4. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
• The exact cause is still unknown
• Risk factors are,
genetic abnormalities
exposure to chemicals
leather workers
book binders
exposure to radiation
viral infections
auto immune disorders
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
The normal immune system is get altered in the
body
The abnormal plasma cells invades to the outer
hard layer of the bone
The destruction of bone occurs
fracture
6. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Unexpected osteoporosis is the first symptom
• Pain over the bones and joints especially in the
bones of chest and back.
• Hypercalcemia
• Kidney damage
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Anorexia
• Muscle weakness
7. • Constipation
• Decreased urine output
• Dehydration
• Increased thirst
• Restlessness
• Difficulty in attention and concentration
• Visual problems
• Shortness of breath
8. • Decreased WBC count
• Decreased platelet count
• Bleeding
• Red patches over the body
9. DIAGNOSIS
• History collection and physical examination
• Blood studies
complete blood count and WBC count
should be checked- there will be decrease of
RBC, platelets and WBC
• Urine studies
urine protein and 24 hr urine study should
be performed
10. • Bone marrow examination
the bone marrow samples will be
evaluated under a microscope to findout the
presence of myeloma cells.
• Imaging procedures
X-Ray, CT-Scan, MRI Scan and PET is
used
11. MANAGEMENT
• Myeloma is rarely curable, but is treatable
• Chemotherapy:
chemotherapy is usually combined with
steroid.
• Stem cell transplantation
it is a procedure to replace diseased bone
marrow with healthy bone marrow.
12. • Radiotherapy is used to strengthen the
weakened bones.
• Surgery may also occasionally used to
strengthen the weakened bones
13. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Assess the general condition of the patient
• Closely monitor the lab values
• Maintain good IPR with the patient
• Provide psychological support
• Instruct the patient to have a well balanced diet
• Monitor vital signs
14. • Include family members also in providing care
• Explain the side effects of chemotherapy and
radiation therapy
• Administer antibiotics
• Maintain aseptic techniques while doing the
procedures
• Proper isolation of the patient
• Provide health education to the patient
