08 - Solid Waste Management.pptx

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
C.E 8.3.2
Unit III
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1

INTRODUCTION
What is Waste?
i. Something which the original owner or user no longer
values, and has been discarded or discharged by the
original owner or user.
ii. It is something one does not want any more and want
to throw away.
iii. As defined under the Environment Protection Act
1993
Waste means — Any discarded, rejected, abandoned,
unwanted or surplus matter, whether or not intended for
sale or for recycling, reprocessing, recovery or
purification by a separate operation from that which
produced the matter. ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2

INTRODUCTION
What is Solid Waste Management?
i. Term that is used to refer to the process of collecting
and treating solid wastes.
ii. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not
belong to garbage or trash.
iii. It is all about how solid waste can be changed and
used as a valuable resource.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Municipal solid waste
i. Household waste, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, and
waste from streets.
ii. Residential , Institutional & Commercial
complexes.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Hazardous waste
i. Highly toxic to humans, animals, and
plants
ii. Corrosive, highly inflammable, or
explosive; and react when exposed to
certain things e.g. gases.
iii. Household waste - Old batteries, shoe
polish, paint tins, old medicines, and
medicine bottles.
iv. In the industrial sector- Metal, chemical,
paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber
goods industries.
v. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal. ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5

REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS FOR SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT
1. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
2. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
3. E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016
4. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016
5. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
6. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016

EFFECTS OF POOR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Litter Surroundings
i. Due to improper waste disposal systems wastes heap up and become a menace. While people
clean their homes and places of work, they litter their surroundings, which affect the
environment and the community.
Impact on Human Health
i. Improper waste disposal can affect the health of the population living nearby the polluted area
or landfills. The health of waste disposal workers and other employees involved with these
landfill facilities are also at a greater risk.
ii. Exposure to wastes that handled improperly can cause skin irritations, respiratory problems,
blood infections, growth problems, and even reproductive issues.

MANAGEMENT
Environmental Problems
i. Source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals. When released to the environment,
the solid wastes can cause biological and physicochemical problems to the environment that
may affect or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area.
Soil and Groundwater Pollution
i. Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the groundwater. During the
process of collecting solid waste, hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and
other flammable wastes making the disposal process even harder and risky.
Disease-causing Pests
i. This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose
under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions.
ii. After a few days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced, and it becomes a breeding
ground for different types of disease-causing insects as well as infectious organisms. On top
of that, it also spoils the aesthetic value of the area.

MANAGEMENT
Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
i. Our carelessness with our waste and garbage also affects animals, and they suffer the effects
of pollution caused by improperly disposed of wastes and rubbish.
ii. Consuming Styrofoam and cigarette butts have been known to cause deaths in marine
animals. Animals are also at risk of poisoning while consuming grasses near contaminated
areas or landfills as the toxins seep into the soil.
Emission of Toxic Gases
i. When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning
solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up with paper and other non-toxic
scraps are burned they produce dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other gases.
These toxic gases have the potential of causing various diseases, including cancer.

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Disposal.
Processing and recovery.
Transfer and transport.
Collection.
On-site handling, storage and processing.
Waste generation.
The activities involved in the solid waste management have grouped into six functional elements:

SOURCES OF
WASTE
Source
Typical waste
generators
Types of solid wastes
Residential Single and multifamily
dwellings
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Special wastes (e.g.,
bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous
wastes.).

SOURCES OF
WASTE
Source
Typical waste
generators
Industrial Light and heavy
manufacturing,
fabrication, construction
sites, power and
chemical plants.
Light and heavy
manufacturing
Fabrication
Construction sites
Power and Chemical
plants.
Housekeeping wastes,
packaging
Food wastes
Construction and
Demolition materials
Hazardous wastes
Ashes
Special wastes.
Construction and
demolition
New construction sites,
road repair, renovation
sites, demolition of
buildings
Wood, steel, concrete,
dirt, etc.

SOURCES OF
WASTE
Source
Typical waste
generators
Commercial Stores, hotels,
restaurants, markets,
office buildings, etc.
Paper
cardboard, plastics,
wood, food wastes,
glass, metals, special
wastes, hazardous
wastes.
Institutional Schools, hospitals,
prisons, government
centers.
Same as commercial.
Municipal services Street cleaning,
landscaping, parks,
beaches, other
recreational areas, water
and wastewater
treatment plants.
Street sweepings;
landscape and tree
trimmings; general
wastes from parks,
beaches, and other
recreational areas;
sludge.

SOURCES OF
WASTE
Source
Typical waste
generators
Process (manufacturing,
etc.)
Heavy and light
manufacturing,
refineries, chemical
plants, power plants,
mineral extraction and
processing.
Industrial process
wastes, scrap materials,
off-specification
products, slay, tailings.
Agriculture Crops, orchards,
vineyards, dairies,
feedlots, farms.
Spoiled food wastes,
agricultural wastes,
hazardous wastes (e.g.,
pesticides).

SOLID WASTE GENERATION:
Estimation of solid waste quantities:
The load-count Analysis:
i. Quantity and composition of solid wastes are determined by recording the estimated volume
and general composition of each load of waste delivered to a landfill or transfer station during
a specified period of time.
Mass volume analysis:
i. Mass of each load is also recorded.
ii. The factors that influence generation rate of municipal wastes include: geographic location,
season of the year, collection frequency, use of kitchen waste grinders, characteristics pf
populace, extent of salvaging and recycling, public attitude and legislation.

HANDLING AND ON-SITE
STORAGE OF SOLID WASTES
i. In some areas, residential waste is taken from a
collection point to the disposal site by the
Municipality or by a contractor employed by
the authority.
ii. In other places the householder either takes
their waste to a communal disposal point or
disposes of it in a pit in their yard.
iii. Unless the waste is placed in a pit as soon as it
is produced, there will be a need for some kind
of storage.
iv. Storage is the first stage of the waste
management process. It is important because
poorly handled and stored waste can be sources
of nuisance, flies, smells and other hazards.

ON-SITE HANDLING:
Activities associated with the handling of solid wastes until they are placed in the containers
used for their storage before collection.
It may also be required to move loaded containers to the collection point and to return the empty
containers to the point where they are stored between collections.
On-site storage:
The factors that mast be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes include
1. Type of containers
2. The container location
3. Public health and aesthetics
4. The collection method.

ON-SITE HANDLING:
Containers:
i. Different types and capacities of containers
commonly used for on-site storage of solid
wastes.
ii. Use of large containers that can be emptied
mechanically using a vehicle equipped
with an articulated pick-up mechanism.
Container locations:
i. Newer residential areas - Side or rear of the
house.
ii. Old residential areas -Alleys.
iii. High rise apartments- Basement or ground-
floor service area.

ON-SITE HANDLING:
Public Health:
i. Relates to on-time collection to avoid the
spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
Aesthetics:
i. Must be pleasing to the eye (containers
must be clean, shielded from public’s
view).

COLLECTION SOLID WASTES
Collection" means the process of collecting
solid waste for transportation from the
producer of solid waste to a disposal site.
Information of collection is presented in four
parts:
1. The types of collection systems.
2. An analysis of collection system.
3. The general methodology involved in
setting up collection routs.

TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS :
Based on the mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories:
I. Hauled- container system (HCS).
II. Stationary container system (SCS).
Hauled- container systems (HCS):
i. Containers used for the storage wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site,
emptied and returned to the original point or to some other location.
ii. There are two types of hauled container system: 1) Tilt -frame container, 2) Trash-trailer , 3)
Hoist Truck
iii. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full containers, and unloading
empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site.

TYPES OF
COLLECTION SYSTEMS :
Tilt -frame container Trash-trailer Hoist Truck

TYPES OF
COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Stationary container systems (SCS):
It is the collection systems in which the containers used
for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste
generation except when moved for collection.
There are two types of stationary container systems:
i. Self-loading collection vehicles equipped with
compactors.
ii. Manually loaded vehicles.
Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing
station are made after the content of the collection vehicle
is full.

ANALYSIS OF COLLECTION
SYSTEMS
Conventional Mode:
i. Time spent in driving to the next
container after an empty container has been
deposited.
ii. Time spent in picking up the loaded
container
iii. Time spent in redepositing a container
after its contents have been emptied

SYSTEMS
Exchange Mode:
i. Time required to pick up the loaded
container and to redeposit the container to
the next location after its contents have
been emptied.

SYSTEMS
Stationary Container Systems:
i. Time spent in loading the collection
vehicle
ii. Beginning with stopping the vehicle and
ending when the last contents are emptied
and loaded.

LAYOUT OF COLLECTION ROUTES
Efficient routing and re-routing of solid waste collection vehicles can help to decrease the cost by
reducing the Labour expended for collection.
Routing procedures usually consists of the following two separate components:
(a) Macro Routing – Defining size of routes
(b) Micro Routing – Defining exact path of each route

Macro Routing
i. It consists of dividing the total collection area into routes, in such a way as to represent a
day’s collection for each crew.
ii. The size of each route depends on the amount of wastes collected per stop, distance between
stops, loading time and traffic conditions.
iii. Natural barriers such as rail road embankments, rivers and roads with heavy competing
traffic, can be used to divide route territories.
iv. As much as possible, the size and shape of route areas should be balanced.

Micro Routing:
i. Using the results of the macro-routing analysis, micro-routing can define the specific path
that each crew and collection vehicle will take on each collection day.

Deciding Factors for Collection Vehicle Routing:
i. The trial & error route development process is a relatively simple manual approach that
applies specific routing patterns to block configurations.
ii. The map should show collection service locations, disposal (or) transfer sites, one-way
streets, natural barriers and the area of heavy traffic flows.

Then, routes should be traced out onto the tracing paper using the following factors:
i. Routes should not be fragmented (or) overlapping.
ii. Total collection (+) Hauling time reasonably constant for each route in the community.
iii. The collection route should be started as close to the garage (or) motor pool as possible.
iv. Heavily travelled streets should not be visited during rush hours.
v. In case of one-way streets, it is best to start the route near the upper end of the street.
vi. In case of dead-end streets, wastes must be collected by walking down, reversing the vehicle (or)
taking a U-turn.
vii. Higher elevations should be at the start of the route.
viii. For collection from one side of the street at a time, it is generally best to route with many anti-
clockwise turns around the blocks.

TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT:
Transfer and transport refers to the mean, facilities, and appurtenances used to affect the transfer of
wastes from one location to another.
Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer station may be classified into three
types:
i. Direct Discharge: The wastes in the collection vehicles are emptied directly into the vehicle to be
used to transport them to a place of final disposal area. Used normally in the small communities.
ii. Storage Discharge: the wastes are emptied into storage area from which they are loaded into
transport vehicles by auxiliary equipments. Then will be transfer to the final disposal sites. It is
useful for the large communities.
iii. Combined of storage and direct Discharge: in some transfer station both methods are used to serve a
broad range of users. In addition, it houses a material salvage operation.

METHODS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Sanitary Landfill
i. Most popular solid waste disposal method used today.
ii. Garbage is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic
foam.
iii. Bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner, which is usually made of several
layers of thick plastic and sand.
iv. This liner protects the groundwater from being contaminated because of leaching or
percolation.
v. When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, topsoil and gravel to prevent
seepage of water.
Advantage: If landfills are managed efficiently, it is an ensured sanitary waste disposal method.
Constraint: It requires a reasonably large area.

MANAGEMENT
Incineration
i. Burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into ashes.
ii. Waste-to-energy plants.
iii. Expensive to set up and operate compared to plain incinerators
iv. Require special equipment and controls, highly skilled technical personnel, and auxiliary
fuel systems.
Advantage: The volume of combustible waste is reduced considerably by burning waste. In the
case of off-site pits, it is an appropriate method to minimize scavenging.
Constraint: It can cause smoke or fire hazard and also emits gaseous pollutants.

MANAGEMENT
Composting
i. Biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the purpose.
ii. Biological process in which micro-organisms, specifically fungi and bacteria, convert
degradable organic waste into substances like humus.
iii. Finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen.
iv. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost that is an
excellent medium for growing plants and can be used for agricultural purposes.
Advantage: Composting is environmentally friendly as well as beneficial for crops.
Constraint: It requires intensive management and experienced personnel for large scale
operation.

MANAGEMENT
Pyrolysis
i. Solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without the presence of oxygen.
ii. Occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius.
iii. Solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid residue of carbon and ash and small quantities of
liquid.
Advantage: This will keep the environment clean and reduce health and settlement problems.
Constraint: The systems that destroy chlorinated organic molecules by heat may create
incomplete combustion products, including dioxins and furans.
These compounds are highly toxic in the parts per trillion ranges. The residue it generates may
be hazardous wastes, requiring proper treatment, storage, and disposal.

MANAGEMENT
Recovery and Recycling
i. Process of taking useful but discarded items for the next use.
ii. Plastic bags, tins, glass and containers are often recycled automatically since, in many
situations, they are likely to be scarce commodities.
iii. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material and reduction of
landfills. The most developed countries follow a strong tradition of recycling to lower
volumes of waste.
Advantage: Recycling is environmentally friendly.
Constraint: It is expensive to set up, and in most emergencies, there is limited potential.

RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
Separation:
i. Density Separation: separate light materials such as paper and plastic from the heavier
materials such as ferrous metal, based on the weight difference of he material in an air
stream.
ii. Magnetic separation: magnetic separation is a unit operation whereby ferrous metals are
separated from other waste materials by utilizing their magnetic properties.
Engineering consideration involved in the implementation of waste separation include
the followings:
i. Selection of the materials to be separated.
ii. Identification of the material specifications.
iii. Development of separation process flow diagrams.
iv. Layout and design of the physical facilities.
v. Selection the equipments and facilities that will be used.
vi. Environmental control.
vii. Safety and healthy impact.

RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
After source reduction, the recovery of materials for recycling and composting is the next
important component of integrated SWM program.
Definition :
Resource recovery: means that the materials have not only been removed from the
municipal waste stream, but also, purchased by an end user.
The process of recycling includes collecting recyclables, separating them by type, processing
them into new forms that are sold to manufacturers, and finally, purchasing and using goods made
by reprocessed materials.

08 - Solid Waste Management.pptx

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