solutions such as prevention programs, increased treatment, and stricter laws. The project emphasized the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing drug abuse.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts related to drugs and society. It discusses commonly abused drugs and drug use statistics. It also addresses factors that influence drug use such as biological, cultural, social and contextual factors. The document defines types of drug use and users. It provides statistics on drug use trends in the United States and costs of drug use and addiction to society.
Substance Abuse
outlines
Definition
Factsheet
Risk factors
ICD classification
Sign and Symptom
The harmful effect of substance abuse on health and behaviour
Prevention and Rehabilitation for substance abusers
References
The document discusses addiction, drugs, alcohol addiction, and symptoms of alcohol and drug addiction. It notes that addiction is an inability to stop using a substance or engaging in a behavior even though it causes harm. It defines drug addiction as a disease that affects the brain and leads to an inability to control drug use. It then lists 15 common symptoms of alcohol and drug addiction and discusses the effects of drugs and alcohol on health. It concludes by outlining some prevention strategies and steps taken by the government to address alcohol and drug abuse issues.
The document discusses classification of drugs of abuse. It states that in 2004 there were an estimated 6.7 million drug users in the Philippines, but by 2008 this had declined to 1.7 million users according to a government survey. Drugs are classified into several types including gateway drugs, depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and inhalants. Each type is described along with examples. The document also discusses drugs used by indigenous people and asks process questions about drug abuse prevention.
1) Stimulants are substances that speed up physical and psychological functions by increasing activity in the brain's reward system. Common stimulants include cocaine and amphetamines.
2) Both cocaine and amphetamines inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, resulting in feelings of euphoria and increased energy. However, cocaine blocks reuptake while amphetamines cause release of these neurotransmitters.
3) Chronic stimulant use can lead to psychosis, depression, medical complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs due to restricted blood flow, and high relapse rates following withdrawal.
The document summarizes information about the effects of tobacco, alcohol, and narcotics on health. It states that tobacco is estimated to cause 110.7 deaths per 100,000 people globally and is responsible for the highest burden of ill health worldwide. Heavy drinking, defined as more than three drinks per day, can directly damage the heart and lead to conditions like high blood pressure and heart failure. The independent scientific committee on drugs ranked alcohol as three times more harmful than cocaine or tobacco. Narcotics include opioids like heroin and morphine which are highly addictive and can have both short and long term physical and psychological effects depending on individual factors. Prevention methods proposed for all substances include education, exercise, avoiding situations involving use, and keeping
Ms. Tanisha Poddar of BVJMM 4th Semester of #JIMSVKII has shared about Substance abuse among youth.
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The document discusses various topics related to drug abuse and addiction. It begins by defining key terms like drug, addiction, and types of illegal drugs. It then discusses patterns of use for specific drugs like marijuana, opiates, and cocaine. It notes that most addicts begin using heroin through social contacts and learn techniques of use from other addicts. The process of addiction is described as typically starting with experimentation that can escalate to frequent use and dependence for some individuals. Prevention of drug abuse is identified as an important topic also covered in the document.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and psychosocial problems. It discusses various psychological and social problems individuals may face, global prevalence rates of mental disorders, and epidemiological data on substance use in Nepal. Screening tools for assessing various psychosocial issues are also presented. The document further explores substance abuse, classification of substances, factors influencing abuse, and treatment modalities.
1) Mental illness is a widespread problem affecting approximately 10% of the population globally. It includes a wide spectrum of disorders from minor neuroses to major psychoses like schizophrenia.
2) Mental illness has multifactorial causes including genetic, organic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Early diagnosis and treatment as well as rehabilitation services are important for management.
3) Substance abuse disorders like alcohol and drug dependence present a major public health challenge. Prevention through education, legislation, and community programs as well as treatment involving detoxification and rehabilitation are essential strategies to address this problem.
This document discusses drug abuse and provides information on various types of drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, substance abuse, dependence, use vs abuse and reasons for drug abuse. It then describes the stages of drug abuse and dependence. It provides details on commonly abused drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin, alcohol and classifies them into stimulants, depressants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, inhalants and narcotics. It also discusses illegal drug usage statistics globally and in India. It covers common withdrawal symptoms and different routes of drug administration and their effects.
Meaning,Types of alcoholism and drug abuse and their explanation, Symptoms, Law, rights and amendments, Addiction vs abuse, Survey, Literature review and future aspect.
1) Substance abuse and dependence are significant problems, with over 15% of the US population over 18 having a serious substance use disorder, mostly involving alcohol or other drugs.
2) Substance use disorders involve both behavioral and physical dependence, and are considered medical disorders rather than character flaws.
3) The DSM-IV classification system categorizes several substance-induced disorders outside of the main substance use disorders category, including substance-induced persisting dementia and substance-induced psychotic disorders.
- Drug addiction and abuse refers to the chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for non-medical purposes. This includes both licit and illicit drugs.
- Addiction is compulsive drug use despite harm, while substance abuse refers to frequently using drugs like alcohol and inhalants that can be addictive.
- Dependence involves psychological need for a drug and physical tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction affects the reward pathway in the brain.
- Drug abuse has negative effects on individuals, families, and society through health issues, crime, and lost productivity.
Substance Abuse: Approaches, Statistics, Legislation, Services and MethodsEarly Artis
This document discusses substance abuse in Finland. It begins by defining addiction and outlining the most common addictive substances in Finland, including alcohol, tobacco, and various illegal drugs. It then provides statistics on alcohol consumption and issues in Finland, noting that alcohol is the largest problem and discussing attitudes towards drinking. The document also outlines approaches to substance abuse treatment in Finland, including services provided at different levels of care and legislation around supporting those with substance abuse issues.
1) The document discusses the anatomy, classifications, clinical features, and treatment of uveitis.
2) Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal tract which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It can be classified anatomically by which structure is involved - anterior, intermediate, or posterior uveitis.
3) Clinical signs of anterior uveitis/iridocyclitis include pain, redness, photophobia, blurred vision, and keratic precipitates on the cornea. Treatment involves cycloplegic eye drops to relieve inflammation and prevent complications.
The document summarizes key aspects of the puerperium period following childbirth. It discusses how the body's tissues, especially the pelvic organs, revert to their pre-pregnant state over approximately 6 weeks postpartum through the process of involution. It describes the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the uterus, cervix, blood vessels, muscles, and endometrium during this period. It also discusses involution of other pelvic structures, lochia discharge, clinical assessment of involution, general physiological changes, lactation, and management of the normal puerperium.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a common circulatory problem where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis, which narrows the arteries through plaque buildup. Common symptoms include intermittent claudication pain brought on by walking. Diagnosis involves tests like the ankle-brachial index which compares arm and ankle blood pressures. Treatment includes lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, medications to improve symptoms, and potentially surgeries like angioplasty or bypass if lifestyle changes and medications are not effective.
The document summarizes an orthopaedics seminar on skeletal tuberculosis. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and management of skeletal tuberculosis. Key points include that tuberculosis can affect bones and joints secondary to a primary lung or lymph node infection. Spinal tuberculosis is most common, often affecting the pediatric population. Diagnosis involves x-rays, biopsy and culture. Treatment consists of antibiotic therapy for 9-24 months as well as surgery if needed to drain abscesses, debride joints or stabilize bones.
APPROACH TO HANDLING OF MEDICO-LEGAL CASESSohailislam12
This document provides an overview of handling medico-legal cases. It discusses what constitutes a medico-legal case, common types of cases, relevant laws, and the process of managing a case which includes identification, registration, examination, investigation, treatment, preparing a final opinion. Specific issues like consent, injuries, autopsy, poisoning, and transport accidents are also covered. The presentation was made by 11 students providing information on approaching medico-legal cases.
The prostate gland is located inferior to the bladder and surrounds the urethra. Common disorders include prostatitis (acute or chronic inflammation), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, non-cancerous enlargement), and prostate cancer. Prostate cancer typically presents with urinary symptoms, bone pain, or is found on PSA testing or rectal exam. Diagnosis involves biopsy. Treatment depends on stage and includes watchful waiting, surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or palliation.
This document presents a case study of a 22-year-old pregnant woman, Rupa Serung, who is 38 weeks pregnant and was admitted to the hospital with bleeding per vagina. On examination, she was found to have a grade II placenta previa. Tests showed signs of anemia. An ultrasound confirmed a single fetus in longitudinal lie and cephalic presentation with a low-lying placenta. The diagnosis was grade II placenta previa. The options for management include either expectant management with bed rest or immediate termination of the pregnancy depending on the status of the mother and fetus.
1. The document discusses foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract, which includes the respiratory tract and upper digestive tract. It covers the anatomy, classification, symptoms, diagnosis and management of foreign bodies in the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, esophagus and food passage.
2. Common sites of lodgment include the larynx, trachea, bronchi and esophagus. Symptoms depend on the location but may include difficulty breathing, coughing, choking, pain on swallowing. Diagnosis involves x-rays and CT scans. Management involves removal by direct vision or endoscopy under anesthesia.
3. Surgical removal is sometimes needed for sharp, large or impacted objects not
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
5. • Substance- refers to any drug,
medication or toxin that shares
the potential of abuse.
• Abuse- refers to maladaptive
pattern of substance use that
impairs health in a broad sense.
• Addiction- is a Physiological and
psychological dependence on
alcohol or other drugs of abuse
that affects the Central Nervous
System in such a way that
withdrawal symptoms are
experienced when the substance
is discontinued.
6. • Dependence- is defined as “a cluster of cognitive behavioral and
physiological symptoms that indicate a person has impaired control of
psychoactive substance use and continues use of substance despite
adverse consequences.
• Tolerance – is a state in which after repeated administration, a drug
produces a decreased effect or increasing doses are required to produce
the same effect.
• Substance withdrawal- is a group of signs and symptoms recurring when
a drug is reduced in amount or withdrawn, which last for a limited time.
7. CLASSIFICATION
• Ethanol
• Tobacco
• Sedatives and hypnotics
• Opiates and opioids
• Cocaine
• Cannabis
• Stimulants including Amphetamines and caffeine
• Hallucinogen-LSD
• Volatile substances- kerosene, petrol, whitener, gasoline etc
• Miscellaneous drugs and substances like Datura seeds, anabolic
steroids, cough syrup etc.
8. Common and major substances used in India
• Alcohol
• Tobacco
• Opioids
• Cannabis
• Tranquilizers
• Volatile solvents
10. • The National Institute of Drug Abuse(NIDA), National Survey
of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) conduct periodic surveys of
the use of illicit drugs in the United States.
• As of 2012,it is estimated that more than 22 million persons
older than the age of 12 years were classified as having a
substance-related disorder.
• The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government
of India, has published a report titled, “” Magnitude of
Substance Use in India, 2019.”
11. • Alcohol is the most common
substance used followed by
cannabis and opioids.
• National Household Survey(2004)
reported:-
• Current drug use(past one month) –
• Alcohol-21%
• Cannabis-3%
• Opiates-0.7%
• Any illicit drug use-3. 6%
• Injection drug use(ever) -0. 1%
12. •The first nationwide
survey”Global Adult
Tobacco Survey”in
India(2009-2010) reported:-
•Current tobacco use in any
form among 34% adults.
•Among them 14% Tobacco
smoker and 25.9% use
smokeless tobacco.
•47.9% were Males and
20.3% were Females.
13. Gender and Age:-
• Primarily affects male
but females are also
vulnerable.
• Critical age of onset:-
15-24 years.
Socioeconomic and
Cultural Factors:-
• Religious and cultural
practices.
• Home-brewed alcohol
use-NE States.
• Opium in Rajasthan is
acceptable.
14. The Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 prohibits a person from the
production/manufacturing/cultivation, possession, sale, purchasing, transport,
storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
• According to the Act, narcotic drugs include coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, and
poppy straw; and psychotropic substances include any natural or synthetic material
or any salt or preparation protected by the Psychotropic Substances Convention of
1971.
• The penalties under this Act are severe considering the consequences of drug
abuse and its trafficking.
- The offences under the Act attract jail terms ranging from one year to 20 years a
fine depending on the crime.
- Under the Act, abetment, criminal conspiracy and even attempts to commit an
offence attract the same punishment as the offence itself.
- Preparation to commit an offence attracts half the penalty.
- Repeat offences attract one and a half times the penalty and in some cases, the
death penalty.
(cont.)
15. • The Narcotics Control Bureau was constituted in 1986 under the provisions of the
NDPS Act.
• Under the Act, property acquired by a person from drug-related offences, who has
been convicted under the Act can be seized, frozen and forfeited by the
government.
• All the offences under the NDPS Act are non-bailable.
• Also, no relief can be sought by the drug convicts by termination, remission, and
commutation of sentences passed.
16. AETIOLOGY:-
• It is a brain disease wherein
the voluntary drug using
behavior transforms into a
compulsive behaviour due to
change in the structure and
neurochemistry of the user.
• Drug availability, social
acceptability and peer
pressures may be the major
determinants of initial
experimentation with a drug.
17. A) Biological Factors:-
1.Genetics.
2.Neurobiology:-
• “Brain reward system”
• Craving is linked to the
concentration of Dopamine and
Endorphins in Nucleus
Accumbens and Hippocampus.
B) Psychological factors-
1.Concept of self-medication
2.Behavioural and conditioning
factors.
3.Personality- related
18. C) Environmental Factors:-
1.Social/Cultural/Legal Factors.
2.Drug related Factors.
• Substances which give more intense pleasure and act
quickly are likely to be used repeatedly.
• Drugs which give more distressing withdrawal symptoms
are more addictive.
• Using substance through inhalation and parenteral route
increases the addictive potential.
• Availability and social sanction of the particular drug.
21. PHYSICAL COMPLICATIONS
• Overusing mood- or physiology-altering substances can
cause damage in a number of ways.
• Direct effects of substances: For example, snorting cocaine
through the nose can damage nasal cartilage, and taking
opiates can lead to opiate-induced constipation, a chronic
and potentially fatal form of constipation if a person does
not receive treatment.
22. • Injury: This can occur during the administration of a drug,
depending on the method. For example, injecting heroin with a
needle can lead to skin and muscle damage at the point of
injection.
• Injury can also occur while intoxicated. Often, drug use impairs
co-ordination and balance and can lead to falls and injuries
23. Cardiovascular health: Many substances lead to spikes in blood
pressure and heart rate, placing strain on the heart and blood vessels
and increasing the risk of stroke, heart attack, and death.
Respiratory Health: Many substances can cause COPD, Asthma, Lung
infections like pneumonia, Lung cancer and other form of cancer which
include cancer of larynx, trachea and pharynx.
Also includes Pulmonary edema, hemorrhages, pulmonary barotrauma.
Loss of hygiene and routine: Addiction can become an all-
encompassing feature in a person’s life, and reward systems in the brain
can rewire to prioritize the substance or behavior at the root of the
addiction over nutrition, resolving stressful situations, and hygiene.
Fetal damage: If a woman takes substances while pregnant, this can
lead to congenital anomalies or even death in the fetus.
24. Gastrointestinal health:
It includes oral ulcers, oropharyngeal malignancies,
esophagitis, acute gastritis, pancreatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis,
etc.
Central nervous system:
It includes Amnesia, Hallucinations, Wernicke-korsakoff’s
syndrome, dementia, cerebellar degeneration, peripheral
neuropathy and myopathy.
26. • SOCIAL COMPLICATIONS:
- Social isolation, decrease social reputation.
• OCCUPATIONAL COMPLICATIONS:
- Absenteeism, loss of skill, loss of job.
• FINANCIAL COMPLICATIONS:
- Financial obligations not fulfilled
- Exhausting savings
- Selling properties.
• LEGAL COMPLICATIONS:
- Involvement in illegal activities to procure money for drug use (robbery,
assault,etc.)
- Breaking laws(drunken driving)
- Drug related crime(procuring and storing, selling illegal substances)
- Imprisonment
27. PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS
• Dependence/ Addiction
- Physical adaptations
- behavioural adaptations
• Substance induced Psychotic disorder
eg. Relapsing Schizophrenia by cannabis
• Sense of inferiority
• Poor impulse control
• Loneliness
• Desire to escape from reality
• Desire to experiment
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Panic attacks
29. ALCOHOL ABUSE
What is Alcohol Abuse?
Alcohol abuse is defined as repetitive
problems with alcohol in any one of four
life areas - social, interpersonal, legal, and
occupational - or repeated use in
hazardous situations such as driving
while intoxicated in an individual who
is not alcohol dependent.
31. ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is a condition in an individual who consumes large amount of alcohol
over a long period of time.
It is characterized by-
● a pathological desire for alcohol intake.
● Black outs during intoxication.
● Withdrawal symptoms on ceasing alcohol intake.
Drinking becomes a problem when the consumption level is above 21units/week
for men and 14units/week for women.
32. TYPES OF ALCOHOLISM
According to Jellinek, there are 5 species of alcoholism/alcohol
dependence :
• Alpha - earliest stage, to relieve pain, can control drinking
• Beta - heavy drinkers, drink daily, physical symptoms, no addiction,
can quit, no withdrawal symptoms
• Gamma - loss of control in drinking, physical dependence, can quit,
withdrawal seen
• Delta - physical dependence, withdrawal seen, can’t quit
• Epsilion - final stage of drinking, continual and insanitable urge to
drink (craving), compulsive drinking
44. COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO USE OF ALCOHOL
● Acute intoxication
● Tolerance
● Dependence syndrome
● Withdrawal syndrome
45. ACUTE INTOXICATION
Initially, alcohol produces excitement progessing to loss of restraint,
behavioural changes, garrulousness, slurred speech,ataxia, unsteady gait,
drowsiness, stupor and finally coma
TOLERANCE
With the repeated administration of larger doses of alcohol are required to
produce the same effect.
Cross tolerance: a person with the tolerance is likely to develop tolerance
towards second similar kind of drugs.
46. DEPENDENCE SYNDROME
According to ICD-11,this includes
● Strong internal drive to use alcohol.
● Impaired ability to control use, increasing priority given to use over other
activities.
● Persistence use despite harm or negative consequences.
● Physical symptoms of dependence
47. ● Tolerance to effect of alcohol.
● Withdrawal symptoms following cessation or reduction of alcohol use
● Use of alcohol or pharmacologically similar substances to prevent or
alleviate withdrawal symptoms
● Diagnosis may be made of alcohol use is continuous (daily or almost
daily) for atleast 1month.
48. WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
Sudden cessation of alcohol intake in a chronic alcoholic can provoke a
withdrawal reaction which may manifest as-
● Common abstinence syndrome
● Alcoholic hallucinosis
● Seizures
● Alcoholic ketoacidosis
● Delirium tremens
● Wernicke korsakoff syndrome
49. COMMON ABSTINENCE SYNDROME
Onset- 6hrs to 8hrs after cessation of alcohol
ALCOHOLIC HALLUCINOSIS
Onset- 24hrs to 36hrs
SEIZURES
Onset- 7hrs to 48hrs
ALCOHOLIC KETOACIDOSIS
Onset- 24hrs to 72hrs
50. DELIRIUM TREMENS
Onset- 3 to 5 days
Features- dramatic onset of disordered mental activity characterized by-
● Clouding of consciousness
● Disorientation
● Loss of memory
● Vivid hallucinations
● Severe agitation
● Restlessness
● Intense fear
● Clover shaped ST changes in ECG
51. WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Triads of confusion,ataxia,opthalmoplagia
Drowsiness, disorientation, amnesia
Korsakoff psychosis
Impairment of memory and confabulation (falsification of memory)
Reversible only in 20% of cases.
52. DRUNKENNESS
Definition: It is a condition which results from excessive
intake of alcohol.
The person under its influence shows the following:
i. Loss of control over his mental faculties.
ii. Inability to perform the duties in which he is engaged.
iii. Dangerous to himself or to others.
53. MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS
• Sec. 85 IPC: Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the
time of doing it, by reason of intoxication, is incapable of knowing the
nature of the act, or what he is doing is either wrong or contrary to law;
provided that thing which intoxicated him was administered to him
without his knowledge or against his will
• Voluntary drunkenness is not an excuse for commission of crime
• Sec. 510 IPC: Misconduct by a drunken person in public is punishable
with imprisonment upto 24 h.
54. Driving under influence of alcohol
In India, according to Motor Vehicles
Act 1988, for the first offence,
punishment is imprisonment of 6
months and/or fine of Rs 2000. If a
second offence is committed within
3 years, the punishment is 2 years
and/or fine of Rs 3000. Under this
Act, there can be arrest without
warrant, a breath test and a
laboratory test can also be carried
out.
55. ASSESSMENT :
Reasons to assess patients :
• Screening
• Establish a diagnosis
• Planning effective treatment
• Referral
• Establish rapport
• Increase motivation
Setting :
• General Medical Hospital
• Community Clinic
• Psychiatric Hospital
• Prison
• NGO
• De-addiction Centre
• OPD Ward
66. PSYCHOSOCIAL MANAGEMENT :
• Brief interventions-for primary settings
• F –feedback about adverse effects of alcohol
• R –personal Responsibility for changing behaviour
• A –Advice about reducing or abstaining
• M –Menu of options
• E –empathy
• S- self efficacy
68. Stage of Cycle What will help What you can do
Pre-contemplation Information about the client and the
problem
Help the client ventilate feelings about the
problem
Impact of the problem on the people
around
Avoid Confrontation
Educate about alcohol and drugs, focus on
rapport building
Encourage and appreciate any expression of the
desire to quite alcohol
Contemplation Assessment of the client’s feelings and
cognition about his drinking behavior
Facilitate the analysis of pros and cons
Help in realistic appraisal of the good and bad
things about doing drugs/alcohol
Preparation Choosing to give up drugs and committing to
specific goals
Reaffirm person’s ability to make change
Action Achieving the goals by taking concrete steps Help him lay a definite plan of action
Maintenance Continuing to take the steps and
strengthening commitment to give up
alcohol
Try to involve a significant other
MOTIVATION ENHANCEMENT THERAPY :
69. TREATMENT OF WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS :
BENZODIAZEPINES
The Drugs of Choice
Preferably Long Acting Benzodiazepines
There are three types of assisted withdrawal regimens –
• Fixed dose reduction
• Variable dose reduction
• front loading
CHOICE OF A BZD :
Long half-life (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam): Seizures: ~ 58%
Distress (“smoother
detox”)
Shorter half-life (lorazepam, oxazepam): Over sedation
Safer in elderly / liver impairment
79. ANTI-CRAVING MEDICINES
Medicine Mechanism Pharmacology Dose Side effects
Acamprosate Inhibits Glutamate
(NMDA) receptor
Good oral absorption
Food hampers absorption
Not metabolized
Excreted via kidney
6 tabs for body wt
>60 kg
4 tabs for <60 kg
Diarrhorea
Headache
Dizziness
Pruritus
Decreased libido
Confusion
Naltrexone Pure opioid antagonist
with highest affinity for
mu receptor
Better oral absorption 50 mg/day Nausea
Headache
Anxiety
Sedation
Topiramate Inhibits release of
dopamine in meso-
cortico-limbic pathway
Augments GABA function
Inhibits Glutaminergic
pathway
Inhibits carbonic
anhydrase enzyme
excreted via kidney 25 – 300 mg/day Weight loss
Parasthesia
Cognitive
impairment
81. Cannabis
• Cannabis is the most widely use illegal drug in the world.
• It is produced from the plant- Cannabis sativa or Indian hemp
plant.
• Cannabinoids are the active chemical compounds in the
Cannabis.
• Among the Cannabinoids Tetrahydrocannabinol is the most
potent one.
82. Preparations of Cannabis
CANNABIS
PRODUCTS
ORIGIN ROUTE OF
CONSUMPTION
CONCENTRATION OF
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL
(mg%)
Bhang Dried leaves of the
plant
Oral, smoking 1-3
Ganja Dried flowering top Smoking 6-20
Hasish Resinous extract of
the plant
Smoking 10-20
Hasish Oil Syrup extracted from
resin
Smoking 15-30
85. Effect of Cannabis
• Effect of Cannabis varies with blood
THC level.
• At low dose : Euphoria.
• Cannabis can impair
coordination.Dexterity and
Steadiness are both adversely
affected.
• With increase in dose – Perceptual
and sensory distortion may be
experienced.
• Some may experience Bad trip –
Restlessness,fear,panic .
• Higher dose may result in delirium,
psychosis and paranoid ideation
which may be self limited.
86. • Cannabis Intoxication – Cannabis intoxication commonly heightens users
sensitivities to external stimuli, reveals new details and subjectively slows
the appreciation of time.
• Cannabis withdrawal – Cessation of use in daily Cannabis users results in
withdrawal symptoms within 1 to 2weekof cessation.
Symptoms include – Irritability, Cannabis craving, nervousness, anxiety,
insomnia, decrease in appetite, restlessness, sweating, tremor.
• Amotivational syndrome- The amotivational syndrome has been associated
with long term heavy use and has been characterized by a person’s
unwillingness to persist in a task – be it at school, at work or in any setting
that requires prolonged attention.
87. TREATMENT
• Abstinence and support – Abstinence can be achieved
through direct intervention such as hospitalization or
through careful monitoring by the use of urine drug
screening ,which can Detect Cannabis upto 4 week.
• Support can be achieved through the use of individual,
family and group psychotherapist.
89. Introduction
• Opioids have been used for analgesic and other medicinal purposes for
thousands for years, but they also have a long history of misuse for their
psychoactive effects.
• In developed countries, the opioid drug most frequently associated with
abuse and dependence is heroin.
• Over the last few decades there have been significant advances in
treatment and understanding of opioid dependence.
• Different opioid disorders include such common phenomenon as opioid
use disorder, opioid intoxication, opioid withdrawal , opioid induced sleep
disorder and sexual dysfunction.
• The association between the transfusion of HIV and i.v. opioid use is
now recognized as a leading national health concern
90. Neuropharmacology
• The primary effect of opioid drug are mediated via the opioid receptors
which include µ, κ, λ opioid receptor.
• µ opioid receptors are involved in regulation and mediation of analgesia,
respiratory depression, constipation and drug dependence. Κ opioid
receptor with analgesia , diuresis and sedation . And λ opioid receptor with
analgesia.
• The enkephalins , endorphins are endogenous opioids involved in neural
transmission and pain suppression.
• The endogenous opioids also have significant interactions with other
neuronal systems such as the dopaminergic and noradrenergic
neurotransmitter systems .
91. • The addictive rewarding properties of opioids are mediated through
activation of the ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons that project
to the cerebral cortex and the limbic system .
• Heroin , the most commonly abused opioid is more lipid soluble than
morphine which allow it to cross blood brain barrier faster and have a more
rapid and pleasurable onset than morphine.
92. TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE
• Tolerance to all actions of opioid drugs does not develop uniformly .
• Tolerance to some actions of opioids can be so high that a 100 fold
increase in dose is required to produce the original effect.
• Symptoms of opioid withdrawal do not appear unless a person has
been using opioids for a long time or when cessation is particularly
abrupt.
• The long term use of opioids results in changes in the number and
sensitivity of opioid receptors which mediate at least some of the
effects of tolerance and withdrawal.
• Short term use of opioids apparently decreases the activity of the
noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and long term use
activates a compensatory homeostatic mechanism within the neurons
and opioid withdrawal results in rebound hyperactivity.
94. DIAGNOSIS
• Different opioid related disorders include opioid intoxication,
opioid induced psychotic disorder , mood disorder, sleep
disorder , sexual dysfunction and unspecified opioid related
disorder.
95.
96. Clinical features and adverse effect
• Opioid can be taken orally, intranasally, intravenously,
subcutaneously. The associated symptom include :-
1. Filling of warmth
2. Heaviness of extremities
3. Dry mouth
4. Itchy face
5. Facial flushing
6. Physical effect such as respiratory depression, pupillary
constriction, constipation, smooth muscle contraction, changes
in the blood pressure, body temperature and heart rate.
97. 7. The most common and serious adverse effect associated with
opioid related disorder is the potential transmission of hepatitis
and HIV through the use of contaminated needles
8. Person can experience idiosyncratic reaction to opioid
resulting in anaphylactic shock , pulmonary edema and death if
they do not receive adequate treatment .
98. TREATMENT
• Overdose Treatment
I. The first task in overdose treatment is to ensure an
adequate airway. Tracheopharryngeal secretions
should be aspirated , an airway may be inserted and
patient should be ventilated mechanically.
II. Naloxone , a specific opioid antagonist is administered
intraveneously. Signs of improvement (increase
respiratory rate and pupillary dilation) should occur
promptly.
• Medically Supervised
withdrawal and detoxification
1. Opioid agents for treating opioid withdrawal include
methadone , levomethadyl , buprenorphine.
99. 2. Opioid antagonist such as naloxone block the effect of opioid .
Psychotherapy
Individual psychotherapy , behavioral therapy , cognitive
behavioral therapy , family therapy , support groups and social
skill training may all prove effective for specific patients.
101. SEDATIVES
• Definition:-
Sedative is a drug that reduces excitement and calms the
person.
It acts on the limbic system which regulates thought and
mental function.
102. HYPNOTICS
Hypnotics are the drugs that initiate sleep resembles to the
normal sleep.
Site of action is midbrain and ascending RAS (RETICULAR
ACTIVATING SYSTEM)
104. USES:-
• These drugs used in certain conditions like sleep disorders
such as lack of sleep ( insomnia).
• Sedatives and hypnotics are useful drugs in transient insomnia
(<3 days), short term insomnia (3 days to 3 weeks), long term
insomnia (> 3 weeks)
• Amphetamine, modafinil, amitriptyline are used in
hypersomnia ( narcolepsy)
• Tricyclic antidepressants are used in nocturnal enuresis.
• In addition to their psychiatric indications, these drugs are also
used as antiepileptics, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and
anesthetic adjuvants
105.
106. PATTERN OF ABUSE:-
• These drugs are often abused and in case of barbiturate type
drugs the desire to continue the drug is strong.
• There is cross tolerance between these drugs and alcohol.
• The withdrawal symptoms reach a maximum in 2 or 3 days and
subside slowly.
• Early signs are:- tremor, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, irritability,
restlessness, anxiety, tinnitus etc.
• Late signs are:- profuse diaphoresis, marked disorientation,
persistent hallucination, extreme agitation , hypertension,
tremors, hyperthermia.
107. A) Oral use:
Sedatives and hypnotics can all be taken orally,
either occasionally to achieve a time-limited specific effect.
• The occasionally used pattern is observed in young person who
uses it for achieving specific effect; relaxation for an evening,
intensification of sexual activities, and a short lived period of mild
euphoria.
• Abusers of this type may have prescription from several
physicians And pattern of abuse is undetected Until obvious sign
of abuse is detected by family Or physician or co workers.
108. B) Intravenous use:-
• A severe form of abuse involves intravenous use.
• Abusers are young adult mainly.
• Intravenous barbiturates are used Associated with pleasant,
warm and drowsy feeling.
• Barbiturates are used more than opioid as it is less costly.
• Physical threat includes HIV, hepatitis B, cellulitis etc.
109. OVERDOSE:-
A) Benzodiazepine:-
• In contrast to the barbiturates
and barbiturate like substance
BZDs has large margin of safety
when taken overdose.
• The ratio of lethal dose to
effective dose is 200 to 1 or
higher.
• When grossly excessive amount
of more than 2g taken in suicide
attempts symptoms include only
drowsiness, lethargy, ataxia.
• Flumazenil can be used to
reverse the effects of BZD.
110. B) Barbiturates
• Barbiturates are lethal taken in
overdose because they induce
severe respiratory depression.
• In addition to intentional suicide
attempts, accidental or
unintentional overdose are seen.
• Barbiturates overdose is
characterized by coma, respiratory
arrest, cvs failure, death.
• Lethal dose to effective dose ratio
ranges between 3:1 and 30:1
• Dependant users take daily dose of
1.5 g short acting Barbiturates.
111. C) Barbiturate like substances:-
• The Barbiturate like substances vary in their lethality are
usually intermediate between the relative safety of BZD and
high lethality of Barbiturates.
• Overdose of methaqualone can result in restlessness,
muscle spasm, delirium, convulsions
• Combination of methaqualone with alcohol is very fatal.
113. VOLATILE SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• Volatile substance produces vapors that are inhaled for their
psychoactive effect.
• These agents are abused most frequently young adults and
teenagers.
• Often call it huffing, sniffing or tooting.
• Volatile substance are depressant which slow down the
activity of our brain.
• They can also be stimulant and causes hallucinations.
114. DIFFERENT VOLATILE SUBSTANCES
• Solvents
Used to keep product dissolved until they are ready for use.
Example- glues, dry cleaners, paint thinners, detergents,
perfumes , petrol etc.
• Gases, aerosol, propellants ( butane, propane)
Example- spray paint, hair spray, lighter
• Anesthetics
Example- ether, nitrous oxide, chloroform
• Nitrites
Example – isoamyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite
115. REASON FOR VOLATILE SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• Low self esteem and poor self image and resulting self harm.
• Difficult family relationships.
• Lack of support through traumatic events and transitions .
• Peer influence.
• violence and other abuse.
• Opportunity and availability.
116. HOW VOLATILE SUBSTANCES ARE USED
• Glues tends to be sniffed from bags, including crisp bags.
• Liquids, including petrol, can be sniffed from a handkerchief
or a coat sleeve.
• Gaseous preparations such as butane can be sniffed from bags
or sprayed directly into the mouth
• Hands are often placed inside a large plastic bag to inhale the
fumes.
• Some people will inhale through both the nose and mouth to
enhance the effect.
117.
118. HOW DO VOLATILE SUBSTANCE WORK
• Absorbed through the lungs into bloodstream.
• The chemical in solvents are fat soluble.
• Chemical pass rapidly to the brain through the NMDA/ GABA
receptor present in brain cell.
• Effects 20-30 second , last for the next 30- 40 minutes.
• Effect vary from person to person the ‘high’ usually last only a
few minutes.
• Duration of the experience depends on the product, glue has
a longer duration than butane.
119. CLINICAL EFFECT OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCE ABUSE
IMMEDIATE
• Feeling light headache and dizzy
• Agitations
• Aggressive behaviour
• Confusion and drowsiness
• Hallucinations
• Irritation to eyes, nose and throat
• Slurred speech
• Suffocation
• Sudden death syndrome
• Increase heart rate
• Nausea and vomiting
LONG TERM
• Dependence
• Brain damage
• Loss of hearing and vision
• Problems breathing
• Tremors
• Damage to the immune system,
bones, nerves, kidney, liver, heart
and lungs
120. MANAGEMENT :
SUBSTANCES MECHANISM OF ACTION/PURPOSE
Cross-tolerance Suppression of few
withdrawal
symptoms
(no cross-tolerance)
Symptomatic
treatment
For complicated
withdrawal
Alcohol - Oral long acting
benzodiazepine
s (diazepam)
- Lorazepam is
preferred for
patients with
alcoholic liver
disease
β-blocker _ Parenteral
benzodiazepines
Opiods Buprenorphine
(sublingual)
A-2 adrenergic
agonist (clonidine)
Antidiarrheals
, hypnotics
_
Benzodiazepines Oral long acting
benzodiazepines
_ _ _
Nicotine Nicotine gum,
lozenges and
transdermal patch
_ _ _
121. MANAGEMENT (cont):
Types of agents Types of
substances
Examples
Deterrents Alcohol Disulfiram
Anti-cravings Acamprosate, Fluoxetine,
and Naltrexone
Agonist Opioids Methandone,
Buprenorphine
Antagonist Naltrexone
122. CONCLUSION
- awareness about the challenges of drug abuse in
health and humanitarian crises
- create a society free of drug
- instilling a sense of responsibility among the
youth so that they don't fall prey to drugs.
123. REFERENCES (BIBLIOGRAPHY) :
1. Synopsis of Psychiatry by Kaplan & Sadock
2. The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology by Dr. K. S. Narayan
Reddy
3. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine by Anthony Fauci