2. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Population (billions)
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
RoWOECD
OECD
RoW
BRIICS
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
BRIICS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Population (billions)
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
RoWOECD
OECD
RoW
BRIICS
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
BRIICS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Population (billions)
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
RoWOECD
OECD
RoW
BRIICS
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
BRIICS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Population (billions)
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
RoWOECD
OECD
RoW
BRIICS
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
BRIICS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Population (billions)WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
RoWOECD
OECD
RoW
BRIICS
WORLD
GDP per capita ('000 USD)
BRIICS
GDP +124%
GDP +478%
GDP +458%
GDP +295%
Source: OECD (2012), OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050, Baseline projection using ENV-Linkages model
3. 3 billion more middle-class consumers will
fuel future demand
3
Global middle class1
Billions of people
ROW
2030
3.23Latin America
4.88
3 billion
Asia-Pacific
North America
Europe
2020
3.25
1.74
2009
1.85
0.53
1 Based on daily consumption per capita ranging from $10 to $100 (in purchasing power parity terms)
Source: OECD (2011), Perspectives on Global Development: Social Cohesion in a Shifting World
0.03
5. A Story of Industrial Entropy
Photo credit: NASA Goddard Center; OECD.
Debit
72 Gt
RESOURCE STOCKS
A Story of Industrial Entropy
โฆ Running Against the Earthโs Balance Sheet?
SATURATION
Atmosphere
Aquasphere
Litosphere
RESERVOIRS
49 Gt of GHG
228 Mt of P
~12 Gt of
solid waste
Extracted & used
35 Gt (1980)
.
.
.
72 Gt (today)
.
.
> 100 Gt (2030)
.
.
Increasing costs
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
ยฅ
6. Planetary accounting level
Global Extraction
Used (GEU) =
Global Material
Consumption (GMC)
Unused Global
Extraction (UGE)
Reusable
โข Mining overburden
โข Harvest residues
โข Fishery by-catch
โข Soil erosion from
agriculture
Global Extraction
Waste
7. 62 Gt of material resources extracted in
2008
8.2 Gt12.7 Gt 20.3 Gt
30%
50%
90% 90%
70%
50%
10% 10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fossil Energy
Carriers
Metals Biomass Minerals
Unused
Extraction
Used
Extraction
20.8 Gt
Source: OECD Material Flow Analysis Data, SERI
8. 8
Japan is at the forefront of these
developments
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
GDP
Municipal
waste
Material
consumption
//
0
OECDIndex 1990=100
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Index 1990=100
Material
consumption
GDP
Japan
Municipal
waste
//
0
9. โข EPR is a key policy approach that helps
countries get more resource efficient
โข Used in most OECD countries and beyond
โข OECD developed EPR guidance in 2001
โข 15 years later we are looking at EPR again โ
itโs time for an update
โข We developed a quick survey
โข We are the beginning of this exercise
โข This is what we know:
9
Extended Producer Responsibility
17. 17
Regional Distribution โ Policy
instruments
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
North
America
Europe Asia Oceania LAC Africa
Take-back
ADF
D/R
Other
18. 18
Regional Distribution โ Policy
instruments
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
North
America
Europe Asia Oceania LAC Africa
Take-back
ADF
D/R
Other
19. 19
Regional Distribution โ Policy
instruments
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
North
America
Europe Asia Oceania LAC Africa
Take-back
ADF
D/R
Other
20. โข Share experience with the design and use
of EPR
โข Identify key areas where guidance would
be useful and consensus about measures
exists
โข Involve key emerging market economies in
the process and ensure global relevance
20
Objectives of Global Forum
In OECD 80% of unused extraction is related to fossil fuel carriers followed by metals (14%)
. Along with 62 Gt of material resources that were extracted and entered the economy in 2008, an additional 44ย Gt of materials were extracted as a consequence, but not used in the production process. These materials โ referred to as unused domestic extraction (UDE) โ include mining overburden, harvest residues and fisheries by-catch. They generally have low or no economic value. Although these materials are unused from the perspective of direct consumption and production, they often end up having other uses. Mining overburden is stored for later use in land reclamation, as is waste rock, which can also be used in road construction. Harvest residues can be used as biofuels. Fisheries by-catch can be sold as food or processed into feedstock or organic fertilizer.
Unused extraction is important, particularly for some materials; it accounts for around 70% of the total extraction associated with fossil energy carriers (due to the large volume of unused materials associated with coal extraction) and almost half for metals, but only 10% or less for biomass and construction minerals. With unused extraction taken into account, fossil energy carriers overtake both biomass and construction minerals as the dominant material resource extracted globally, accounting for over 40% of extraction in 2008.
Soil erosion from agriculture is an important unused flow. SERI (2010) estimates that global soil erosion from agricultural land ranges between 25-50 billion tonnes a year. The indicator UDE in the OECD material flow database does not account for soil erosion. Estimating soil erosion is complex and beyond the scope of this report.
EPR is now very widely used across the OECD and an increasing number of emerging market economies. About 400 EPRs are in use worldwide.
OECDโs guidance on EPR dates back to 2001, while 2/3 of EPRs have been put in place since then. Hence, there is a need to assess the new experience and update the 2001 guidance.
As a first step in this process, OECD developed a survey of global EPR use. This was developed using an internet search, as well as input from OECD member and non-member countries.
This is what we know for the moment:
With about 400 EPRs currently in use around the globe, most of them since the turn of the century, there is a significant, new body of experience available that can help to inform policy making in this area.
Despite this vast new body of experience, there have been few attempts to extract the key lessons in a systematic way.
The objectives of this Global Forum are to take stock of the significant experience that has accumulated since the OECD last looked at this group of policies;
To identify key areas where guidance would be useful and some consensus about measures exists; to involve key emerging market economies in the process and ensure global relevance of updated OECD guidance in this area.