2. Microprocessor
Computer's Central Processing Unit
(CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit
(IC) is called a microprocessor.
A microprocessor may also be called a
processor or central processing unit, but it
is actually more advanced in terms of
architectural design and is built over a
silicon microchip.
3. Block Diagram of a
Basic Microcomputer
• A microprocessor-based system mainly
consists of an input-output unit with a
memory unit and a microprocessor.
• 1.Input /Output device: Input and output
devices of the computer system are used
to take the data for the user and generate
the desired result respectively after the
data is processed by the microprocessor.
• 2.Memory:Memory unit inside a computer
store the data and program and it does not
perform any operation.
4. Working of Microprocessor
3.Microprocessor:
• The operation of a microprocessor includes 3 steps.
• Fetch: instructions are accessed.
This fetching of information from memory to processor is done by the data bus.
• Decode: Decoding is the process of understanding the opcode that is obtained from
memory. Here machine level language is converted into assembly level language.
• Execution: providing the desired results at the output.
5. Evolution of
Microprocessors
1. First Generation – 4bit Microprocessors
2. Second Generation – 8bit Microprocessor
3. Third Generation – 16bit Microprocessor
4. Fourth Generation – 32bit Microprocessors
5. Fifth Generation – 64bit Microprocessors
7. INTEL 4004
• Introduced in 1971.
• It was the first microprocessor by intel.
• It was a 4-bit uP.
• Its clock speed was 740KHz.
• It had 2300 transistors.
• Executes around 60,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 4040
• Introduced in 1974.
• It was also 4-bit uP.
8. 2. Second
Generation – 8bit
Microprocessor
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
9. INTEL 8008
• Introduced in 1972.
• It was first 8-bit uP.
• Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
• Execute 50,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8080
• Introduced in 1974.
• It was 8-bit uP.
• Clock speed 2MHz.
• 10 times faster than 8008
• Execute 5,00,000 instructions per
second.
11. INTEL 8086
• Introduced in 1978.
• It was first 16-bit uP.
• Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, depending on the version.
• It had 29,000 transistors.
• Executes 2.5 million instructions per second.
• Had multiply and divide instructions.
INTEL 8088
• Introduced in 1979.
• It was also 16-bit uP.
• Cheaper version of Intel's 8086
INTEL 80186 & 80188
• Introduced in 1982.
• They were 16-bit uPs.
13. INTEL 80386
• Introduced in 1986.
• It was first 32-bit uP.
• Address 4 GB of memory.
• Had 2,75,000 transistors.
• Different versions: 80386DX, 80386SX, 80386SL
INTEL 80486
• Introduced in 1989.
• It was also 32-bit uP.
• It had 1.2 million transistors.
• Clock speed varied from 16 MHz To
100MHz depending upon the versions.
14. INTEL PENTIUM
• Introduced in 1993.
• It was also 32-bit uP.
• Its clock speed was 66 MHz
• Executes 110 million instructions per second.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
• Introduced in1995.
• 32-bit mewP.
• Used in server systems.
16. • From 1995 to until now it is developed to
64-bit processors.
• These microprocessors are faster than
the mini computers.
• They are available at a small fraction of
the cost of such main frame computers.
• Its clock speed vary from 1.2 GHz to 3
GHz clock speed.
• Could execute 64kb instruction per
second.
Followed by i3, i5, i7 microprocessors in 2007,
2009, 2010 respectively. These were some of
the key points of this generation.
17. Basics of Microprocessor –
A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and executes them, telling
the processor what it has to do. Microprocessor performs three basic things while executing the
instruction:
• It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and some
logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors also
perform operations on floating-point numbers also.
• Data in microprocessors can move from one location to another.
• It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of the next instruction based on
the value of the PC, Microprocessor jumps from one location to another and takes decisions.
18. Benefits of a Microprocessor
• They don't cost a lot
• They are fast
• They consume little power
• They are portable
• They are reliable
• They are versatile
19. Applications of
Microprocessor
• In computer systems, in mobile phones, in
remote controlling devices.
• As well as in climate controlling and
security applications etc.
• In homes appliances, in automotive
electronics etc.
