a. What is Snort [1]b. According to “Snort Users Manual” (downloa.pdf

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a. What is Snort? [1] b. According to “Snort Users Manual” (downloadable under “Docs” menu), what are the three modes in which Snort operates and how it behaves under each mode? Show an example command to put Snort in each mode. [6] c. Explain the difference between the rule headers and rule options [2] d. List 8 different types of actions Snort may take upon a rule match. Describe what each action type does. [2] Solution a. Snort: Snort is an open source network capable of performing real-time traffic study and packet-logging on IP networks. It can transmit the protocol analysis, content searching & matching and is used to detect a range of attacks and investigates, such as buffer run over, cautious port scans, OS fingerprinting efforts. d. Types of snort actions:.

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What are the role of environmental factors on transpiration and how plants defend themselves against water loss? What are the role of environmental factors on transpiration and how plants defend themselves against water loss? Solution Role of environmental factors on transpiration 1. Relative humidity The loss of water vapour from stomata occurs by simple diffusion. When the atmosphere is very humid, the rate of loss of water vapour is lowered. Wind: When the wind velocity is high, rate of transpiration also increases. Temperature: Warm air hold more water vapour so the rate of loss of water increases with increase in temperature. Light: Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by light. More light result in high degree of transpiration. Soil water content: When there is less water content in the soil , the leaf droops / get dehydrated making the stomata to close resulting in less rate of transpiration. Carbon dioxide concentration When the concentration is high, stomata closes resulting in low rate of transpiration and vice versa. Plants defense mechanism against water loss Plants require water for it\'s survival. So it will have to regulate water loss ( especially during drought) . Several leaf adaptations help to combat water loss. Leaf arrangements play important role, transversely arranged leaves loss more water than perpendicularly arranged ones. Other anatomical features of the leaves such as sunken/vestigial stomata and closely arranged mesophyll cells reduces transpiration. Presence of hair, cuticle(waxy) , gums, mucilage etc on leaf surface help reducing transpiration. During drought, plant hormone abscisic acid play an important role by closing the stomata reducing water loss..

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What is the need for a shadow page table? (One or two brief sentences please) Solution Virtualization allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single computer. Virtualization is the creation of a virtual rather than actual version of something, such as an operating system, a server, a storage device or network resources. Virtualization is where the framework divides the resource into one or more execution environments Even something as simple as partitioning a hard drive is considered virtualization because you take one drive and partition it to create two separate hard drives. Types of virtualization: Storage virtualization: is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage device Data virtualization: is abstracting the traditional technical details of data and data management, such as location, performance or format.. Network virtualization: is a method of combining the available resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others. Server virtualization: the partitioning a physical server into smaller virtual servers. Shadow Tables are objects used to improve the way machines, networks and programs handle information. Shadow page tables are used by the hypervisor to keep track of the state in which the guest thinks its page tables should be. The guest can\'t be allowed access to the hardware page tables because then it would essentially have control of the machine. So, the hypervisor keeps the \"real\" mappings guest virtual -> host physical in the hardware when the relevant guest is executing, and keeps a representation of the page table..

What is the need for a shadow page table (One or two brief sentences.pdf

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What step of protein synthesis is shown in the figure? elongation stage of transcription termination stage of translation mRNA processing elongation stage of translation initiation stage of transcription Solution elongation stage of transcription Explanation: newly synthesized mRNA separates from the DNA template as the RNA plymerase continues elongation. multiple RNA plymerases transcribe simultaneously..

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The three types of mixtures are and The weak bond forming a bridge between a hydrogen atom and nitrogen or oxygen is a bond. A is an inorganic compound which has a bitter taste, feels slipper and is a proton acceptor. Solution 10. Three types of mixtures are suspensions, solutions and colloids 11.answer is hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F) experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative atom nearby. 12.answer is Base..

The three types of mixtures are and The weak bond forming a bridge .pdf

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Some commercial airplanes recirculate approximately 50% of the cabin air in order to increase fuel efficiency. The researchers studied 1096 airline passengers, among which some traveled on airplanes that recirculated air and others traveled on planes that did not recirculate air. Of the 515 passengers who flew on planes that did not recirculate air, 106 reported post-flight respiratory symptoms, while 112 of the 581 passengers on planes that did recirculate air reported such symptoms. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of passengers with post- flight respiratory symptoms differs for planes that do and do not recirculate air? Test the appropriate hypotheses using a = 0.05. You may assume that it is reasonable to regard these two samples as being independently selected and as representative of the two populations of interest. (Use a statistical computer package to calculate the P-value. Use Pdo not recirculate - Pdo recirculate- Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) Solution Null , There Is No Significance between them Ho: p1 = p2 Alternate , There Is Significance between them H1: p1 != p2 Test Statistic Sample 1 : X1 =106, n1 =515, P1= X1/n1=0.206 Sample 2 : X2 =112, n2 =581, P2= X2/n2=0.193 Finding a P^ value For Proportion P^=(X1 + X2 ) / (n1+n2) P^=0.199 Q^ Value For Proportion= 1-P^=0.801 we use Test Statistic (Z) = (P1-P2)/(P^Q^(1/n1+1/n2)) Zo =(0.206-0.193)/Sqrt((0.199*0.801(1/515+1/581)) Zo =0.54 | Zo | =0.54 Critical Value The Value of |Z | at LOS 0.05% is 1.96 We got |Zo| =0.54 & | Z | =1.96 Make Decision Hence Value of |Zo | < | Z | and Here we Do not Reject Ho P-Value: Two Tailed ( double the one tail ) -Ha : ( P != 0.5403 ) = 0.589 Hence Value of P0.05 < 0.589,Here We Do not Reject Ho No sufficient evidence to condude that the proportion of passengers with post-flight respratory symptoms differs for planes that do and do not recirculate air ANS: Z = 0.54 P = 0.589.

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Solve for 02 sin 2+sin 5=0. Separate your answers with commas.pdf

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Required: 1. Briefly describe different computer controls available to an organization. a. Identify how these controls help to maintain system security and reduce risk. b. Do companies need a formal internal policy that addresses security violations? Why/why not? c. Consider what type of actions a company should take against employees that circumvent computer Solution Security Controls: Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls, Physical Controls The constituents of Security: Vulnerability, Threat, Risk, Exposure, Countermeasure or Safeguard The data vendor grants access needs or may choose to give this function to business unit managers. And it is the data owner who will contract with security violations pertaining to the data he is liable for defending. Subjects that should be measured when developing a security policy: Classification Controls: Qualitative Risk Analysis Techniques:.

Required 1. Briefly describe different computer controls available .pdf

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Proponents of decentralized forms of socialism usually supportA co.pdf

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Please convert the following C code to assembly Y86 int i,j; ..... if (i >j) { i= i+5; } else { i=0; j++; } Solution Answer: MIPS Assembly Language Code : .zero 1 main: push rbp mov rbp, rsp mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4] cmp eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-8] jle .L2 add DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 5 jmp .L3 .L2: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 0 add DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 1 .L3: mov eax, 0 pop rbp ret __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): push rbp mov rbp, rsp sub rsp, 16 mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edi mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], esi cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1 jne .L7 cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 65535 jne .L7 mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit call std::ios_base::Init::Init() mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:__dso_handle mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::ios_base::Init::~Init() call __cxa_atexit .L7: nop leave ret push rbp mov rbp, rsp mov esi, 65535 mov edi, 1 call __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int) pop rbp ret.

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Outline the four steps in the data collection process. Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data. Solution Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data? Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures. Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling plan. . Who will the data be collected about? . Who will the group of interest be compared to? . What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from? . What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group? Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect information? There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along the way. What sources of data should be used to collect information? Pre-existing or official data Survey data Interviews and focus groups Observed data . Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data: Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings. Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups and intensive case studies Quantitative data: Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers. A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a particular background. Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics Canada census information). It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words, numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that underlie them. A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results. Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external consultant. . A summa.

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Name the author of 1847 review article that conclusively demonstrated the validity of the \"energy concept.\" Please state the \"energy concept\" that developed in Europe during the first half of the 19^th century. Who was the first person to state the First Law in modern mathematical terms AND in what year was his work published? Solution Hermann von Hermholtz was the author of validity of energy concept in 1847. The energy concept in the first half of 19th century, i.e., the first law is the version of law of conservation of energy, which was adopted for thermodynamic systems. It states that total energy of isolated system is constant, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It is often stated as the change in the internal energy of closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work done by the system on its surroundings and further the impossibility of perpetual motion machines. Rudolf clausius was the first person to state first law in modern mathematical terms and his well esteemed work was published in 1850..

Name the author of 1847 review article that conclusively demonstrated.pdf

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Many of our National Parks are inhabited by large numbers of black bears (Ursus americanus), and their use of the Park can be a problem for humans. These creatures\' travels are governed by the need for food, as well as a high degree of natural curiosity. As it happens, some humans inadvertently or purposefully feed these bears, leading them to harass the human population. When bears become troublesome, one strategy is to transplant them Solution Let us prepare chi square table as follows H0: Transplant and gender are not associated Ha: There is associaton between them ?2 Calculations Two-way Contingency Table ?2 = 10.432, df = 2, ?2/df = 5.22 , P(?2 > 10.432) = 0.0054 As p value is less than alpha reject null hypothesis. It is statistically evident that transplant outcome was related to genderBlack Bears: Transplantation Fate by Gender MaleFemaleSuccessful32 26.85 ( 0.99)17 22.15 ( 1.20)49Returned34 43.29 ( 1.99)45 35.71 ( 2.42)79Nuisance14 9.86 ( 1.74)4 8.14 ( 2.10)188066146.

Many of our National Parks are inhabited by large numbers of black b.pdf

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Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entries. Expand the array dynamically, as necessary. Maintain the stack’s bottom entry in stack[stack.length – 1]. Your Stack class must implement StackInterface (provided). You may use ArrayStack.java (provided) as the starting point for your implementation. You must implement a comprehensive set of unit tests using the main() method (and private utility methods) in ArrayStack.java. ArrayStack.java public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface { private T[] stack; // Array of stack entries private int topIndex; // Index of top entry private boolean initialized = false; private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50; private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000; public ArrayStack() { this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY); } // end default constructor public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity) { checkCapacity(initialCapacity); // The cast is safe because the new array contains null entries @SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\") T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity]; stack = tempStack; topIndex = -1; initialized = true; } // end constructor // < Implementations of the stack operations go here. > // < Implementations of the private methods go here; checkCapacity and // checkInitialization are analogous to those in Chapter 2. > // . . . } // end ArrayStack StackInterface.java public interface StackInterface { /** Adds a new entry to the top of this stack. @param newEntry An object to be added to the stack. */ public void push(T newEntry); /** Removes and returns this stack\'s top entry. @return The object at the top of the stack. @throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty before the operation. */ public T pop(); /** Retrieves this stack\'s top entry. @return The object at the top of the stack. @throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty. */ public T peek(); /** Detects whether this stack is empty. @return True if the stack is empty. */ public boolean isEmpty(); /** Removes all entries from this stack. */ public void clear(); } // end StackInterface Solution StackTester.java public class StackTester { public static void main(String[] args) { ArrayStack aS = new ArrayStack(); aS.push(3); aS.push(5); aS.push(10); aS.push(11); System.out.println(\"\"+ aS.peek() + \", \" + aS.pop() + \", \" + aS.peek2()); aS.remove(1); } } ArrayStack.java import java.util.Arrays; public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface { private T[] stack; private int topIndex; private boolean initialized = false; private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50; private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000; public ArrayStack() { this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY); } public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity) { checkCapacity(initialCapacity); @SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\") T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity]; stack = tempStack; topIndex = -1; initialized = true; } public boolean isEmpty() { return topIndex < 0; } private void ensureCapacity() { if(topIndex == stack.length - 1) { int newLength = 2*stack.length; .

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How is the energy transferred from the source to the load in any electromagnetic circuit? Does the magnitude of the reflection coefficient increase, decrease, or stay the same as you move away from the load on a lossless transmission line? Why? Solution Wave’ is a common term for a number of different ways in which energy is transferred: Waves transfer energy but not mass When we watch surf waves coming into shore, it’s easy to think that individual water particles are moving towards us, but that’s not actually the case. The particles involved in waves move back and forth perpendicularly to the way the wave is going, but don’t move significantly in the direction of the wave. The particles ‘take part’ in the wave by bumping into one another and transferring energy. This is why energy can be transferred, even though the average position of the particles doesn’t change. How does this work? It can help to think of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up and down by the waves that pass by it, but doesn’t move directionally across the water. You could also think about a Mexican wave at a sports match. The wave moves around the arena, but the audience members don’t move around with it – they only stand up and sit down (a perpendicular movement to the wave direction). Particles in a water wave exchange kinetic energy for potential energy When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they slow down. This means that some of theirkinetic energy has been converted into potential energy – the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy. Thinking about potential energy can help us understand why tsunamis can be so damaging. When a tsunami approaches the shore, it shoals (becomes much higher), so the water particles are displaced further from equilibrium. They acquire a lot of potential energy, and this is released when the wave interacts with land. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- The magnitude of reflection coefficeint decreases that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient does not depend on the length of the line, only the load impedance and the impedance of the transmission line. Also, note that if ZL=Z0, then the line is \"matched\". In this case, there is no mismatch loss and all power is transferred to the load. At this point, you should begin to understand the importance of impedance matching: grossly mismatched impedances will lead to most of the power reflected away from the load. Note that the reflection coefficient can be a real or a complex number..

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Find the probability mass function (PMF) of L A source of information randomly generates symbols from a five letter alphabet {a, b, c. d, e}. The probability of each symbol is as follows: P(a) = 1/2; P(b) = 1/4; P(c) = 1/8; P(d) = 1/16; and P(e) = 1/16. These symbols are now encoded into binary codes using the scheme shown below. Let the random variable L denote the length of the binary code (for example, the length of the binary code for the symbol c is 3 bits). Find the probability mass function (PMF) of L. Solution PMF of L: L can take value 1, 2, 3, 4. For L=0, P(L=0)=1/2 For L=1, P(L=1)=1/4 For L=2, P(L=2)=1/8 For L=4, P(L=4)=(1/16)+(1/16)=1/8.

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