Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
R.shanmuga vadivu
1. RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING FACILITY
Submitted by
R.SHANMUGA VADIVU
OCTOBER 2013
Department of Electronics
Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous)
Affiliated to Bharathidasan University
(Re-accredited by NAAC with „A‟ grade)
Tiruchirappalli-620002
2. Department of Electronics
Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous)
Affiliated to Bharathidasan University
(Re-accredited by NAAC with „A‟ grade)
Tiruchirappalli-620002
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled “RAIN ALARM
WITH CLOSING FACITIES” is the bonafide work done by
Miss.R.Shanmuga vadivu,
of the first year M.Sc., Electronics
during the year 2013 under my guidance
Internal Guide
External Examiner
Head of the Department
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I whole heartedly thank the Lord almighty for
blessing us and guiding as throughout the project work
I render my heartful thanks to our secretary
Mr.R. Panchapakesan B.Sc., BL., for giving us opportunity to do
this project. I also thank our Principal Dr.Mrs. Kanagabhashyam,
and our Vice-Principal Dr. Mrs. Usha Chandrasekar for giving her
kind consent to carry out the project.
I render my sincere thanks to our Head, Mrs.V. Anuradha,
M.Sc.,M.Phil, for her complete guidance and support during my project.
I also thank our staff members for helping us throughout this project.
I also express my heartful thanks to my parents, friends one
and all who helped us to carry our project in a successful manner.
R.Shanmuga vadivu
4. ABSTRACT
This project is entitled as “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING FACILITY”
used in home and cottage industries. The main purpose of this project is to
prevent the materials from rain. Using this project we can avoid the mental stress.
These are special types of wipers that turn on automatically when it begins
to rain and turn off when the rain stops. This is based on the versatile,
multipurpose timer chip 555. The timer 555 is used in the monostable mode in the
project. The sensor is connected between the trigger pin ground. The closing plates
are connected with the relay when the rain starts the sensor will ON and plate
closed. This project is usefull in home and cottage industries.
7. INTRODUCTION
The name of this project is “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING
FACILITY”. Basically it contains water sensor, IC 555 timer and relay
with closing facility. The major advantages of this project is, the special
type of wiper that turn on automatically when it begins to rain and turn
off when the rain stops.
The 555 timer is used widely in different type of alarm circuit.
The monostable multivibrator mode is used for pulse width modulation.
The monostable multivibrator is with the stable mode. The stable mode is
given to LED and it passes to the NPN transistor . The transistor get the
data and amplifying the data , then passes to relay . The closing plates are
connected with the relay when the rain starts the sensor will ON and
the plate closed. This project is used for fertilizers.
11. BLOCK
DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING
FACILITY” consists of water sensor. When the rain starts the
Sensor switch ON and turn automatically when rain stops the
Switch OFF. The following blocks such as:
Sensor
Monostable mode
Amplifier
Shutter
SENSOR:
The water sensor rain alarm circuit is designed using 555
timer circuit. The water sensor of it is made by two metal
electrodes arranged
very close that
a drop of water. When
thesensor is wetted by water the switch 1 is ON and the output
is given to IC 555 timer.
12. MONOSTABLE MODE:
In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "oneShot”Pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a
Singal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage
Supply.
The pulse width modulation is the input of 555 timer. The stable pulse
is the output of IC 555 timer.
AMPLIFIER:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and
Switch
electronics
signals and
electronic
signals
electrical
power.It is composed of semiconductor material with at least
threeTerminals for connection
to an external
circuit. The
transistor BC 148B is used in the project for amplifying the
pulse. The stable Pulse is the input of transistor and output
is given to relay.
SHUTTER:
The shutter is used as a closing plates in this project
for closing Purpose . When the output of the relay is given to the
input of closing Plates. Then the closing plates are activated.
15. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The rain alarm with closing facility the project basically
Contains a water sensor , IC 555 timer ,amplifier and closing plates.
The water sensor is activated when the rain drops touch the
Sensor . The resistor limits voltage and given to variable resistor and then
the Output is given to timer. IC 555 timer is used in monostable mode. In the
monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-Shot” Pulse generator. The
pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a Singal at the trigger input that
falls below a third of the voltage Supply. The input given through the
trigger pulse from pin 2 and the output given as pulse width Modulation
from pin 3. Then pin 4 and 8 are inter connected and pin 7and 6 are inter
connected, pin 5 with the capacitor that store the data of 555 timer, pin 1 is
connected in the ground and pin 8 is connected with+Vcc.
Then the output of 555 timer is given to transistor as the
input of the NPN transistor. The transistor that has the three terminals base,
emitter and collector.
16. The resistor is connected in parallel that drops the voltage and
given to Base connection, the emitter is given to ground connection and
collector is connected to relay. Then transistor amplifies the singal and
the output is given to relay and LED.
The Light emitting diode that emits light through input
value which get from transistor .The LED passes the value to resistor and to
connected to ground. From the collector a diode IN4001 is connected and
that rectifier the current and given to relay. That is input of the relay is
automatically activated
and through input value it can access the high or
low value. If the relay gets the value is the output of relay . The output of
relay is the input of shutter and then LED will display and the shutter
is also closed when the rain arrives is
the output of shutter. From this
project we can prevent our materials and its essential for fertilizers. for
details of the every component used in the circuit is referred forms the
appendix column.
17. ADVANTAGES:
Conserve
Save
water
money on fertilizer
Increase
the Life span of year irrigation system.
Prevent
disease damage and nutrient loss.
Easy
to construct.
APPLICATIONS:
The sensor automatically sense the rain arrives.
Automatically closing plates are closed.
There is no necessary to reset the operation.
19. CONCLUSION
The entitle of
WITH CLOSING FACILITY” project is
is
project “RAIN ALARM
essential for fertilizer and
cottage industries. The main purpose the project is to avoid mental
stress and to the prevent material from rain. This is project can
construct easily using simple electronics component. The advantage,
applications of this project is given below.
23. IC 555 TIMER:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays,
as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing
circuits in one package.
Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its ease of
use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated
that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.
In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator.
The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls
below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by
the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a
resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of
the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the
need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.
24. PIN NAME PURPOSE:
GND: Ground, low level(0V)
TRIGGER: OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below
1/3 Vcc.
OUTPUT: This output is driven to +Vcc or GND.
RESET: A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input
to GND.
CTRL: Control access to the internal voltage divider (by default,2/3
Vcc).
THRESHOLD: The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater
than at CTRL.
DISCHARGE: Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor
between intervals.
V+ ,Vcc: Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15V.
25. TRANSISTOR: (BC 148B)
A
transistor
is
a
semiconductor
device
used
to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many
more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and
is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in the early
1950s, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for
smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.
26. LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are
used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general
lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs
emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across
the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy
of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An
LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components
may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs have many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
27. RESISTANCE:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:
Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the
potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity
of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a
constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their
ratings.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
28. CAPACITANCE:
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically in an electric
field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one
common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating
film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors, an electric
field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate
and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance. This is
the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad, which is equal to
one coulomb per volt.
29. DIODE:
These diodes are used to convert AC and DC these are used
as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in
mind while using any type diode.
Maximum forward current capacity
Maximum reverse voltage capacity
Maximum forward voltage capacity
30. The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes
available in the market are as follows:
Diodes of number IN 4001, IN 4002, IN 4003, IN 4004, IN 4004, IN 4005
IN 4006 and IN 4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of
50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 amp.
Diodes of same capacities can be used in place of one another.
Besides this diodes of more capacity can be used in place of diode
Low capacity can not be used in place of diode of high capacity.
For example, in place of IN4002, IN4001 or IN 4007 can be used but
IN 4001 or IN4002 can not be placed in IN 4007. The diode BY 126
Made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN 4001 to
IN 4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN 4004 to IN 4006 and
BY126 is equivalent to diode IN 4007
31. WATER SENSOR:
This be Water Sensor Alarm Circuit for warn the water
level , by when sensor point touch the water or the rain. The circuit have a
voice loud warn hear immediately. By this circuit uses the integrated circuit
LM380 , usual use be power amplifier IC the small-sized , seek buy easy , be
usable not difficult. For friends loudspeaker choose use 8 ohm small-sized all right.
For power supply source 9V sizes arrive at 12V all right. The detail is other , see in
the circuit better yes.
The first circuit described is of a rain sensor which will produce
an audible tone the moment it comes in contact with water. Thus it may be
used to detect the commencement rain, so that one may bring the valuable
assets like a vehicle or clothes under cover before they are drenched in heavy
showers.
The adjoining circuit diagram shows the standard configuration
of the IC as a monostable multivibrator. Water in its pure form is a bad
conductor of electricity but practically offers a pretty low resistance to an
electric current due to the mixed impurities in it. When a stream of water is
allowed to flow over the sensor, the bridges become electrically connected. A
positive supply is thus able to pass through the water, bypassing the sensor
tracks and providing the required base bias to T1. T1 instantly conducts to
send a positive trigger to pin 2 of the IC 555. The IC toggles to
activate the load at its output. The time for which the monostable remains
activated will depend on the value of C1 and the setting of P1.
32. RELAY:
This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor
or any other load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay
ON and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The
relay is connected in the Q2 transistor collector terminal. A Relay is nothing
but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins. They are
Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).
The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open
(NO) pin connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the
Q1 transistors, the transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and
emitter terminal and zero signals is given to base of the Q2 transistor. So the
relay is turned OFF state.
When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the
transistor is turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the
transistor is conducting and relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal
and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets the supply voltage
through relay.
Voltage Signal from
Transistor Q1
Transistor Q2
Relay
33. Microcontroller or PC
1
on
off
off
0
off
on
on
A The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from
lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is
usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the
relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so
these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
34. COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
9V BATTERY:
A nine-volt battery, also called a pp3 battery,is shaped as a
Rounded. Rectangular prism and has normal output of nine volts.its nominal
dimensions.
USES:
9v batteries are commonly used in pocket transistor radios, smoke
Detectors, carbon monoxide alarm, guitar effect units, and radio-controlled vehicle
Controller. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in digital clocks
and alarm clocks.
