Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.

1. WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING I
WATER SUPPLY PLUMBING SYSTEMS IN BUILDING AND
HOUSES

2. House water connections
Ferrule
Goose neck
Service pipe
Stop cock
Water meter
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ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI

3. House water connections
Ferrule – right angles sleeve made of brass or gun metal, and is joined to a hold drilled in the
water main to which it is screwed down with a plug. Diameter : 10-50mm
Goose neck – small sized curve made of flexible material about 75 cm in length between water
main and service pipe.
Service pipe – galvanized iron pipe (50 mm dia.) laid underground and connected to the water
mains.
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Ferrule
Goose Neck Service Pipe

4. House water connections
Stop Cock : provided before water enters the meter in the house. It is housed in a masonry
chamber with a removable cover and fixed in the street close to the boundary wall.
Water Meter : measures and records quantity of water consumed in the house. Fitted in an iron
box in an opening
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Stop Cock
Water Meter

5. Storage of Water in Buildings
Overhead Storage:
If water supply is not available at sufficient
pressure round the clock overhead storage is
required.
This requirement depends upon the number of
sanitary fixture.
Indian municipalities require mandatory
overhead water storage for flushing toilets.
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6. Storage of Water in Buildings
Underground storage:
They collect water from municipality if water
pressure in the main is insufficient to reach
overhead tank.
Water is collected in the underground tank and
is then pumped to the overhead tank.
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7. Under ground storage tanks
Storing and distributing clear water.
Made of stones, bricks, plain or reinforced
cement concrete.
Side walls are designed to take up the pressure
of the water when the reservoir is full and the
earth pressure when it is empty.
Position of ground water table is also
considered while designing these reservoirs.
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8. Under ground storage tanks
Floors of these reservoirs may constructed with
R.C.C slab or square stone blocks resting on
columns.
Obtain water tightness bitumen compounds are
used at all construction joints.
At the top of roof about 60cm thick earth layer
is deposited and maintained green lawns to
protect the reservoir from cold and heat.
For aeration of water and inspection,
ventilation pipes and stairs are provided
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9. Overhead Storage Tanks
R.C.C. or Masonry tanks
◦ Made of R.C.C or brick masonry
◦ Easily constructed in any shape or size.
◦ They are made water tight by adding water
proofing compound in concrete and plaster
mix
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10. Overhead Storage Tanks
Metal tanks
◦ Fabricated from mild steel or galvanized
iron sheets.
◦ They are non corrosive in nature.
◦ Made smaller sizes (1800 litres)
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11. Overhead Storage Tanks
Plastic tanks
◦ Made of high density polyethylene (HDPE)
or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
◦ Available in variety of sizes.
◦ Light and corrosion resistant
◦ Capacity ranges from 500 liters to 1,00,000
liters
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12. Water piping systems in buildings
Piping System using direct supply
◦ Water is supplied to all fixtures at all floor levels
using a direct supply.
◦ Such system is successful when water supply is
available at adequate pressure round the clock.
◦ Minimum pressure will be limited to the number of
floors
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13. Water piping systems in buildings
Piping using Overhead tank
◦ To meet water requirements during non supply
hours water overhead tanks are placed on the
terrace which are filled with direct connection to
the mains.
◦ Supply for kitchen is taken from direct line.
◦ Bathing and flushing is taken from overhead tank.
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14. Water piping systems in buildings
Piping using Overhead tank and underground
tank:
◦ When municipal water supplies is at low pressure,
when there is intermittent supply of water the water
has to be stored in underground tanks.
◦ It is pumped to overhead tanks to supply water to
higher storey's.
◦ Adopted for 2-3 storey's
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15. Water piping systems in buildings
Pumped Systems
◦ Water is distributed by automatic pumping system
directly to supply point.
◦ The pressure is boosted using pumping sets that pump
water from underground tanks.
◦ Advantage- eliminates need for overhead tank.
◦ Adopted for low buildings where tanks place on the
roof cannot generate high pressures
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16. Hot Water Appliances and Installations
Hamam
◦ Displacement type hot water heater using solid fuels like coal and wood.
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17. Electrical Geysers or Hot Water Heaters
Instantaneous Electric Geysers
◦ Direct connection to the water taps and the
electric heating element.
◦ Heating element is bound to a round pipe,
which heats the water to a specified
temperature matching the rate of flow.
◦ Heating element is of much higher capacity
as compared to storage heaters.
◦ 6 Kw is used for showering at 3 liters per
min.
◦ Fatal to shocks.
Storage Geysers
◦ Consists of a thermally insulated cylinder
with one more electric heating elements.
◦ The inlet is not blocked and stop cock even
if provided is completely kept open.
◦ The outlet is kept open and water is drawn
just by opening the tap.
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18. Solar Water Heaters
Collector unit - absorb solar energy and
transfer it into heat energy.
Copper in the form of tubes or sheets are
provided due to its high thermal conductance,
long life and corrosion resistance.
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19. Solar Water Heaters
Absorber unit is further made of smaller units
1.05 sq.m and is capable to heat up to 10 liters
per day.
In order to absorb maximum heat the collector
should be placed towards the equator.
Tank must be well insulated and weather proof.
Should have double walls sandwiched between
10 cm of fiber glass or wool.
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20. Recommended Readings
i. Mark J. Hammer; Water and Waste Water Technology; Prentice Hall of India.
ii. S. K. Garg; Water Supply Engineering; Khanna Publ.
iii. B. C. Punmia, A. K. Jain; Water Supply Engineering; Laxmi Publication.
iv. G. S. Birdie; Water Supply Engineering and Sanitary Engineering; Dhanpat Rai.
v. R. C. Rangwala; Water Supply Engineering, Charotar Publ. House.
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