MIcroprocessor Introduction

1. MICROPROCESSOR
Made By: Tarun Nayak

2. Definition
• A microprocessor, sometimes called a logic chip, is a
computer processor on a microchip.
• The microprocessor contains all, or most of, the central processing unit
(CPU) functions.
• Is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn your computer on.
• A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
• They make use of small number-holding areas called registers.
• Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing
two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to another.

3. Evolution Of Microprocessor
First Generation Microprocessors
• The first generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1971-1972.
• The instructions of these microprocessors were processed serially. they fetched
the instruction, decoded and then executed it.
Second Generation Microprocessors
• Microprocessors In the year 1970, small amount of transistors were available on
the integrated circuit in the second generation microprocessors.
• Some of the second generation microprocessors are 16-bit arithmetic 7 pipelined
instruction processing, MC68000 Motorola microprocessor.
• These processors were introduced in the year 1979, and Intel 8080 processor is
another example of the microprocessor.
Third Generation Microprocessors
• The third generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1978,
was denoted by Intel’s 8086 and the Zilog Z8000.
• These were 16-bit processors with a performance like mini computers.

4. Fifth Generation Microprocessors
• Fifth generation microprocessors employed decoupled super scalar
processing, and their design soon exceeded 10 million transistors.
• In fifth generation, PCs are a low-margin, high volume business conquered
by a single microprocessor.

5. Functions of Microprocessor
• The processor first fetches and instruction from the main memory
• The instruction is then decoded to determine what action is required to be
done.
• Based on instruction the processor fetches, if required, data from main
memory or I/O module
• The instruction is then executed which may require performing arithmetic
or logical operations on data
• In addition to execution, CPU also supervises and controls/I/O devices. If
there is any request from I/O devices, called interrupt, the CPU suspends
execution of the current programs and transfers control to an interrupt
handling program
• Finally, the results of an execution may required transfer of data to
memory or an I/O Module

6. • Used In microcomputers to process a large number
of instructions at a time.
• traffic light control
• speed control of motors
• Calculators
• microprocessors in personal computers are used for
computation, text editing, multimedia display, and
communication over the Internet
• Phones
• Desktops
• Sim Cards
Applications And Uses

7. Advantages of Microprocessor
• Speed: One advantage of a Microprocessor is its speed, which is measured in hertz. For
instance, a Microprocessor with 3 gigahertz, shortly GHz, is capable of performing 3
billion tasks per second.
• Data Movement:Another advantage of a Microprocessor is that it can quickly move
data between the various memory locations.
• Compact size
Disadvantages OF Microprocessor
• It gets over-heated .
• Only Based On Machine Language.

8. Types Of Microprocessor
There are mainly three types of Microprocessors
Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
• they classify a microprocessor in which orders can be performed together along with other
low level activities.
• These types of processors performs the different tasks like downloading, uploading, recalling
data into the memory card and recalling data from the memory card.
Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
• These types of processors are made according to the function in which the microprocessor
can carry out small things in specific command.
Superscalar Microprocessors
• Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various tasks at a
time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers.
• They have different operational units and these processors can carry out more than a one
command by continuously transmitting several instructions to the extra operational units
inside the processor.

9. Internal ARCHITECTURE Microprocessor
The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit
microprocessor intended to
be used as the CPU in a
microcomputer.
The term “16-bit” means
Alu internal Registers Are
Designed to Work As 16-bit
binary words.
It consists of two Parts Eu
and Biu.

10. 1. Bus Interface Unit
• Contains Instruction,Stream,Byte,Queue.
• Handles all data and addresses on the buses for the execution unit.
• Sends out addresses, fetches instructions from memory, reads data from.
ports and memory as well as writes data to ports and memory.
2. Execution Unit
• The execution unit (EU) tells the BIU where to fetch instructions or data from.
• The functional parts of the execution unit are control circuitry or system,
instruction decoder, and Arithmetic logic unit.
• Contains control circuit perform various internal operations.
• The EU has a 16-bit ALU, which can perform arithmetic operations such as add,
subtract etc. and logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, increment.
PARTS OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR