Identifying Research Problems, Hypothesis and Its Testing, Types of Variables and Steps Required in Research Processes

1. College of Fisheries Science
Kamdhenu University
Department of Aquaculture
Sub: Research Methodology (STM-502)
Submitted By
Rajesh V. Chudasama,
M.F.Sc., 1st Sem. COF-VRL, KU.
Submitted To
Dr. N. H. Joshi,
Associated Professor, COF-VRL, KU.

2. 1. Identifying Research Problems,
2. Hypothesis and Its Testing,
3. Types of Variables and
4. Steps Required in Research Processes.

3. What is Research ?
• A scientific process, careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for new facts or that, new ideas and theories could be established in any
branch of knowledge.

5. 1. Identifying Research Problems
• A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused
and ill at ease.
1. Lack of Scientific Training 2. Lack of Relevant Experience

6. 3. Selecting the Right Topic. 4. Lack of Communication With the Supervisor

7. 5. Lack of Motivation in Writing Proposals and Projects.
6. Fear of Failure/Taking Risks.
7. A Quantity of Literature

8. 8. The Problem of Research Accessibility 9. Financial Crunch in Academia

9. 10. Writing the Research Proposals and
Projects in English as Second Language.
11. Selecting the Right Methodology of
Writing Proposals.
12. Problems With Peer Review

10. 2. Hypothesis and its Testing
What is Hypothesis ?
• Assumption
• Tentative Solution
• Prediction
• Relationship Between Variables

11. Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
1. Specify the Null Hypothesis (Ho)
2. Specify the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
3. Collect Data
4. Calculate the Test Statistic
5. Decide Reject or Fail to Your Null Hypothesis
6. Present Your Findings

12. Step 1: Specify the Null Hypothesis (Ho)
• Statement of no effect,
• No difference between two or more groups or factors.
• In research studies, a researcher is usually interested in disproving the null hypothesis.
Step 2: Specify the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
• The statement that there is an effect or difference.
• This is usually the hypothesis the researcher is interested in proving.

13. Step 3: Collect Data
• Perform sampling
• collect data (Primary & Secondary Data)

14. Step 4: Calculate the Test Statistic
• Basic test statistics to evaluate a hypothesis.
• Compares groups or examines associations between variables.
T-test
• Small sample size (n<30).
• Population variable are unknown.
Z-test
• Sample size is large (n>30).
• Population variance is known.

15. Step 5: Decide to Reject Your Null Hypothesis
• Based on the outcome of your statistical test, you will have to decide whether to reject or fail to reject your
null hypothesis.
• In most cases you will use the p-value generated by your statistical test to guide your decision. And in most
cases, your cut off for rejecting the null hypothesis will be 0.05.
Step 6: Present Your Findings
• The results of hypothesis testing will be presented in the results and discussion sections of your research
paper.
• In the results section you should give a brief summary of the data and a summary of the results of your
statistical.

16. 3. Variables
• Variable is a concept which can take on different quantitative values. For example; height,
weight, income, age etc.
• The main focus of the scientific study is to analyse the functional relationship of the
variables.

17. Moderator Variable Intervening Variable

18. (ii) Dependent Variable:
• The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is 'dependent'
on the independent variable.
(iii) Controlled Variable:
• A controlled variable is one which the researcher holds constant (controls) during an experiment. It is also
known as a constant variable or simply as a "control."
• Example., Temperature, light, humidity, water parameter etc.,
(i) Independent Variable:
• A variable whose variation does not depend on that of another.
• Direct effect on the dependent variable.

19. (iv) Moderator Variable:
Relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable.
(v) Intervening Variable:
An intervening variable is a variable that helps explain the relationship between two
variables.

20. 4. Steps Required in
Research Processes
Research
Processes
i.Define
Research
Problem
i.Review of
Literature
i.Formulate
Hypotheses
i.Preparing
Research
Design
i.Data
Collection
i.Data Analysis
i.Interpretation
and Report
Writing

21. Step 1: Define Research Problem
There are two types of research problems
• Relate to states of nature
• Relation between variables
Essentially two steps are involved in define research problems
• Understanding the problems thoroughly and
• Rephasing the same into meaningful terms from an point of view.

22. Step 2: Review of Literature
• Once the problems is define, a brief summary of it should be written down, It is
compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for a degree to write a synopsis of
topic and submit it to necessary committee.

23. Step 3: Formulate Hypotheses
• Formulated hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and
test its logical consequences.
• Hypothesis should be very specific and limited.
• The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher on the right track.

24. Step 4: Preparing Research Design
• The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
• Research purpose may be grouped into four categories viz.,
1. Exploration,
2. Description,
3. Diagnosis and
4. Experimentation.

25. Step 5: Data Collection
• Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and
analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques.
• Primary data can be collected through:
By observation,
Through personal interview,
Through telephone interview,
by mailing of questionnaires

26. Step 6: Data Analysis
The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as
establishment of categories.
This stage mainly include
1. Coding,
2. Editing,
3. Tabulation.

27. Step 7: Interpretation and Report Writing
Researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by him.
Writing of report includes:
1. The preliminary pages,
2. The main text and
3. The end matter

28. Conclusion
• Research methodology is a important part of research because of researcher understand
what are problems occurred during research and how to faced them.
• Prediction or hypothesis of research result and how to proved result with help of
hypothesis testing.
• Variables are major things in research to differentialized our result from others. Research
stapes are important to conduct research in right direction.

29. 10. Bibliography
A. Books Reference
Mishra, S. B., & Alok, S. (2017). HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319207471
Pandey, Prabhat., & Pandey, M. Mishra. (n.d.). Research methodology : tools & techniques.
Research-Methodology-Ranjit-Kumar. (n.d.).
RM U1 P1. (n.d.).
B. Website Reference
https://www.iedunote.com/research-process
https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/writing-and-conducting-research/10-common-challenges-faced-by-early-
career-researchers
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331354228_THE_CHALLENGES_AND_PROBLEMS_FACED_BY_STUDENTS_IN_THE_
EARLY_STAGE_OF_WRITING_RESEARCH_PROJECTS_IN_L2_UNIVERSITY_OF_BISHA_SAUDI_ARABIA
https://www.vitae.ac.uk/doing-research/doing-a-doctorate/starting-a-doctorate/overcoming-challenges-common-to-
doctoral-researchers
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/hypothesis-testing/
https://www.nedarc.org/statisticalhelp/advancedstatisticaltopics/hypothesisTesting.html#NH
https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-variables

30. Thank You !!