The document provides an overview of the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1998. It discusses the key 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessors released by Intel, including the 4004, 8080, 8086, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium II Xeon. Each generation saw improvements in clock speed, number of transistors, memory addressing capabilities, and instructions per second. The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor, while the 80386 was the first 32-bit microprocessor and Pentium chips popularized multimedia and cache memory.

1. Introduction to
Microprocessor

2. What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:
“The Microprocessor is a
Multipurpose,
Programmable,
Clock Driven,
Register Based,
Digital-Integrated Circuit
which accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides
results as output.”
2
Can perform
multiple tasks
Can be instructed
to perform
specific task
Provides
Synchronization Store
Intermediate
Processing data
Form of an
Integrated
circuit (IC)

3. Basic concepts of
Microprocessor
3

4. Basic concepts of Microprocessor
4
Microprocessor Silicon chip which includes ALU,
Register circuits & Control circuits
Control
Logic
Registers
ALU
Microprocessor

5. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
5
Microcontroller
Silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a
single package.
Micro
Processor
Microcontroller
RAM
ROM
I/O

6. Microprocessor vs
Microcontroller
6

7. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
7
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer system. It is vital part of embedded system.
It contain CPU inside it but does not
contain on chip RAM, ROM and other
peripherals.
It has CPU, fixed size of RAM, ROM and
peripherals mounted on a single chip.
It is multipurpose device which performs
several tasks.
E.g. Software development, word
processing, playing games, surfing etc.
It is designed for specific task with fixed
input, processing and output.
E.g. Operating a washing machine,
handling mouse click event etc.
It operates at high speed compared to
microcontroller.
E.g. Clock speed of latest microprocessor is
measured in GHz.
It operates at comparatively lower speed
than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed is measured in MHz.
Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
Application:
Microwave oven, washing machine,
remote control, Mouse etc.

8. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
8
Microcomputer
A small computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU.
Includes memory, I/O etc.
Keyboard Display
Micro
processor
RAM
ROM
I/O
Microcomputer

9. Components of Microprocessor
9
Arithmetic
and
Logical
Unit (ALU)
Register
Array
Control Unit
• Brain of the
computer.
• Performs
Arithmetic and
Logical operations
Small additional
memory location,
which are used to
store and transfer
data.
• It controls and executes the flow of data between the
microprocessor, memory and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit data.

10. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
• Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit
(CPU) on a single chip that contains millions of
transistors connected by wires.
10
Processor No. of transistors
Intel 8085 6500
Pentium IV 42 million
Core i3 1.4 Billion
Core i7 1.7 Billion

11. Features of Microprocessor
• Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices
and results its low cost.
• Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
• Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by
using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low power
consumption.
• Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same
chip in a number of applications by configuring the software program.
• Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low,
hence it is reliable.

12. System Bus
12

13. System bus
• The network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.
• The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity.
• Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address
2. Data Bus - Transfer Data
3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal
13

14. System bus
14
CPU Memory Input/Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus

15. System Bus
Address Bus
15
CPU Memory Input/Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus

16. Address Bus
• Transfers the addresses of Memory or I/O devices.
• Address bus is unidirectional.
• The maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of the
number of lines present (2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines
 Maximum address capacity => 216 = 65536 bytes
16

17. System Bus
Data bus
17
CPU Memory Input/Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus

18. Data Bus
• It is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
• Data Bus is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send and
receive data.
• Each wire of data bus is used to transfer the data corresponding to a
single bit of binary data.
E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines
8085 is known as 8-bit processor
18

19. System bus
19
CPU Memory Input/Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus

20. Control Bus
• Microprocessor uses control bus to process data.
i.e. what to do with the selected memory location.
• Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch etc.
• Control Bus is bidirectional.
• This is a dedicated bus, because all timing signals are generated
according to control signal.
20

21. Microprocessor systems with
bus organization
21

22. Microprocessor systems with bus organization
22
System Bus
Input/Output
ROM RAM
Arithmetic
and
Logical
Unit (ALU)
Register
Array
Control Unit Memory

23. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• The term Stored Program Control Concept refers to the storage of
instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of
tasks in sequence or intermittently.
• The idea was introduced in the late 1940s by John von Neumann who
proposed that a program be electronically stored in the binary-number
format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by
the computer as determined by intermediate computational results.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the
first computing system designed in the early 1940s. It was based on
Stored Program Concept in which machine use memory for processing
data.

24. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• Stored program concept - a program must be in main memory in
order for it to be executed. The instructions are fetched, decoded and
executed one at a time.
• The Von-Neumann Architecture, and stored-program concept, works
where machine code instructions and data are stored, and loaded from
memory into the processor to be executed in sequential order.
• Von-Neumann Architecture is used for general purpose machines,
where instructions and data are held in the same memory location -
this is our main memory, or RAM.

25. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• On the other hand, Harvard Architecture follows the stored-program
concept, however it takes into account the use of the memory unit.
• With both instructions and data being held in the same address, the
processor is unable to work at optimum speed as the two are
competing over the same data bus.
• In addition, one data bus may have an insufficient bus width for
program instructions i.e. increased traffic due to program instructions
having a greater word length.
• Harvard Architecture is often used for specialist embedded computer
systems, where optimum speed is the priority of the system.

26. Von Neumann Architecture
• Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann
in 1945.
• His computer architecture design consists of a Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and
Inputs/Outputs.
• Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the
same memory. This design is still used in most computers produced
today.

29. Harvard Architecture
• In von-Neumann architecture, the same memory is used for storing
instructions and data. Similarly, a single bus called data bus or address
bus is used for reading data and instructions from or writing to
memory.
• It also had limited the processing speed for computers.
• The hardvard architecture based computer consists of separate
memory spaces for the programs (instructions) and data.
• Each space has its own address and data buses. So instructions and
data can be fetched from memory concurrently and provides
significance processing speed improvement.

31. Assignment
• Differentiate between Von Neumann Architecture & Harvard
Architecture

32. Evolution of Microprocessors (Intel series)

33. INTRODUCTION
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to
industrial giant by 1981.
 It had 20,000 employees and $188 million
revenue.
33

34. 4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
34

35. INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was
740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second. 35

36. INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.
36

37. 8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
37

38. INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
38

39. INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster
than 8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second. 39

40. INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 Over 100 million copies
were sold.
40

41. 16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
41

42. INTEL 8086
 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending
on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of
memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
42
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43. INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with
an 8-bit external bus.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 This chip became the most
popular in the computer
industry when IBM used it
for its first PC.
43
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44. INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an 8-
bit external data bus.
 They had additional
components like:
 Interrupt Controller
 Clock Generator
 Local Bus Controller
 Counters
44
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45. INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
 It could address 16 MB of
memory.
 It had 1,34,000
transistors.
 It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
45
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46. 32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
46
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47. INTEL 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 33 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
 Different versions:
 80386 DX
 80386 SX
 80386 SL
 Intel 80386 became the best
selling microprocessor in
history.
47
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48. INTEL 80486
 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
 It had five different versions:
 80486 DX
 80486 SX
 80486 DX2
 80486 SL
 80486 DX4
 8 KB of cache memory was
introduced. 48
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49. INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.
 8 KB for data.
49
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50. INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 21 million
transistors.
 It was primarily used in
server systems.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.
 8 KB for data.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
50
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51. INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
 Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
 MMX technology was
supported.
 L2 cache & processor
were on one circuit.
51
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52. INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was designed for
servers.
 Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
 L1 cache of 32 KB & L2
cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2
MB.
 It could work with 4 Xeons
in same system.
52
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53. INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
 It had 9.5 million
transistors.
53
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54. INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 L1 cache was of 32 KB &
L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 42 million
transistors.
 All internal connections
were made from
aluminium to copper.
54
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55. INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
(Next Slide).
 It supported SMT
technology.
 SMT: Simultaneously
Multi-Threading
 E.g.: Adobe Photoshop
supported SMT. 55
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56. 56
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57. 64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
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58. INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is from 1.2
GHz to 3 GHz.
 It has 291 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
 It is launched in three
different versions:
 Intel Core 2 Duo
 Intel Core 2 Quad
 Intel Core 2 Extreme
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59. INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.66
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3
cache. 59
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60. INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.40
GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3
cache. 60
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61. INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 512 KB of L2
cache and 4 MB of L3
cache. 61
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