What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
Automatic street light
1.
2. The main purpose of designing this project is to prevent
loss of current unnecessarily during day time.
During night the bulb will automatically glow and day time
automatically switch OFF.
No switch require to switch light ON.
Free from human error .
5. An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance
in response to the ambient light.
The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice
versa.
In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-
ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence of light.
It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in
accordance with the varying light.
It is made up of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS).
An LDR has a cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, that conducts
in both directions in same fashion.
6.
7. Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a
circuit.
Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its
terminals to the current passing through it.
Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the
current through it.
They are omnipresent in electronic circuits.
Resistors can be either fixed or variable.
The low power resistors are comparatively smaller in size than
high power resistors.
8. Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used
to isolate two circuits electrically and connect
them magnetically.
They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch another
one while they are completely separate.
They are often used to interface an electronic circuit (working at a low
voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage.
For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a
230V AC mains circuit. Thus a small sensor circuit can drive, say, a
fan or an electric bulb.
A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output.
Spring
To Control Circuit
Moveable Contact
Load
Power Supply
Electromagnet
Stationary Contact
9. A diode is a two-terminal electronic component
that conducts electric current in only one direction.
A semiconductor diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material
connected to two electrical terminals.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in
one direction while blocking current in the opposite direction.
Diode has to type of biasing FORWARD Bias and REVRSE Bias.
In this Project we used diode as a protection diode .
10. BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for
transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current.
A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector &
emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a
maximum current gain of 800.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the
desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully
on if there is a signal at its base.
In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
12. A street light that automatically switches ON when the night falls and turns OFF
when the sun rises.
In fact we can use this circuit for implementing any type of automatic night light.
The circuit uses a LDR to sense the light .
When there is light the resistance of LDR will be low.
So the voltage drop across variable resistance R4 will be high. This keeps the
transistor T1 ON. The collector of T1(BC547) is coupled to base of T2(BC547).
So T2 will be OFF and so do the relay. The bulb will remain OFF.
When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the
variable resistance R4 to decrease below 0.6V.
This makes transistor T1 OFF which makes T2 ON. The relay will be energized
and the bulb will glow.