In this presentation we can see. What is microbial nutrition and what kind of nutrients take by the microbes, types of nutrients and how microbes uptake nutrients and classification of microorganisms on the basis of nutrition. And Growth factors for microbial growth .What is passive diffusion ,active transport and phagocytosis,

1. Microbial Nutrition
Prepared by-
Pradhumn Udainiya
M.Sc.-1st SEM
Department of Biotechnology
Barkatullah University
Bhopal

2. Introduction
 Nutrition:- Process by which chemical substances
(nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used for
cellular activities.
 Nutrients:- Substances in the environment used by
organisms for catabolism and anabolism.
(Pommerville,2006)

3. Importance of nutrient
 Nutrients are necessary for microbial growth
and play a vital role in the proper cultivation
of microorganisms in the laboratory and for
proper growth in their natural environments.
 The nutrients used to propagate growth are
organism -specific, based on their cellular
and metabolic processes.
(Hogg,2013)

4. Classification of nutrients
(Pommerville,2006)
Nutrients
Essential
Micro
nutrients
Macro
nutrients
Non
Essential

5. Micronutrients
Micronutrient Cellular Function
Cobalt Vitamin B12; transcarboxylase ( propionic acid bacteria)
Copper Respiration (cytochrome c oxidase); photosynthesis
(plastocyanin, some superoxide dismutases).
Manganese Acts as Activator of various enzyme.
Molybdenum Present in some flavin-containing enzymes, nitrogenase,
nitrate reductase, sulphide oxidase, some formate
dehydrogenases.
Nickel Present in most hydrogenase enzyme.
Tungsten In some formate dehydrogenases.
Zinc In carbonic anhydrase; alcohol dehydrogenases; RNA
and DNA polymerases.
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/nutritional-requirements-of-microorganisms/55070

6. Macronutrients
Element Functions
Carbon Constituent of all organic cell material.
Hydrogen Constituent of cellular water, organic cell materials
Oxygen Molecular oxygen serves as an electron receptor in
aerobic respiration
Nitrogen Constituent of proteins, nucleic acid and coenzyme.
Phosphorus Constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes.
Sulphur Constituent of some amino acids (cysteine & methionine)
and some coenzymes(CoA & Cocarboxylase)
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/nutritional-requirements-of-microorganisms/55070

7. Hydrogen Source:-
 Major element in all organic
compounds and several
Inorganic ones,(water, salts
and gases).
 Roles of hydrogen:
Maintaining pH
Forming the H-bond
Source of Elements
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen

8. Oxygen source:-
 Major component of
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids and proteins.
 Play an important role in
structural and enzymatic
functions of cell.
https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen

9. Nitrogen source:-
 Nitrogen is part of the Structure
of proteins, DNA, RNA and ATP-
these are the primary source of
nitrogen heterotrophs.
 Some bacteria and algae use
inorganic N sources (NO3,NO2,
Or NH3)
https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen

10. Sulfur Source:-
 Sulphur is found in living
organism in the form of
compound such as amino acid
,coenzymes and vitamins.
 Available as sulfate (SO4
--) or
sulfide (S--).
https://www.britannica.com/science/sulfur

11. Phosphorus source:-
 Phosphorus is a constituent of
nucleic acids, sugar phosphate
and phosphate esters such as
the ATP/ADP/AMP system of
cellular energy transfer.
 Phosphate can possibly serve
as a terminal electron acceptor
in the absence of sulfate,
nitrate and oxygen.
https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphorus-chemical-element

12. Classification of micro-organism On
the basis of Nutrition type
Micro-organism
Carbon
Source
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Energy
Source
Phototrophs Chemotrophs
Electron and
Hydrogen
Source
Lithotrophs Organotrophs
Willey et al.,(2008)

13. Autotrophs
 Autotrophs can rely on
carbon dioxide as a carbon
source,reducing or “fixing” it
this inorganic form of
carbon into an organic
molecule .
 Autotrophs are organisms
that can produce their own
food, using materials from
inorganic sources
 Ex.- Anabaena flosaquae,
Aphanizomenon flosaquae,
Microcystis aeruginosa etc.
Cyanobacteria
https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/geography/cyanobacteria.html

14. Heterotrophs
 A heterotroph is
an organism that cannot
manufacture its own food
by carbon fixation and therefore
derives its intake of nutrition
from other sources of organic
carbon, mainly plant or animal
matter.
 Heterotrophs can used reduced,
preformed organic substances
as a carbon source.
 Ex.- Aspergillus, Fusarium,
Penicillium etc.
https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/rhizobium/
Rhizobium

15. Phototrophs
 Phototrophs, typically a plant,
obtaining energy from sunlight as
its source of energy to
convert inorganic materials
into organic materials for use in
cellular functions such
as biosynthesis and respiration.
 Use light energy for certain
metabolic functions.
 Ex.- Rhodobacter spheriods
Rhodopseudomonas capsulata,
Bacillus megaterium etc.
Euglena
https://www.southernbiological.com/introduction-to-euglena/
(Pommerville,2006)

16. Chemotrophs
 Chemotrophs are organisms
that obtain energy through
chemical process called
chemosynthesis rather than
by photosynthesis.
 Obtains energy mainly
from carbon dioxide and from
other inorganic chemicals
through a process called
chemosynthesis.
 Ex.-Methanococcus
maripaludis,Methanosarcina
acetivorans etc.
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/8/89/Zdrs0232.jpg
Nitrosomonas

17. Lithotrophs
 A lithotroph is an organism that
uses an inorganic substrate
(usually of mineral origin) to
obtain reducing equivalents for
use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon
dioxide fixation) or energy
conservation via aerobic or
anaerobic respiration.
 Lithotrophs can form symbiotic
relationships, in which case
the lithotrophs are called
"prokaryotic symbionts“.
 Ex.- Thiobacillus,
Chromeatiacea,
chlorobiaceae etc
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/799100/view/chromatium-sp-purple-sulphur-bacterium-sem
Purple sulphur bacteria

18. Organotrophs
 Organotrophs is an organism that
obtains hydrogen or electrons from
organic substrates.
 Decomposers are organotrophs b
ecause they feed on dead bodies
of organisms and organic wastes
of living organisms.
The decomposer organisms
secrete digestive enzymes to
digest the organic matter
externally
 Ex.- Chloroflexaceae,
Rhodospirillaceae etc.
https://www.condalab.com/int/en/blog/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-primarily-responsible-for-cosmetic-removal-n170
Pseudomonas

19. Large Majority of Microorganisms
https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-B9780124701007500029

20. Growth Factors
Amino acid
Purines and Pyrimidines
Vitamins
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/microbial-nutrition-and-growth.pdf
(Singh,2012)

21. Function of some common vitamin in
micro-organism
Vitamin Function
Vitamin B1 Part of coenzyme cocarboxylase; has many functions, including the
metabolism of pyruvic acid.
Vitamin B2 Coenzyme in flavoprotiens; active in electron transfers
Niacin Part of NAD molecule ; active in electron transfer
Vitamin B6 Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism
Vitamin B12 Methyl cynocobalamide involved in the transfer of methyl groups
Pantothenic acid Involved in the metabolism of pyruvic acid and lipids
Biotin Involved in carbon dioxide fixation reactions and fatty acid synthesis
Folic acid Coenzyme used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines
Vitamin E Needed for cellular and macromolecule synthesis
Vitamin K Coenzyme used in electron transport
(Pommerville,2006)

22. Uptake of Nutrients
 Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable
membrane through passive diffusion and must be transported by
one of membrane carrier protein.
 Phagocytosis
 Permeability absorption -
Passive transport
Active transport
(Hogg,2013)

23. Phagocytosis
 The process by which cells
engulf solid matter is called
phagocytosis.
 There are four essential steps
in phagocytosis:
1. The plasma membrane
entraps the food particle.
2. A vacuole forms within the
cell to contain the food
particle.
3. Lysosomes fuse with the
food vacuole.
4. Enzymes of the lysosomes
digest the food particle.
(Hogg, 2013)

24. Passive transport
 Movement of molecules
from an area of higher
concentration to one of
lower concentration as a
result of random thermal
agitation.
 Rate of transport depends
on the difference in solute
between the inside and
outside of the cell.
Therefore, inefficient for
most compounds because
difference in solute
concentration is not high
enough for reasonable
transport rate.
https://www.dreamstime.com/active-passive-transport-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-cell-scheme-vs-comparison-diffusion-facilitated-various-image178985005

25. Active transport
 Energy-dependent
transport of solutes from a
lower concentration to a
higher one via specific
membrane bound carrier
proteins.
 Frequently, periplasmic
binding proteins help
deliver compound to the
correct plasma membrane
transport protein.
https://www.dreamstime.com/active-passive-transport-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-cell-scheme-vs-comparison-diffusion-facilitated-various-image178985005

26. Iron uptake
 Iron is an important
micronutrient for virtually all
living organisms except
lactic acid bacteria where
manganese and cobalt are
used in place of iron
 Under aerobic conditions,
the ferrous ion is unstable.
Via the Fenton reaction,
ferric ion and reactive
oxygen species are created,
the latter of which can
damage biological
macromolecules
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Bruslind)/11%3A_Microbial_Nutrition

27. Recent Research
Multi-faceted approaches to discovering
and predicting microbial nutritional
interactions
6 October 2020
Sebastian Gude and Michiko E Taga
Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, CA USA

28. References
 Atlas R.M., Bartha R.,(2005),Interactions between Microorganisms and Plants-In,
"Microbial Ecology”,Pearson Education, Delhi, pp. 99-133
 Biesalski H.K.,(2016), Nutrition meets the microbiome: micronutrients and the
microbiota, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1:1-13
 Chan E.C.S.,(2003), Microbial nutrition and basic metabolism ;In “Handbook of water
and Wastewater microbiology”,Elsevier Publications,1-31,ISBN – 978-0-12-470100-7
 Dubey R.C., Maheshwari D.K.,(2012), Microbial metabolism; In", A text book of
microbiology”, 12th ed., S.chand & company, New Delhi , pp 342-365
 Hogg S.,(2013),Microbial nutrition and Cultivation ;In, "Essential Microbiology”, 2nd
ed, John Wiley&Sons Inc, Hoboken USA, pp.79-89

29.  Pommerville J.C.,(2011), Microbial Growth and Nutrition ;In, "Microbiology”,
8th ed, Jones and Bartlett Canada, pp. 131-157
 Singh R.P.,(2012),Microbial Nutrition; In,” Microbiology”,3rd ed, Kalyani
publication ,New Delhi, pp. 313-325
 Willey J.M.,Sherwood L.M.,Woolverton C.J.,(2008),Microbial
Nutrition,Growth,and Control ; In “ Microbiology” , 7th ed, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.New York,USA pp. 101-118
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