2. Research Process - Phases
Thinking
-Identifying Research problem
-Aim & purpose
- Questions & Hypothesis
-Reviewing literature
Planning
-Choosing study design &
planning approach to
sample, data collection
etc.
Implementing
-Recruiting participants
& collecting data
-Managing Data
Analyzing
-analyze data and interpret
findings
-Coding & Organising data
Informing
-Disseminating results (journal
articles, presentations etc.)
Results
-Findings / Results
-Conclusions of the study
3. What is Research
• Research is simply looking for the answer to
certain questions that have not yet been
answered, and the answers depend on human
effort.
• Research is the most important process for
advancing knowledge, promoting progress,
and enabling man to deal more effectively
with his environment, achieve his goals, and
resolve his conflicts.
4. The term 'research' consists of two words:
Research = Re + Search 'Re' means again and
again and 'Search' means to find out
something. The following is the
5. Definitions
Research: from the old French word “CERCHIER”
meaning to seek or to search.
Research: is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions and solve problems. The
ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and
expand a body of knowledge.
Nursing Research: is a systematic inquiry aimed at
developing trustworthy evidence on topics important
to the nursing profession, including nursing practice,
education, administration, and informatics.
6. Nature of Research
• Systematic – ordered structure of inquiry
• Logical – process to evaluate conclusions drawn
• Empirical -collection of data (facts, experience, etc.) on which to
base decisions
• Reductive – individual events (data) are used to establish general
relationships
• Replicable – process is recorded so findings and procedures can be
tested again
7. The Importance of Research to
Evidence Based Nursing Practice
Evidence Based Practice (EBP): is broadly
defined as the use of the best clinical
evidence in patient care decision making, and
this evidence usually comes from research
conducted by nurses and other health care
professionals.
8. What is Evidence-Based Practice
• Definition of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP):
is the careful use of current best evidence in
clinical decisions about patient.
Example: Review of published research and
evaluation of evidence.
9. Nurses accept the need to base certain
nursing actions and decisions on
evidence that shows the actions are
reasonable:
• Clinically appropriate,
• Safe
• Cost effective, and
• Result in positive outcomes for clients.
10. Example:
• Hospital-acquired infections are closely
related to the quality of care, especially
nursing care, at a hospital.
Use of PPE
Hand washing is the most effective
Order of procedures
Unit design and staff allocation
12. Role of Nurses in Research
1. Participate in a journal club in the field where
you meet to discuss and critique research
articles.
2. Attend a research presentation at a
professional conference.
3. Help develop ideas for a clinical trial.
4. Review a proposed research plan and offer
clinical expertise to improve the plan.
13. 5. Assist researchers in gathering research information,
e.g., by distributing questionnaires.
6. Inform and advise clients about participation in
studies.
7. Discuss the importance and relevance of research
findings with clients.
8. Solve clinical problems and make clinical decisions
based on rigorous research.
14. Historic Trends and Future
Direction in Nursing Research
• Research in nursing began with Florence
Nightingale. Her landmark publication "Notes on
Nursing (1859)" describes her early interest in
environmental factors that promote physical and
emotional well-being.
• 1900- Studies began to be published. The
American Nursing Journal begins publication.
15. • 1952-Funding by government and private
foundations-establishment of Nursing Research
journal.
• Practice-oriented research on various clinical
topics began to appear in the literature and
nursing research developed worldwide (1960).
• Nurses began to conduct research and use
research more (1980).
• In 1993, the National Institute for Nursing
Research (NINR) was established.
• In the 21st century, there have been many
developments.
16. Sources of Evidence for Nursing
Practice
• Nurses make clinical decisions based on a large
repertoire of knowledge.
As a student nurse, you learn how to practice nursing
from your instructors, textbooks, and clinical
placements.
When you become a registered nurse (RN), you will
continue to learn from other nurses and health care
professionals.
• As the evidence base continues to evolve, you
will continue to learn about best practices in care
throughout your career.
Some of what you have learned so far is based on
systematic research.
17. • What are the sources of evidence for nursing
practice?
• Where does knowledge for practice come
from?
Until not so long ago, knowledge was primarily
passed from one generation to the next based on
clinical experience, trial and error, tradition, and
expert opinion.
Note: these alternative sources of knowledge are
different from research-based information.
18. Sources of knowledge for
Nursing Practice
• Tradition and Authority
• Clinical Experience, Trial and Errors
• Logical Reasoning
• Assembled Information
19. Tradition and Authority
• There is growing concern that many
interventions in nursing are based on
traditions, customs (i.e., habits), and "unit
culture" rather than sound evidence.
Authorities as a source of information have
their limitations.
20. Clinical Experience, Trial and Errors
• Clinical experience is the method of trial and
error. In this approach, alternatives are tried
one after another until a solution to a problem
is found.
• Trial and error may be practical in some cases,
but is often fallible and inefficient.
21. Logical Reasoning
• Solutions to many problems are developed
through reasoning that combines experience,
intellectual ability, and formal systems of
thought.
• Two types of reasoning:
1. Deductive Reasoning: Is the process of developing
specific predictions from general principles.
1. Inductive Reasoning: Is the process of developing
generalizations from specific observations.
22. Deduction & Induction
a. Deductive Reasoning
Using logic from general to specific
Example: Hospital is for sick people…. Adam should go to
hospital because he is sick.
Movement from broader statements to more specific ones.
Often used for generating our hypotheses in research
General to specific can help you produce:
an answer to an examination question
A course paper
An opening paragraph of an assignment.
Background (or scene-setting) to an analysis discussion.
23. Deduction & Induction
a. Deductive
General-specific usually begin with one of the
following:
A short or extended definition.
A generalization or purpose statement
A statement of fact, or some interesting statistics.
24. Deduction & Induction
b. Inductive Reasoning
From specific to general
Example: Adam is in hospital because he is sick …Hospital
is for sick people.
General conclusions based on many specific observations.
25. Assembled Information
• In making clinical decisions, health professionals also
rely on information gathered for various purposes.
Example: reports on medication errors /Office of Vital
Records and Statistics (OVRs) can be used to evaluate
practices and determine the need for changes in
practices.
27. The practice of Evidence-Based Practice includes five
fundamental steps
• Step 1: Formulating a well-built question / relationship
to test.
• Step 2: Identifying existing research / evidence-based
resources that answer the question.
• Step 3: Critically appraising the evidence to assess its
validity & reliability of data.
• Step 4: Applying the evidence.
• Step 5: Re-evaluating the application of evidence and
areas for improvement.
28. The Specific Purposes of Nursing
Research include
1. Identification
2. Description
3. Exploration
4. Prediction and Control
5. Explanation
29. For each purpose, various types of questions
are addressed by nurse researchers:
1)Identification:
What is this phenomenon?
2)Description:
How prevalent is the phenomenon?
3) Exploration:
What factors are related to the phenomenon?
4) Prediction and Control: Cause & Effect
Phenomenon(x) occurs, will phenomenon (y)
follow?
5)Explanation:
What is the underlying cause of the phenomenon?
30. Ways to select a Topic
• Personal experience
• Work related issues
• Expert / Supervisour advise
• Curiosity based on something in the media
• The state of knowledge in a field
• Research grants & Funds
• Further study / Enhance career
31. Major Limitations in Conducting a Research
• Time
• Cost
• Access to resources – facility /data
• Approval by authorities
• Ethical concerns
• Expertise
• Computer skills
• Writing / Linguistic skills
• Family / Social ties
