1) The document discusses key concepts in geography including physical geography, human geography, latitudes, longitudes, seasons on Earth, and time zones. 2) It provides summaries of different theories related to the structure and composition of the Earth's interior including the nebular theory of Laplace and evidence from seismic wave studies. 3) The document also summarizes different theories of geomorphology like the continental drift theory, sea-floor spreading theory, and the plate tectonic theory which together explain plate tectonics and the evolution of Earth's surface.

1. Geography

2. ATLAS
Diagram
Conceptual clarity

3. ATLAS
Orient Longman
Study publication – India
and world
Oxford publication
Goh Cheng Leong
Physical Geography – by
Savinder singh
India: comprehensive
geography by D.R. Khullar
Book list
Study material
All PowerPoint Slides available
at Mrunal.org/Download

4. Physical
Geomorpholog
y
Climatology
Oceanography
Indian
Physica
l
Human/
Economic
World
Asia
Europe
Americas
Africa
Schemes of the Geography Lectures

5. Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which
means study of earth
Geography can be divided into two parts:
Physical geography and Human geography
Meaning and span of Geography

6. Physical
•Landforms
•Atmosphere
•Hydrosphere
•Biosphere
Human
•Habitation
•Population
•Agriculture
•Industries- resources
Two Parts of Geography

7. Fundamentals of
Geography
1. Latitudes
2. Longitudes
3. Seasons on Earth
4. Time-zones

8. latitudes
•Latitudes
=angular distance
of a place from
the equator
•All latitudes are
concentric circles
•They are called
parallels as well

9. Latitudes
• Largest latitude –
equator
• Tropics – heat surplus
• Temperate, polar
regions – heat deficit
• Responsible for
pressure system and
planetary wind
system

10. Spherical Earth
1. Tropical Zones
2.Temperate Zones

11. 1. Skip 2. Attempt 3. Mark n Review
Q. Who among the following was first to
state that Earth was spherical?
A.Aristotle
B. Copernicus
C.Ptolemy
D.Strabo
UPSC Prelims 2001
Correct Answer is A

12. Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth

13. Summer and Winter Solstice

14. Prelims
2013
Q. Variations in length of daytime
and night-time from season to
season are due to
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the
sun in an elliptical manner
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted
axis
UPSC
Question

15. Prelims
2013
Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season
are due to
a) Earth’s rotation on its axis
b) Earth’s revolution around the
sun in an elliptical manner
c) Latitudinal position of the place
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted
axis
UPSC
Question

16. Daylight Saving in Temperate
regions

17. Longitudes
•Angular distance of a
place from prime
meridian
•Also called meridians
•0 degree = Greenwich
in UK
•180 degree =
International date line

18. International Date Line

19. •Earth rotates
360 °s in 24
hours
•360/24 = 15°
•15° longitude
•= 1 hour

20. 31st Dec
Morning
Russia
30th Dec
Morning
Alaska

21. International Date Line
Moving
West
1 DAY
Lost
Moving
East
1 DAY
Gain

22. 1) Every country selects its standard
meridian.
2) Angular distance between standard
meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian
time (GMT)
Standard time

23. •IST – 82.5 E Meridian
•IST - 5.5 hours ahead
of GMT, so GMT+5.5
Indian Standard Time

24. British launched Chaibagaan time
(1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in
Assam
After independence – rejected
2007 DST study – rejected – admin
challenges
Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to
apply Chaibagaan time
Chaibagaan
time zone
IST

25. Russian Time Zones

26. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time
at 75 °E?
• Difference = 75 °
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 75 ° => 5 hours
• East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm
Time
zones
Question

27. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time
at 30 °W?
• Difference = 30 °
• 15 ° => 1 hour
• 30 ° => 2 hours
• East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10
am
Time
zones
Question

28. Prelims
1999
Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what
would be the local time at Shillong
on 92 deg E Longitude?
a) 9.38 am
b) 10.38 am
c) 10.22 am
d) 9.22 am
Ans. B)
UPSC
Exercise

29. Prelims
2006
Q. Through which one of the
following groups of countries does
equator pass?
a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia
b) Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia
c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia
d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and
Indonesia
UPSC
Exercise

30. Prelims
2008
Q. Which of the following cities is
nearest to the equator ?
a) Colombo
b) Jakarta
c) Manila
d) Singapore
UPSC
Exercise

31. Prelims
2008
Q. Which one of the following
straits is nearest to the
International Date Line?
a) Malacca Strait
b) Bering strait
c) Strait of Florida
d) Strait of Gibraltar
UPSC
Exercise

32. Malacca strait

33. Strait of Florida

34. Strait of Gibraltar

35. Prelims
2009
Q. Consider the following countries:
1. Australia
2. Namibia
3. Brazil
4. Chile
Through which of the above does
the Tropic of Capricorn pass?
UPSC
Exercise

36. Prelims
2009
a) 1 only
b) 2,3 and 4
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 1,2,3,4
UPSC
Exercise

37. 1. Longitude
2. Latitude
3. Reason for Seasons
on Earth
4. Time zones

38. Self Study
NCERT Class6: Chapter 2-
Longitudes, Latitudes and time-
zones
Map: Greenwich line passes
through which famous cities
and countries of the world?
Map: IST line passes through
which famous cities and states
of India?
NCERT

39. Geomorphology

40. Origin of the Earth
Nebula Theory
Theory of Laplace
Overview
Geomorpholog
y

41. Gaseous cloud of
H, He – radiation
–cooling-
Contracting
• Separation of
outer ring – 9
parts => 9
planets
Origin of earth – Nebular theory of
Laplace

42. •Heavier
elements near
the core and
lighter at the
surface
•Layered
structure of
earth’s interior
Nebular Theory of Laplace

43. 1. Density study:
2. Temperature study
3. Structural study
- Direct evidences
- Indirect evidences
Interior of the
Earth
Geomorpholog
y

44. •Outer layer
(continents)– SIAL
•Mantle and oceanic
crust – SIMA
•Core – Ni +Fe
Edward Suess

45. Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require
medium for propagation
Their behaviour changes with changes of
medium
2 imp waves: primary P and secondary S waves
S waves can travel into only S and G medium
P can travel in all 3 mediums
But speed is highest in S>L>G
Seismic wave studies

46. S-wave Propagation

47. P-waves propagation

48. Observations
•Asthenosphere –semi-
molten
•Beyond
Asthenosphere-
mantle rocks are
dense
•Outer core –liquid
•The inner core is solid

49. Self Study
Class11 Chapter3: Interior of
Earth
NCERT

50. Earth as a whole
Iron (Fe) - highest
Oxygen (O2)
Silicon (Si)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulphur (S)
Nickel (Ni)
Calcium (Ca)
Aluminum (Al) - lowest
Oxygen (O2) - highest
Silicon (Si)
Aluminum (Al)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K) - lowest
Earth’s crust
Composition of the interior of the earth

51. Igneous rocks
Metamorphous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Rocks in the
crust
Geomorpho

52. Rock cycle

53. formed due to solidification of
magma (I) or lava (E)
They don’t have strata or layers
Because entire lava is solidified
They are crystalline
They don’t have fossils
Igneous
Rocks
Rock Types

54. formed due to lithification of soil
erosion of rocks => deposition of
granules => compaction =>
lithification
Always stratified
They may have fossils
Sedimentary
rocks
Rock Types

55. both igneous and sedimentary rocks
changed under heat or pressure or both
No fossil
No stratification
Metamorphosed rocks

56. gneiss
Granite
Marble
Limestone
quartzite
Sandstone
slate/ schist
Clay/mudston
e
Examples of metamorphosed rocks

57. Consider the following statements
made about sedimentary rocks:
1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at
earth’s surface by hydrological
system
2. Formation of sedimentary rocks
involves the weathering of pre-
existing rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks contains fossils
4. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers
UPSC
Question
Prelims
2001

58. Prelims
2001
Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed
from:
a) Limestone
b) Obsidian
c) Sandstone
d) shale
UPSC
Question

59. Interior of the earth
Different layers – structure and
composition
Rocks
Properties of rocks

60. Geological time scale of Earth
years Eon Era Importance
4.6 -3.5
billion
Pre-
Cambrian
Proterozoic No Life
3.5 -2.5
billion
Archean 1st life form
2.5 to 545
million
Hadean 1st fish
eveloved

61. Years Eon Era Period Epoch Importance
545 ml –
245 ml
Phanerozoic Paleozoic Carbonifero
us
Coal
245 ml-65
ml
Mesozoic Triassic,
Jurassic,
Cretaceous
Reptiles =>
Dinosaurs
=> extinct
65 ml –
present
Cenozoic tertiary Oiligocene,
Pliocene
Birds and
mammals
65000 years quaternary Holocene Human
Geological time scale of the Earth

62. Rodinia in Pre-Cambrian

63. Rodinia break up - Palaeozoic

64. Mesozoic merger - Pangaea

65. 200 ml years ago – break up of
Pangaea

66. 165 ml – break up of Gondwana

67. Movement of India

68. Continental
drift
Sea-floor
spreading
Plate tectonic
theory
3 Theories

69. Alfred Wegener
•1st to propound
movement of
continents
•His Continental Drift
Theory
•His 4 main
observations

70. 1st Observation
Matching
Coastlines
zig-saw fit

71. 2nd Observation
Similarity of Age
of the rocks

72. 3th Observation
Fossil evidences

73. 4th observation
Palaeo-climatic
evidences
Glacial
evidenced in
Tropical lands

74. Super continent - Pangaea
Ocean – Panthalasa
Continent – SIAL rocks
Ocean – SIMA rocks
Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and
drifted apart
Continental Drift Theory

75. Driving force?
Gravitational pull of sun and moon
Idea of SIAL and SIMA
Limitation of Continental Drift
theory

76. Limitation of Continental Drift
theory

77. Mains
2013
What do you understand by theory
of continental drift? Discuss the
prominent evidences in its support.
(5)
UPSC
Question

78. Prelims
2014
Q. Which of the following
phenomena might have influenced
the evolution of organisms?
1. Continental drift
2. Glacial cycles
Ans. Both
UPSC
Question

79. Arthur Holmes
•Arthur Holmes:
•Convection current
theory
•Convection cells –
force behind drifting
of continents

80. Continental
drift
Sea-floor
spreading
Plate tectonic
theory
3 Theories

81. Sea-floor mapping
•During 1940s and
1950s
•Diversity of ocean-
floor
•Submarine hills –
guoyts – MOR –
Trench

82. Questions:
1) Ocean crust not
older than mid-
Mesozoic
2) Age increase
away from MOR
3) Sea-mounts
deformed at
trenches
Ocean floor mapping

83. 1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered
question regarding ocean mapping using
convection theory
 revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge
and trenches
Sea floor spreading Theory

84. Mid- Oceanic Ridge

85. Mid –Oceanic ridge

86. Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean
crust
 Basaltic eruption
Accumulation of lava – ridge => MOR
New Oceanic crust
Divergent limb – expansion of ocean crust
MOR

87. Trenches

88. • At trench Ocean floor
destroyed – melted in
mantle
• Oceanic crust heavier
than continental crust
•Ocean floor act like
conveyor belt
• Ocean floor – cyclic
process – 300 ml yrs
MOR - Trench

89. Mariana trench

90. Prelims
2006
Q. In which one of the following
oceans the Diamantina Trench is
located?
a) Pacific Ocean
b) Atlantic Ocean
c) Indian Ocean
d) Arctic Ocean
Ans. C)
UPSC
Question

91. Diamantine trench

92. Palaeo-magentism
•Magnetism of rocks
along MOR
•Magnetometer -
Magnetic parallel
stripes– normal and
reverse magnetic
profile
•1st Carlsberg ridge –
Indian ocean

93. •Vine and mattheus
•Molten lava get
polarity geomagnetic
field of that period -
Solidify
•Ocean floor – magnetic
tape
Palaeo-magentism

94. conclusion
1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the
earth
2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by
age + distance between two equal magnetic
stripes
Atlantic – 1.0 cm/ year
Indian – 1.5 cm/year
Pacific – 6.0 cm/year
Palaeo-magnetism

95. Prelims
2011
Q. Between India and East Asia, the
navigation time and distance can be
greatly reduced by which of the
following?
a) Deepening Malacca strait
between Indonesia and Malaysia
b) Opening a new canal across Kra
Isthmus between gulf of Siam
and Andaman sea
UPSC
Question

96. Continental
drift
Sea-floor
spreading
Plate tectonic
theory
3 Theories