1. 1
Prof Greenberg se taalkundige bevindinge
oor Taal in die Amerikas as korrek bewys
deur genetiese navorsing
Genetiese studies bevestig weer eens Prof Greenberg se taalkundige bevinding
(1987), van twee taalfamilies wat Amerika vanuit Siberië betree het. Die
Amerinds moes minstens 17,000 gelede die migrasie oor die Bering-landbrug
voltooi het. Die ander groep, Na-Dené, moes ‘n aantal millennia later daar
aangeland het, moontlik in bote. Nog meer onlangs (+/- 10,000 jaar gelede)
moes die Eskimo, in kajaks, opgedaag het.
2. 2
Wat niemand van die hoofstroom egter sê nie, is dat Amerind nie so ver verwyder is van
Eurasiates (waaruit Indo-Europees kom nie), terwyl Na-Dené beslis verwant is aan Sino-
Kaukasies (Yenisei, Tibetaans, Sjinees, Noord-Oos Kaukasies, Baskies, Burushaski).
En die oer-tuisland van Eurasiaties/Nostraties word suid van die Kaukasus-gebergte in
oostelike Turkye geplaas. Met ander woorde, die eerste voorouers van die Amerinds moes
ook vandaar gekom het, of nie te ver daarvan nie.
Haplogroup C-M217-Y DNA
Prof Greenberg’s language classification has been further confirmed by genetic studies. He
discerned the difference between Amerind, the language family of all of South America, all
of Meso America and parts of North America, mostly undiluted to the east. These were the
first arrivals. Recently it’s been discovered that they share 1/3 of the MA-1 mitochondrial
genome of haplogroup U with Western Europeans.
The other group is called Na-Dené and they include the Apache and Navajo of the
southwest of North America and most of Western Canada and Alaska. These languages
have now been linked to the Yeniseian language family of Siberia. They share Haplogroup C-
M217-Y DNA with Siberians and Mongols.
3. 3
“Dené–Yeniseian is a proposed language family consisting of the Yeniseian languages of
central Siberia and the Na-Dené languages of northwestern North America. It has been
called ‘the first demonstration of a genealogical link between Old World and New World
language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical
linguistics’." ~ Wikipedia.
Much mixing has taken place, especially in California and the central and western regions of
the USA.
AMERIND ~ languages include Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, Uto-Aztecan, Iroquis, Sioux.
The MA-1 mitochondrial genome belongs to haplogroup U, which has also been found at high frequency
among Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers10, 11, 12
, and the Y chromosome of MA-
1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and near the root of most Native American lineages5
. Similarly,
we find autosomal evidence that MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and genetically closely
related to modern-day Native Americans, with no close affinity to east Asians. This suggests that
populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years
ago than commonly thought. Furthermore, we estimate that 14 to 38% of Native American ancestry may
originate through gene flow from this ancient population. This is likely to have occurred after the divergence
of Native American ancestors from east Asian ancestors, but before the diversification of Native American
populations in the New World. Gene flow from the MA-1 lineage into Native American ancestors could
explain why several crania from the First Americans have been reported as bearing morphological
characteristics that do not resemble those of east Asians2, 13
. Sequencing of another south-central Siberian,
Afontova Gora-2 dating to approximately 17,000 years ago14
, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures
as MA-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial
Maximum. Our findings reveal that western Eurasian genetic signatures in modern-day Native Americans
derive not only from post-Columbian admixture, as commonly thought, but also from a mixed ancestry of
the First Americans.
4. 4
The Nostratic Hypothesis in 2014 (corrected) (2015) by Allan Bomhard
3. Nostratic Homeland
Analysis of the available evidence has enabled us to determine the most likely homeland of the Nostratic
parent language, to establish a time-frame during which Proto-Nostratic might have been spoken, to date
the disintegration of Proto-Nostratic, and to trace the early dispersal of the daughter languages. The
following scenario emerges: The unified Nostratic parent language may be dated to between 15,000 to
12,000 BCE, that is, at the end of the last Ice Age — it was most likely located in the Fertile Crescent just
south of the Caucasus Mountains. Beginning around 12,000 BCE, Nostratic began to expand, and, by
10,000 BCE, several distinct dialect groups had come into being. The first to split off from the main speech
community was Afro-asiatic. One dialect group spread from the Fertile Crescent to the northeast,
eventually reaching Central Asia sometime before 9,000 BCE — this was Eurasiatic. Another dialect group
spread eastward into western and central Iran, where it developed into Elamo-Dravidian at about 8,000
BCE. If Johanna Nichols is correct in seeing Pre-Proto-Kartvelian as having migrated from Central Asia
westward below the Caspian Sea to the Caucasus, this would seem to imply that Pre-Proto-Kartvelian had
first migrated northeastward from the Fertile Crescent along with or as part of Pre-Proto-Eurasiatic, that it
stopped somewhere along the way, and that it then returned to the Middle East. For details, cf.
Dolgopolsky 1998 and Bomhard 2008.1:221—252. The following map shows the approximate location of
the Nostratic homeland around 15,000 BCE (cf. Bomhard 2008.1:246; 2014a.1:268)
www.academia.edu/11689097/The_Nostratic_Hypothesis_in_2014_corrected_2015_
