A certain program is to be evaluated for economic efficiency. The inv.pdf

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A certain program is to be evaluated for economic efficiency. The investments (costs) and returns are given in Table 4.9 below. Evaluate B-C ratio, NPW, Payback Period, and IRR for discount rates of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Comment on the attractiveness of this program. Solution Net present value r = 5% -10000 + 5000/1.05 + 5000/1.05^2 + ...... - 35000/1.05^10 = 4052.14 In a similar way when r = 10%, NPV = 5301.10 when r = 20%, NPV = 4502.14 Internal Rate of Return 10000 = 5000/(1+r) + 5000 / (1+r)^2 + ...... -35000 / (1+r)^10 r = 0% Note : In certain cases where there is a cash outflow in the duration of the project, it might lead to multiple IRRs. In such cases calculating modified rate of return is more viable. Payback Period : 2 years. In 2 years the initial investment will be recovered. The demerit of this method is that it does not include npv and does not take the slavage cost into consideration. B-C Ratio : When r = 5% PV of all the future benefit = 14052.14 Benefit/cost = 14052.14/10000 = 1.405 When r = 10% PV of all the future benefit = 15301.10 Benefit/cost = 15301.10/10000 = 1.53 When r = 20% PV of all the future benefit = 14502.14 Benefit/cost = 14502.14/10000 = 1.450 The programme is most attractive when the dicount rate is 10% as given by NPW. We choose this method because it takes into cosideration the TV of money..

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ChapterTool KitChapter 1011/20/18 The Basics of Capital Budgeting: Evaluating Cash Flows10-1 An Overview of Capital BudgetingCapital budgeting is the process of analyzing projects and deciding which ones to accept.10-2 The First Step in Project AnalysisThe capital budgeting process begins with estimating a project's expected cash flows. We explain this in the next chapter.The next step is to put the estimated cash flows and other inputs (primarily the project's cost of capital) on a time line, as shown below. The figure below also reports evaluation measures, which we explain in the next sections.Figure 10-1Cash Flows and Selected Evaluation Measures for Projects S and L (Millions of Dollars)Panel A: Inputs for Project Cash Flows and Cost of Capital, rINPUTS:r =10%Initial Cost and Expected Cash FlowsYear01234Project S−$10,000$5,300$4,300$1,874$1,500Project L−$10,000$1,600$2,364$2,469$8,400Panel B: Summary of Selected Evaluation MeasuresProject SProject LNet present value, NPV$804.38$1,000.57Internal rate of return, IRR14.7%13.5%Modified IRR, MIRR12.1%12.7%Profitability index, PI1.081.10Payback2.213.42Discounted payback3.213.83Note: Numbers in the figure are shown as rounded values for clarity in reporting. However unrounded values are used for all calculations.10-3 Net Present Value (NPV)To calculate the NPV, we find the present value of the individual cash flows and then sum those discounted cash flows. The sum is the value the project adds to or subtracts from shareholder wealth.Figure 10-2Finding the NPV for Projects S and L (Millions of Dollars)INPUTS:r =10%Initial Cost and Expected Cash FlowsYear01234Project S−$10,000$5,300$4,300$1,874$1,5004,818←← ↵ ↓ ↓ ↓3,554← ← ← ← ← ← ←← ↵ ↓ ↓1,408← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ←← ↵ ↓1,025← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ← ←← ↵NPVS = $804Long way: Sum the PVs of the CFs to find NPVInitial Cost and Expected Cash FlowsYear01234Project L−$10,000$1,600$2,364$2,469$8,400NPVL = $1,001Short way: Use Excel's NPV function. =NPV(B47,C59:F59)+B59Note: Numbers in the figure are shown as rounded values for clarity in reporting. However unrounded values are used for all calculations.10-4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)The internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a project's cash inflows to its outflows. In other words, the internal rate of return is the interest rate that forces NPV to zero. The calculation for IRR can be tedious, but Excel provides an IRR function that merely requires you to access the function and enter the array of cash flows. The IRRs for Project S and L are shown below, along with the data entry for Project S.Figure 10-3Finding the IRR for Projects S and L (Millions of Dollars)INPUTS:Initial Cost and Expected Cash FlowsYear01234Project S−$10,000$5,300$4,300$1,874$1,5004,621.33←← ↵ ↓ ↓ ↓3,269.26← ← ← ← ← ← ...

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Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields key, left, right, p. and ht, where key is an integer, left, and right are pointers to the two subtrees, p is a pointer to the parent of the node, and ht is the height of the node (the maximum length of a path from this node to a leaf). Design an algorithm for a procedure insert (T, x) that inserts to a binary searches tree T a new node x (whose key is not in the tree yet), and updates lit fields accordingly. The function should work in O(h) time, where h is the length of the access path. Solution Algorithm is implemented in C: struct node { int key; struct node *left, *right; }; //function to create a new BST node struct node *new_Node(int item) { struct node *tem = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node)); tem->key = item; tem->left = tem->right = NULL; return tem; } /INSERT PROCEDURE /* Given key in BST,function to insert a new node. */ struct node* insert(struct node* T, int x) { /* If tree is empty then return a new node */ if (T == NULL) return new_Node(x); /* else, repeat down the tree */ if (x < T->x) T->left = insert(T->left, x); else if (key > node->key) T->right = insert(T->right, x); return T; }.

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Based on the article Why It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in Photosynthetic Slugs By: Cessa Rauch1, Jan de Vries 1, Sophie Rommel2, Laura E. Rose2, Christian Woehle3, Gregor Christa1, Elise M. Laetz4, Heike Wa ¨gele4, Aloysius G.M. Tielens5,6, Jo ¨rg Nickelsen7, Tobias Schumann8, Peter Jahns8, and Sven B. Gould1,* Answer this: --> It has been argued that the reason for detection of such a small amount of mRNA (the read count) of lateral gene transfer origin in the slug cells is due to only very few cells containing plastids. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not? --> The authors present several alternative reasons for the stability of plastids within the slug cells. Describe two of these reasons. Solution 1. No, we donot agree with the argument. Through LGT from algae to slugs has similar RNA sequence,supported by genome sequence of slug DNA, failed to give an evidence for such LGT events later on. So by this, it is clear that there is no proof that the evolution of kleptoplasty in photosynthetic slugs involves LGT events, where they depend purely on nuclear genes. In some of the photosynthetic slugs, plastids sequestered from algae can continue to photosynthesize for weeks, or even months, in the absence of algal nuclei. Therefore, in conclusion, some isolated algal plastids are by nature more robust than those of land plants and there is no evidence that any of these require the expression of slug genes of algal origin. 2. Plastids have effective photoprotection mechanisms. Slugs acquiring robust plastids will not automatically retain them long-term and endure starvation. Slugs are physiologically adapted and require to retain them functionally..

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Compare/contrast the following classes of hormones by identifying three similarities and four differences among/between them. In addition, be able to list several specific examples of each. AMINE vs. PEPTIDE vs. STEROID Solution Three similarities between the three hormones- 1. Being hormones, the site of synthesis and the site of action of all the three hormones are different. 2. They are all organic molecules and rich in carbon and hydrogen. 3. They are all released directly into the blood stream. Differences Peptide Steroid Amine Composition Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor) Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan Solubility in lipid bilayer Not soluble soluble Not soluble Nature Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble) Lipophillic with intracellular receptors Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors Mode of Action Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or calcium or phosphoinositides Examples ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH) Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine Peptide Steroid Amine Composition Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor) Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan Solubility in lipid bilayer Not soluble soluble Not soluble Nature Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble) Lipophillic with intracellular receptors Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors Mode of Action Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or calcium or phosphoinositides Examples ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH) Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine.

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